Download Innovations in Optical Transport for Mass-Market Optically

Innovations in Optical Transport for
Mass-Market Optically-Enabled
Disaster Recovery Services
Introduction
Since September 11, 2001, the importance of enterprise DR plans has been well documented. Events
such as the northeast U.S. blackout of 2003 have further accentuated the value of an enterprise having a
comprehensive DR plan. Additionally, regulatory pressures and the ongoing evolution toward more
e-centric business models continue to put a heavy burden on IT managers to ensure the availability of the
computing environment. At the same time, however, a tremendous decrease in IT spending has led IT
managers to focus on those expenditures that provide the most immediate return.
While DR has been viewed as very important by enterprises from a variety of vertical markets, DR provided
by optical networking has been difficult to afford and limited in deployment. Generally, only the top tier
enterprises—typically those in the financial industry—have deployed optically-enabled disaster recovery
solutions, forcing many enterprises to make due by merely trucking tapes off-site on a daily or weekly basis.
Furthermore, many of these large enterprises owned the fiber plant used for the optically-enabled DR
solutions, allowing the DR solution to be provided in-house or through a third party solutions provider. In
this case, telecommunication carriers provided little or no role.
Fortunately for both carriers and enterprises alike, a number of industry trends are making opticallyenabled disaster recovery services more affordable for mid- and lower-tier enterprises. These trends include
enterprise-oriented technology trends such as:
• Enhanced asynchronous data replication technologies
• IP-based SAN
• Low-cost disk array technology
• Ring DWDM
• Ethernet and Fibre Channel over SONET
• Optical Ethernet
This paper reviews several important new innovations in next-generation optical technology and discusses
their applicability for a variety of optically-enabled solutions that allow carriers to better serve the
emerging mass-market for DR.
Drivers for Affordable Disaster Recovery
Before discussing IT and optical technology innovations, this section briefly reviews the influences driving
enterprises toward optically-enabled DR solutions. These drivers include regulatory compliance, e-centric
business models and the cost of unavailability, and the sheer volume of stored data.
Regulatory compliance
Key regulations influencing enterprises in their data protection and DR approaches include SEC rules [1],
the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 [2], the HIPAA Security Rule of 2003 [3] and the SEC and Federal Reserve
Board Interagency white paper [4]. A number of other associations (for example, the Commodity Futures
Trading Commission) have also developed their own disaster recovery requirements [5].
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For your convenience, a list of acronyms can be found at the end of this document.
1
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was passed to require publicly traded companies to retain, for a period of
seven years, records relevant to financial audits. Corporations must keep the data in an unchangeable and
re-creatable format. CFOs or CEOs must personally certify and be accountable for their firm’s financial
records and accounting. Apart from the final signing of financial results, retention of e-mail and instant
messages for reconciling and verification of claims will be important.
The HIPAA Security Rule of 1996 includes a variety of requirements impacting the healthcare industry,
governing the way in which patient healthcare records are stored and shared. The HIPAA Security Rule of
2003 specifically includes requirements for disaster recovery and data backup plans, which will be required
by April 2005.
The U.S. SEC Interagency paper on "Sound Practices to Strengthen the Resilience of the U.S. Financial
System" was written in reaction to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in an effort to ensure that the
U.S. financial system is resilient in the face of a widespread disruption. While not mandating specific
geographic requirements, the paper does mandate very aggressive RTOs1 for clearing and settlement
activities in critical financial markets. Core clearing firms are given an objective of achieving recovery within
the business day of an event with the specific objective of recovery within two hours after an event. Other
firms that play significant roles in the other critical financial markets are given a four hour objective.
As a result of these and other regulatory pressures, the Enterprise Strategy Group forecasts a 64 percent
CAGR in the volume of compliant records over the next four years. Financial services, healthcare, life
sciences and government industries will generate much of that growth.
Counting the Cost of Unavailability
As businesses become more and more dependent upon electronic transaction processing, the opportunity
cost of system unavailability can be staggering—running into the millions of dollars per hour depending
upon industry vertical according to studies by organizations such as the Eagle Rock Alliance and Meta
Group [6]. In addition to quantitative costs, numerous qualitative costs exist such as a damaged reputation
associated with unplanned interruption. A significant number of enterprises experiencing these kinds of
interruptions are so severely impacted that they simply go out of business.
