Download File - Mrs Sudds` classroom

Do it now!
Match up the key words with their definitions.
Challenge yourself: Try to do it without looking
at the keywords
Social inequality
Achieved status
Deprivation
Social stratification
Glass ceiling
Social mobility
Absolute poverty
Welfare dependency
Underclass
Wealth
Income
Vertical segregation
Cycle of deprivation
Relative poverty
Ascribed status
Inequality
Gender pay gap
Life chances
Social exclusion
Social Inequality Keywords
Income is insufficient to survive
Income is insufficient to maintain the same standard of living as most other people
Social position earned through talent or determination
Social position fixed at birth
Lack of material resources e.g. food, shelter etc
Idea that deprivation and poverty are passed on from parents to their children
Difference between men’s and women’s earnings
Invisible barrier to promotion faced by some groups including women
Idea that some groups remain in poverty because the welfare state encourages them to depend on
benefits
Difference in distribution of resources (e.g. money) or outcomes (e.g. educational achievement)
Uneven distribution of resources such as money and power, or of opportunities and outcomes e.g.
educational or health in society
Individual’s chances of achieving positive or negative outcomes e.g. health, education
Where people change position or status moving up or down the different stratas
Being shut out or excluded from participation in society’s social, economic, political and cultural life
e.g. a homeless person
The way society is structured or divided into hierarchical layers or stratas, with the most privileged
at the top and least favoured at the bottom
People who experience long-term poverty who are unable to obtain a living
Within the same occupation, men and women tend to be found in jobs at different levels
Resources individuals or households receive e.g. monthly salary (money) or monthly benefits
Ownership of asset e.g. property, land, savings accounts etc
Social Inequality Keywords
Absolute poverty
Income is insufficient to survive
Relative poverty
Income is insufficient to maintain the same standard of living as most other people
Achieved status
Social position earned through talent or determination
Ascribed status
Social position fixed at birth
Deprivation
Lack of material resources e.g. food, shelter etc
Cycle of deprivation
Idea that deprivation and poverty are passed on from parents to their children
Gender pay gap
Difference between men’s and women’s earnings
Glass ceiling
Invisible barrier to promotion faced by some groups including women
Welfare dependency
Idea that some groups remain in poverty because the welfare state encourages them to depend on
benefits
Inequality
Difference in distribution of resources (e.g. money) or outcomes (e.g. educational achievement)
Social inequality
Uneven distribution of resources such as money and power, or of opportunities and outcomes e.g.
educational or health in society
Life chances
Individual’s chances of achieving positive or negative outcomes e.g. health, education
Social mobility
Where people change position or status moving up or down the different stratas
Social exclusion
Being shut out or excluded from participation in society’s social, economic, political and cultural life
e.g. a homeless person
Social stratification
The way society is structured or divided into hierarchical layers or stratas, with the most privileged
at the top and least favoured at the bottom
Underclass
People who experience long-term poverty who are unable to obtain a living
Vertical segregation
Within the same occupation, men and women tend to be found in jobs at different levels
Income
Resources individuals or households receive e.g. monthly salary (money) or monthly benefits
Wealth
Ownership of asset e.g. property, land, savings accounts etc
Social Inequality
• Social class
–
–
–
–
What is it?
How is it measured?
Social mobility (ascribed status/achieved status, open/closed society)
Is social class still important?
• Life chances
– What are they?
– Why is the distribution of life chances unequal?
• Barriers to Achievement
– Gender
– Age
– Ethncitity
• Wealth and Income Distribution
–
–
–
–
Difference between wealth and income?
Poverty (What is it and how is it measured?)
Causes of poverty
Effects of poverty
1) What is poverty and how is it measured?
Learning objective: What’s your target?
(D)
Define the key terms absolute/relative poverty, wealth and income
(C)
Explain different methods of measuring poverty
(A*-B) Criticise different methods of measuring poverty
One individual who was extremely influential in defining
poverty was Seebohm Rowntree who devised research at
the beginning of the twentieth century to define whether
people were in poverty or not.
He defined people as belonging to a category:
above the poverty line (out of poverty)
or below the poverty line (in poverty)
He argued that people needed:
• Food
• Clothes
• Shelter
These were the minimum for existence.
The poverty line was drawn at the point where a
minimum was needed to ‘maintain health’.
