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Transcript
1 BSC 2086 Class Notes Chapter 16 – Parts 1 & 2 Summer 2010 The Endocrine System acts with the _________________ system to ____________________ and __________________ the activity of body cells. It influences metabolic activities by means of _________________ transported in the ____________. Endocrine glands are ________________. Responses occur more ______________ but tend to _____________________ than those of the nervous system. Please name 5 purely Endocrine Glands: Please name 2 glands that have both exocrine and endocrine functions: Please name 1 gland that has both neural and endocrine functions: Please name 6 other tissues and organs that produce hormones: Please name 3 types of chemical messengers. Are all 3 considered part of the endocrine system? What are the 2 main classes of hormones? Please name hormones found in each class: All steroid hormones are synthesized from _________________________. Please list 6 Mechanisms of Hormone Action: Please list 3 Features for the Mechanisms of Water Soluble Hormones: Please list one Water Soluble Hormone that does not have these features: Please list 1 feature for the Mechanism of Steroid Hormones. Please list the 5 steps for cAMP Signaling Mechanism on the Figure below (see next page): Please list 3 additional Features of the cAMP Signaling Mechanim: Please describe 6 Steps of the PIP2 –Calcium Release 2nd Messenger System: Please name one hormone that uses the PIP2 –Calcium Release 2nd Messenger System: 2 _____________________ hormones and ________________________ hormone use intracellular receptors and direct _______________ activation. Please describe this process in the figure below: 3 What are 3 ways that two hormones can interact? (Slide # 40) What feedback mechanism controls hormone levels in the blood? Hormones are synthesized and released in response to what 3 types of Stimuli? Please Label the Figure showing the Relationship of the Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus: Please Label the Figure showing the Relationship between the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus: 4 What are 2 hormones released by the Posterior Pituitary? What are 6 Protein hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary? Which 4 are Topic Hormones? Most effects of Growth Hormone are ______________________ by _____________________________. The two hormones that control release of Growth Hormone, _____________________________ and ___________________________ are released by the ___________________________. Please name 3 conditions associated with Growth Hormone imbalance: Please describe the major function of Thyrotropin (TSH), Corticotropin (ACTH), Gonadotropins (FSH and LH), and Prolactin: Which 2 Hormones are Stored and Released by the Posterior Pituitary? Which 2nd messenger system do these use at their target sites? What are 4 possible effects of Oxytocin, depending on conditions? When is ADH released and what is the effect of such release? Alcohol ___________________ ADH release and causes ______________ urine output. What is hypersecretion of ADH called? Chapter 16 Part 2 The Thyroid consists of two lateral lobes connected by a median mass called the __________________. Internally, the Thyroid has follicles that store ________________. Folliclule cells produce the glycoprotein __________________. Colloid (thyroglobulin + iodine) fills the lumen of the follicles and is the ____________________ of thyroid hormone. Parafollicular cells produce the hormone _____________________. Thyroid hormone is actually Actually two related compounds: _________ or ___________________ has 2 tyrosine molecules + 4 bound iodine atoms, and _________ or _____________________________ has 2 tyrosines + 3 bound iodine atoms. __________ 5 is the major hormone secreted by the Thryoid; _____________ is transported through the blood and converted to __________ at the target cells. Thyroid is a major metabolic hormone that affects ________________________. Similar to steroids, TH enters the cell, binds to __________________ receptors within the ________________ and initiates _____________________ for protein synthesis. Thyroid hormone turns on transcription of genes concerned with ___________________________. The result is an increase in the cell’s ________________________ and ______________________ (calorigenic effect). Please name 4 Functions in which Thyroid Hormone plays a Role: Please Label the Figure showing the Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone Below: Rising TH levels provide ________________________ inhibition on release of TSH. Hypothalamic ____________________________________ (TRH) can overcome the negative feedback during _________________________ or _____________________________. 6 Please describe 3 conditions that represent homeostatic imbalances of TH: __________________________ is due to ________ of iodine, and __________________________ is a symptom of GD. The effect of ________________________ is antagonistic to that of parathyroid hormone (PTH); it _________________ osteoclast activity and ________________ release of Ca2+ from bone matrix. _______________ levels of calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration in the blood stimulate Calcitonin release Calcitonin induces Ca2+ ______________and __________________ into bone matrix. How many parathyroid glands are found in the body? Which cells secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)? PTH is the ______________________ hormone in Calcium (Ca2+) ion ____________________. _______________ Ca2+ in the blood inhibits PTH release, yet another example of ________________________ control. __________________________ due to tumor causes bones to _____________ and _________________. ___________________________ following gland trauma or removal results in tetany, respiratory paralysis, and death. Structurally and functionally, the _________________ gland is two glands in one. The adrenal medulla is ___________________ tissue that is part of the _____________________ nervous system. The adrenal cortex has three layers of ______________________ tissue that synthesize and secrete _____________________________. Please name the three corticosteroids produced by the Adrenal Cortex. Mineralocorticoids regulate ___________________ primarily _________ and ____________ in the extracellular fluid (ECF). _________________________ is the most important mineralocorticoid that stimulates Na+ _______________________ and water ___________________ by the kidneys to _______________ blood pressure and blood volume. Please describe 4 Mechanisms of Aldosterone Secretion: ____________________________ is hypersecretion of aldosterone due to adrenal tumors. Glucocorticoids keep blood sugar levels relatively constant and maintain blood pressure by increasing the action of ________________________. 7 ____________________ is the most important glucocorticoid that is released in response to ______________, _______________________________ and _______________________. Cortisol’s prime metabolic effect is ___________________ or formation of ______________________ from fats and proteins, and it promotes a rise in blood ___________________________________. Hypersecretion of Cortisol called _________________________________ has these 4 major effects: Hyposecretion of Cortisol called _____________________________ which also involves a deficit of ____________________________ has these 4 major effects: Most _________________________ are androgens (male sex hormones) that are converted to _______________________ in tissue cells or _______________________ in females. Androgens may contribute to which 3 things? _____________________ cells of the Adrenal Medulla secrete _______________________ and __________________ as part of the sympathetic nervous system response. What are 3 sympathetic effects of Epinepherine? ______________________ secreted from pineal gland may affect which 3 things? The Pancreas has both ______________________ and ______________________ cells. Pancreatic islets (islets of ____________________) contain which endocrine cells? What do these cells produce and what is their effect? The major target of Glucagon is the ______________________. What are 2 processes caused by Glucagon and what is their Result? What are 4 Effects of Insulin? 8 Please describe the actions of Insulin in the Cell: Please Label the Homeostatic Mechanism between Insulin and Glucagon below: Please name 2 homeostatic imbalances of Insulin: What are the 3 Cardinal Signs of Diabetes Mellitus? The Placenta secretes what hormone? Please name 12 Hormones (and their source) described in “Other Hormone Producing Structures”: 9