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Cerebral cortex
生物及解剖學科
陳 瀅 18749
[email protected]
Study Goals
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The topography of cerebral hemisphere
White matter of the cerebral hemisphere
Histology of cerebral cortex
Functional localization of cerebral cortex
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Cerebral hemispheres
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Cerebral hemispheres
(A) opercular part
(B) triangular part
(C) orbital part
• Left (A+B) = Broca’s
Area – motor speech
area
• inferior parietal lobe :
supramarginal +
angular gyrus –
receptive language
area
• occipital lobe : vision
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Cerebral hemispheres
• Taste and smell
extend into insula
• nociceptive and
viscerosensory
• lentiform nucleus
Autonomic nervous system
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Cerebral hemispheres
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Cerebral hemispheres
Parolfactory area
=subcallosal gyrus
(part of septal area)
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Limbic lobe – subcallosal、cingulate、
parahippocampal、uncus
(A) uncus
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Anterior perforated substance
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White Matter
• Association fibers
• Commissure fibers
corpus callosum
• Projection fiber
internal capsule
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Histology of the cerebral cortex
Efferent neuron :
red
Excitatory :
Pyramidal cell,
stellate cell (4th
layer)
A:axon
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Histology of the cerebral cortex
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Histology of the cerebral cortex
• Sensory cortex
4th thick
• Motor cortex
5th thick
• less than 6 layers
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Histology of the cerebral cortex
• Primary visual cortex
1. calcarine sulcus
2. outer line of Baillarger
3. also called striate area
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex
• 1861, Paul Broca – speech area (Broca’s area) in inferior
frontal gyrus
• 1864, Hughlings Jackson – motor area in precentral gyrus
• 1870, Gudden – eye removal that found occipital lobes
• 1873, Ferrier – ear  temporal lobes
• 1916, Dusser de Barenne – sensory  postcentral gyrus
• 1909, Brodmann’s numbered map  52 areas
 200 areas
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – general somatic sensation
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1
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – general somatic sensation
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – general somatic sensation
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – general somatic sensation
• sensory
 spinothalamic and trigeminaothalamic tracts
 medial lemniscus
 ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus
 thalamocortical fibers
 posterior limb of the internal capsule
 corona radiata
 primary somesthetic area (postcentral gyrus)
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – general somatic sensation
• 2nd somesthetic area
 spinothalamic, trigeminaothalamic tracts, and
reticular formation
 intralaminar and posterior nuclei of thalamus
 involved in the less discriminative aspects of
sensation
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – general somatic sensation
• somesethetic association cortex
 superior parietal lobe
 Brodmann’s area 5 and 7
 from 1st somesthetic area
 lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – vision
Visual
associate
cortex
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – vision
striate
area
Visual associate
cortex (18 and
19)
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – vision
• 1st visual cortex
 Brodmann’s area 17
 lateral half of the ipsilateral retina and medial
half of the contralateral retina
 lateral geniculate body
 occipital lobe
 left half of the field  the right hemisphere
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – vision
• Corticotectal fibers
 connect visual and association cortex with the
superior colliculus of the midbrain, which
controls the CN 3, 4, and 6 (frontal eye field)
 for fixation of gaze and for tracking of a
moving object
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – hearing
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – hearing
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – hearing
• spiral organ  medial geniculate body
 mainly from the opposite
• low frequencies  anterolateral part
• high frequencies  posteromedial part
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Functional localization of
cerebral cortex – taste
• inferior end of the
postcentral gyrus
 insula and
anteriorly to the
frontal operculum
• taste bud 
gustatory nucleus
in the brain stem
 central
tegmental tract
(ipsilateral) 
medial division of
ventral posterior
nucleus
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Functional localization of
cerebral cortex – olfaction
• olfactory tract
end
 most in the
limen insula and
the uncus
 some in the
entorhinal cortex
• integration of the
taste and olfaction
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Functional localization of
cerebral cortex – vestibular
• vestibular nuclei 
crossed and travel
near the medial
lemniscus 
medial division of
ventral posterior
nucleus
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Functional localization of cerebral cortex –
primary motor area
• source
 other motor areas
 somesthetic cortex
 posterior division of
the ventral lateral
thalamic nucleus
(from cerebellum)
• efferent fiber
 pyramidal system
30%  area 4
30%  area 6
40%  parietal lobe
• Aproxia
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Functional localization of cerebral cortex –
supplementary and cingulate motor areas
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Functional localization of cerebral cortex –
prefrontal cortex
• Brodmann’s areas 9-12
• connection with
 the parietal lobe
 the temporal lobe
 the occipital lobe
• also connect with
 the amygdaloid body in the
temporal lobe
 the mediodorsal thalamic
nucleus
• prefrontal lobotomy
 Egas Moniz in 1935
 Nobel Prize in 1949
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – language areas
(44, 45)
(22)
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Functional localization of cerebral
cortex – language areas
• LEFT
• Area 44 (pars opercularis & pars triangularis)  Broca
aphasia
 with impaired right motor function
• Wernicke aphasia (receptive aphysia)
 Wernicke area : supramarginal (area 40) +
angular (area 39)
 clinical Wernicke area : area 22 + some area 21
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Vasculature of the cerebral cortex
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Vasculature of the cerebral cortex
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 lack of knowledge
 ignore the left side
color
face
medial occipitotemporal gyrus
sounds
voices and music
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 no motivation
 unable to coordinate
 unable to write
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 can repeat words
 unable to read and write
 two areas both injury (ICA or MCA)
 can’t repeat words
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近年國考考題
• 下列何者阻塞時，最可能造成右側肢體無力及運
動型失語症（Broca’s aphasia）？
■中大腦動脈
椎動脈
• 感覺型失語症（receptive aphasia, sensory aphasia）
其病灶部位最可能在：
Broca area
左側耳蝸神經核（cochlear nucleus）
■左側Wernicke area
arcuate fasciculus
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Reference
1.Haines DE: Fundamental Neuroscience for
Basic and Clinical Applications, 4th edition,
2008.
2.Kierma JA: Barr's the Human Nervous
System, 8th edition, 2010.
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