Below this level = Absolute Poverty
Problems with using absolute
poverty
Even though you have the basics like food, water and
shelter, you may be in poverty compared to those
around you.
This is relative poverty.
Absolute poverty:
An individual’s biological needs:
•Food
•Water
•Clothing
•Shelter
Relative poverty:
An individual’s needs
according to a generally
accepted standard of
the society in which the
individual is living at
that specific time.
Relative deprivation
Townsend argued that poverty involves exclusion from the
accepted lifestyle of the community. It can be measured by
discovering the extent to which people are deprived of
amenities and activities seen as normal by the majority.
He asked detailed questions on 60 indicators of deprivation.
• These included
- Refrigerator
- Lack of an annual holiday
- Carpets
- A joint for Sunday roast dinner.
What criticisms can you make of
this method of measuring poverty?
Criticisms of Townsend
• What some people view as essential
others may see as luxuries.
• What is considered necessity changes
over time (e.g. carpets)
Townsend 1899, Poverty line
• He worked out a family budget based on the cheapest food
and clothes which would meet the basic requirements.
• He obtained expert medical advice on nutritional
requirements and the food that could provide these.
• He added allowances for rent, fuel and a small amount of
‘sundries’
• Using this information he worked out an allowance according
to the size of the family which he called the poverty line.
• Households whose total income fell below this line were
defined as being in poverty.
What criticisms can you make of
this method of measuring poverty?
Criticisms
• Using a poverty line is too simple and is
not accurate.
• People may be only 1p over the line and
classed as not in poverty
Exam question practice
1) What is meant by
absolute poverty? (4)
2) What is meant by
relative poverty? (4)
3) Suggest one type of
poverty and explain
how it could be
measured. (5)
4) Suggest one way of
measuring poverty
and explain one
problem with it. (5)
Vocabulary
• Poverty line
• Absolute poverty
• Relative poverty
• Necessities
• Basics
• Relative
deprivation
• Average income
2) What are the causes and effects of poverty?
Learning objective: What’s your target?
(D) Identify different groups that may experience poverty
(C) Explain why some groups in society are more likely to experience
poverty than others
(A*-B) Criticise the effectiveness of government attempts to tackle poverty
Starter: Which areas of the UK do you predict will have
the highest rates of poverty?
Link to exam: Describe one area that may be more likely to experience poverty
and explain why this may be (5)
No child poverty by 2020
At the Labour Party conference, Gordon Brown
said child poverty "demeans Britain" and repeated
his party's pledge to halve child poverty by 2010,
and ultimately to end it.
We have lifted 600,000 children out of poverty, we
are introducing free nursery education for all two,
three and four year olds and have seen an
increase in educational outcomes at all ages.
Local authorities and other service providers had
to help it raise family incomes, encourage people
to apply for tax credit and benefits and help
parents work.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/engla
nd/7638837.stm
Link to exam: Describe one way that the
government has tried to reduce child poverty
and explain how successful this policy has
been (5)
Low income family describe how they struggle to afford to pay for
food and bills
There are currently 3,900,000
children in the UK that are classed
as actually living in poverty, which
impacts on every aspect of a
child's life.
The campaign to end child
poverty classes households as
being in poverty if they are living
on under £10 per person per day.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7643250.s
tm
"A child in poverty is 10 times
more likely to die in infancy, and
five times more likely to die in an
accident.
"Adults who lived in poverty as a
child are 50 times more likely to
develop a restrictive illness such
diabetes or bronchitis."
Link to exam: Describe one group that are likely to be in
poverty and explain how it could affect their life chances (5)
The Elderly
People with disabilities
Children and poverty
Women and poverty
Single parents
Ethnicity and poverty
•
•
•
•
Living on state pension
Limited means of income
Health problems can cause expense
Cost of private healthcare
• More likely to experience discrimination and not get a higher paid
job
• More likely to be in low skilled, low paid manual work – racism/
discrimination
• Culturally seen as socially unacceptable to claim benefits they may
be entitled to
• Under achievement at school – less qualifications – lower paid work
Women
Married women rely husbands
Fewer women have occupational pensions
Women live longer, their pension has to last longer.
Women earn less than men on average.
Women are more likely to be single mums.