The Volume of Stored Data is Exploding
As a result of regulatory issues, business issues, and technological evolution, the sheer volume of stored
data is increasing to the point where manually intensive, time-consuming data protection methods are
becoming more and more inappropriate for today’s enterprises. Gartner has estimated that stored data is
growing at the rate of 60 percent CAGR. Enterprise Strategy Group estimates that reference information—
digital information that is retained for active reference and value—is growing at a 91 percent CAGR [7]. In
response, the amount of enterprise storage capacity shipped annually is anticipated by Gartner to grow to
~4000PB by 2007. A study by Berkeley University provides interesting data points on the volume of
electronically stored material [8].
1
Recovery Time Objective is defined as the time required after a disaster until the required software application is made available for production operations.
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The Result
The result of these drivers is that enterprises are looking for new solutions that allow DR over a longer
distance to replace trucking tape off-site with more real-time methods of data duplication or allow for
improved recovery time and recovery point performance. These trends create favorable opportunities for
network service providers who can deploy innovative optical solutions.
IT Technologies for DR Solutions
Enterprises are embracing several important solutions and technology trends to deal with the increasing
requirements to store and protect data and applications. Many of these enterprise technologies and
solutions cooperate with carrier-based, optically-enabled solutions to make carrier-enabled DR more
affordable. These major advances include inter-fabric routing, low cost storage arrays based on SATA and
SAS, and enhancements to asynchronous replication technology.
Inter-Fabric Routing
Also known as fabric expansion in ANSI’s FC standards committee [9], IFR enables internetworking amongst
independent FC fabrics (SAN islands) without having to merge them into a single fabric. The major benefits
of this technology include:
• Increasing the scale of a storage network while avoiding scalability issues inherent in the current FC
networking such as limitations on fabric depth
• Allowing each fabric to maintain its autonomous attributes
• Allowing fabrics of different vendors' equipment to interconnect without having to lose the
vendor-specific value added features within each fabric
These capabilities significantly reduce the complexity of interconnecting SAN islands over the MAN/WAN
and enable large scale optically-enabled DR.
In addition to facilitating optically-enabled DR between enterprise sites, IFR could be a key enabling
technology for carrier-based hosted storage for businesses of all sizes, including small and medium
businesses, because it allows enterprise SAN islands to function autonomously from carrier islands in the
hosting site.
SATA and SAS Storage Arrays
These new storage technologies allow for data lifecycle management to be rethought, allowing for
optically-enabled site-to-site disk replication in ways that were not previously affordable.
With SATA, low cost disks found in an ordinary PC can be used to build massive storage arrays, instead of
using more expensive SCSI disks—albeit at some compromise of I/O throughput. SAS intends to close the
throughput and scalability gaps between SATA disk arrays and traditional FC/SCSI disk arrays by taking the
best from the SATA, SCSI and FC technologies.
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The low cost storage arrays constructed from these devices are changing the ways information is backed
up and creating a new dimension of data life cycle management. For example, near-line storage using
SATA/SAS arrays fills a critical gap between high-speed, expensive on-line disk storage and off-line tape
libraries. Since only a small portion of data stored is frequently accessed, near-line storage allows massive,
less-frequently accessed data to be stored on low cost arrays while still allowing real-time access. This
process dramatically cuts the cost of online storage. More importantly, this near-line storage does not have
to be on-site, providing carriers or hosting providers another opportunity to help businesses reduce their
storage cost.
Another example is DDT back up using low-cost disks. Rather than backing up directly to a tape, data is
actually written first to a disk array emulating the tape. Ultimately, the data can be backed up to a tape at a
later time. The many advantages of this approach include improved RTO and backup reliability, as well as
streamlined operations.
Two important advantages for optically-enabled DR are that DDT removes the stringent requirement on
stability of network bandwidth inherent in tape machines, and DDT allows expensive tape robots to be
shared by many customers.
Delta Set-based Asynchronous Mirroring
Synchronous remote disk mirroring has been widely used by Tier-1 enterprises (typically large financial
firms) requiring stringent RPOs2. This approach requires FC line rate or near line rate MAN/WAN connections
between the local and remote disks, not only because of the amount of data, but also to control latency in
the transport network. Prior to the introduction of data-aware SONET MSPP technology [10] and QoS
capable Optical Ethernet technology, the only suitable optically-enabled DR technology was first- or
second-generation DWDM, which had been extremely expensive for carriers to provide. Furthermore,
synchronous mirroring applications have typically been limited by the replication software vendor to a
distance of 200 km or less.
New delta set-based asynchronous mirroring technology maintains an atomic copy of data at the remote
site at all times so business can be readily restarted at the remote site no matter how the primary site fails.