• Only one income
• More likely to be in part time, lower paid work to fit around child care
• Benefits not high enough to keep single parents out of poverty, but a
soon as they earn more money they lose their benefits.
children
- Rely on parents income, who may not have
enough money to give them. (don’t work)
- Children in single parent families are more likely
to be in poverty
- Arrival of new children, can push parents into
poverty.
- Young people may be put off going to Uni by the
debt they will accumulate. (Graduates generally
earn more than those without higher educational
qualifications.)
- Disabilities make it difficult to find work,
may be restricted with choice of work/ face
discrimination.
- There are extra costs such as adapting the
home which very expensive.
- Changes by the conservative government
means that benefits were lower for people
with disabilities.
Exam question practice
1) What is meant by the poverty line? (4)
2) Describe one way that the government has
tried to reduce child poverty and explain how
successful this policy has been (5)
3) Describe one area that may be more likely to
experience poverty and explain why this may
be (5)
4) Discuss to what extent sociologists would
agree that the best way to measure poverty is
by income (12)
What is a ‘poverty line?’ (4)
A poverty line is a way of measuring
poverty. It uses household income. Those
earning below the minimum amount are
considered in poverty. The average is a
line that is drawn between those above
and below the minimum amount. For
example £10 per person per day.
Suggest one way the government has tried to
reduce child poverty and explain how
successful this policy has been (5)
(5)
One way is through setting targets.
2/2
For example Tony Blair pledge to
eradicate child poverty by 2020.
This has not been very successful
as children still face relative
poverty. The recession has
meant that lots of parents have
lost their job. The governments
3/3
targets have not made any
difference to children who have
parents hat don’t have enough
5/5
money.
To what extent would sociologists agree that the best way to measure
poverty is by income. (12)
Intro – explain the difference between absolute and relative
poverty
1) Explain how poverty can be measured using income and the
advantages and disadvantages of using this method
2) Explain how poverty can be measured using a list of items
and the advantages and disadvantages of using this method
3) Explain how poverty can be measured using subjective
measures and the advantages and disadvantages of using
this method
Conclusion: to some extent it could be argues that there is no
one best way to measure poverty as there is no agreement
among sociologists as to what being in poverty is or how to
accurately measure it.
3) Cycle of Deprivation
Do you think the following statements are true or false and why?
1. There is just 2. Once children
as much child
are born in to
poverty in the UK
poor families,
as there is
they will stay
anywhere else in
poor all their
the world
lives.
3. The
government do
not do much to
help children in
poverty
4. It can never
5. Children in
6. Children in
be a child's fault poverty have to poverty will never
that they are in
work twice as
get the best jobs
poverty
hard at school as
like Prime
rich children.
Minister.
Culture of
poverty
Cycle of
deprivation
Welfare
dependency
Social
exclusion
Discuss how far
sociologists would
agree that if people are
in poverty they only
have themselves to
blame (12)
Unemployment
Marxist
views
Culture of poverty
People in poverty
have a set of
beliefs that keeps
them in poverty
- Fatalistic
- Think short term
- No point in saving
or planning for
the future
Welfare dependency and the
underclass
(New Right
view)
The underclass
are a group
who live off
benefits
because they
are too lazy to
work
They become
dependent on
The cycle of Deprivation
Born into poverty
Perform less well at school
Limited opportunities
Live in poverty as an adult
Their children are born into poverty
Social Exclusion
People are in poverty through no fault of their own.
People in poverty cannot fully participate in society because they
cannot buy the same things or interact with others.
For example, cannot afford a television or to go out to the cinema
with friends.
Marxist views
• Capitalism means
that rich stay rich and
poor people stay
poor.
• There will always be
poor people in
capitalist societies.
Unemployment and inadequate
welfare state
The recession has
caused people to
lose their jobs
through no fault of
their own
Benefits are too
low to keep
people out of
poverty.
To what extent would sociologists agree that if people
are in poverty they only have themselves to blame (12)
It is peoples own fault they are
in poverty
It’s not peoples own fault they
are in poverty
Culture of poverty
Welfare dependency
Cycle of deprivation
Social exclusion
Marxist views
Unemployment
To what extent what sociologists agree that if people
are in poverty they only have themselves to blame (12)
It is peoples own
fault they are in
poverty
It’s not peoples own fault they are in poverty
Culture of poverty
Cycle of
deprivation
Welfare dependency
Unemployment
Social exclusion
Marxist views