This process provides satisfactory RPO to many businesses with tough DR requirements. The technology,
however, achieves the atomicity of data at a dramatically lower network bandwidth requirement by
allowing the same piece of data to be overwritten many times before sending a copy to the remote site,
reducing the amount of data to be transported and releasing the server from waiting for the confirmation
of the completion of the write on the remote disk, therefore, removing the stringent latency requirement.
The lowered network bandwidth requirement makes network-based DR a lot more affordable.
These solutions are available in both disk array-based and host-based offerings. Host-based offerings in
particular may facilitate carrier-hosted services, as they can easily interoperate across a variety of disk
arrays, storage networking technologies (FCIP SAN, DAS, NAS) or server platforms.
2
Recovery Point Objective measures how current the recovered data is. This is measured in time prior to the outage event.
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Optical Networking Technology Fits
The next sections describe the three major optical networking technologies that carriers use to provide
optically-enabled disaster recovery services. In general, these solutions fit different bandwidth and distance
requirements, as shown in Figure 1. DWDM fits the highest bandwidth shortest distance requirements.
SONET and Optical Ethernet technologies fit the lower bandwidth and longer distance requirements.
Asynchronous Mirroring
Remote Replication
Clustering
Synchronous Mirroring
Asynchronous Mirroring
Remote Replication
Clustering
Bandwidth
> 1 Gbps
WDM
Services
FC/GigE over SONET
Services
50 Mbps–1 Gbps
MPLS Enabled Optical Ethernet Services
(SONET access)
< 50 Mbps
Metro
10 km
Regional
300 km
Distance
Continental
1000+ km
Figure 1: Bandwidth and Distance Fits for Optically Enabled Disaster Recovery Applications
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DWDM—Solutions for Disaster Recovery
As shown in Figure 1, DWDM-based solutions provide the best fit when dealing with metro or regional
distances and when dealing with traffic in excess of 1 Gbps. In addition to its basic role providing highest
bandwidth connectivity among sites, DWDM also serves as an enabler for IT consolidation and expense
management. In multi-site applications, the high capacity, resilient DWDM infrastructure can be leveraged
to allow for centralized storage and computing resources while other sites share this central resource.
In addition to merely providing transport for replicated data, DWDM solutions are often critical
components of mainframe and open systems clustering applications. In particular, the leading mainframe
manufacturer has certified only DWDM solutions in geographically dispersed clustering applications
Historical Issues with DWDM technology
Metro WDM systems have come a long way. Early first-generation DWDM systems were operationally
difficult. Many required extensive tuning and power balancing when starting up. Adding wavelengths
meant rebalancing the power at each location, possibly affecting traffic on the other wavelengths. Besides
creating large operational expense on the part of the carrier, these equipment limitations created a risky
environment whereby adding new circuits could actually jeopardize the existing circuits—unthinkable in
DR applications. These limitations also prevented DWDM solutions from being shared among many
enterprises, keeping the costs high.
In addition to these operational issues, the products themselves were often non-modular in their approach
to amplification, thereby requiring a single costly full-band amplifier capable of amplifying across the entire
C-band, even if only a few wavelengths were actually required. Non-modular approaches to dispersion
compensation also introduced additional latency and delay that are not well tolerated, especially in
synchronous mirroring applications. These issues led to the current, relatively high-cost structure of DWDMbased DR solutions.
DWDM Technology Innovations
Significant innovations have been made with newer generation DWDM equipment. Newer DWDM
equipment has on-board, automatic power balancing [11] and fast transient response amplifiers [12], which
reduce the operational concerns of the previous generation gear, allowing for hitless addition and removal
of wavelengths.
Furthermore, modular DR optimized systems have emerged which require no power balancing whatsoever
and which employ a modular approach to amplification and dispersion compensation that results in
optimum cost and latency performance for DR applications.
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Cost
$2x
Full-spectrum Amps
$x
Modular Amps
1
8
16
Wavelengths
24
32
Figure 2: Modular Amplification Costs Compared with Full-Spectrum Amp Costs
Modular dispersion compensation can also lead to significant performance improvements. In applications
where there is a mix of FC wavelengths, lower-rate FC wavelengths can be managed separately from
10 Gbps signals. By managing these lower-rate signals separately, dispersion compensation, which
sometimes introduces more than 20 km of latency penalty, can be avoided. A 20 km latency penalty is
extremely significant for sync mirroring applications, which can be limited by the software vendor to as
little as 100 km.
In addition to these modular approaches, ROADM equipment based on wavelength selective switch
technology is now available that allows for remotely provisionable add/drop of wavelengths and more
complex integrated ring and spoke topologies. With these innovations, the access DWDM network can be
interconnected with a shared DWDM core with no expensive OEO transition, potentially leading to
lower-cost shared DWDM DR services.
Additional enhancements such as wavelength trace, miniature configurations, and FEC allow
newer-generation systems to provide enhanced OPEX and CAPEX savings, as well as the ability
to scale toward greater distances approaching 600 km.
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SONET/MSPP—Solutions for Disaster Recovery
In general, SONET-based MSPP approaches to disaster recovery offer a lower bandwidth solution than
DWDM-based solutions and a solution that is extensible to nationwide distances. SONET also sets the
industry standard for high reliability, rapid restoration and security, which is so critical for DR solutions.
SONET initially was widely embraced by carriers for efficient transport of TDM traffic. As SONET technology
has evolved, more and more data capabilities have been introduced [10] beginning with Ethernet transport
capabilities at Layer 1 and Layer 2 and now FC transport capabilities.
In particular, the following technology innovations are allowing carriers to leverage SONET-based solutions
and therefore introduce new lower-priced services that make DR affordable to more enterprises.
SONET Technology Innovations
Some of these technologies—especially GFP and VCAT—have been well described [13]. GFP [14] allows for
the standards-based encapsulation and mapping of Ethernet and FC frames into SONET paths. This
standard mapping allows carriers to introduce national or inter-carrier services that may utilize SONET
equipment from different vendors at each endpoint.
VCAT [15] allows for multiple 50 Mbps STS-1 pipes to be logically bundled together at the client interface to
allow FC or Ethernet traffic to ride across right-sized pipes in 50 Mbps increments up to wire-speed
transport. Therefore, wire-speed or full-rate FC or Ethernet could be provided over a VCG of STS-1s or
STS-Ncs. Alternatively, a sub-rate service is also offered, where the SONET bandwidth available was less than
(possibly significantly less than) the FC or Ethernet line rate of the client signal. Since VCAT operates only at
the client interface, it leaves the vast existing SONET network as is. No new equipment and no new
operational procedures are needed in the core infrastructure. By leveraging VCAT to provide sub-rate
services, considerable OPEX savings can be offered to the enterprise.
Ethernet over SONET
As enterprises embrace IP-based SANs or deploy FCIP gateways to interwork FC SANs with IP environments,
an Ethernet handoff to the carrier network allows EoS services to be utilized.
Layer 1 EoS services have been tariffed by most major providers and offer guaranteed latency performance,
50 ms survivability, and customized bandwidth to fit the requirements of the replication application. In
addition, these services can be offered over a shared infrastructure, dramatically lowering the cost of
transport to the enterprise.
Layer 2 EoS services based on standard RPR technology [16] are also emerging. These services can also offer
QoS, flexible bandwidth and 50 ms survivability. However, for more stringent DR services, enterprises will
often want the more deterministic behavior of Layer 1 EoS.
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FC over SONET
For applications requiring FC connectivity, FCoS interfaces have emerged on next-generation SONET/MSPP
equipment, providing many of the same benefits as Layer 1 EoS. However, to enable sub-rate and full-rate
extended distance applications utilizing FCoS, certain key technologies need to be leveraged, especially
buffer credit handling and buffer credit negotiation.
Buffer-to-Buffer Credit
While sub-rate FCoS capability is very valuable, FC and the upper layer protocols that run on top of FC do
assume the underlying transport mechanism is basically lossless. This process requires that the SONET NE
support BB credit-based flow control to avoid bursting of the FC SAN overflowing the FCoS WAN link. This
scheme is a credit-based handshake, where the receiver grants credits to the sender and the sender can
only send a frame when it has a credit.
Extended Distance
While flow control ensures that no frame will be lost due to congestion, its handshake would cause a loss of
throughput when the two parties of the handshakes are far from each other. Basically, each buffer credit
granted by the receiver is good to assure transmission over 2 km one-way (assuming 1 Gbps FC). Since
most FC switches/directors have an optional limit of 256 buffer credits, a limit of 500 km is placed on the
theoretical distance before encountering severe performance penalties. The solution is to segment the
single long handshake loop into two local handshake loops so that the FC switch always has the credits it
needs to fill the WAN link. This process is called extended distance capability as shown in Figure 3.
End-to
-End
ing
Grant
Credit
Local
hake
Hands
ing
Grant
Credit
ing
Grant
t
i
d
e
r
C
Figure 3: Local Handshaking for Extended Distance
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Optical Ethernet Solutions for Disaster Recovery
Since the late 1990s, carrier-class Optical Ethernet technology has been an important emerging technology.
Optical Ethernet burst on the scene from a number of alternative providers, promising the plug-and-play of
Ethernet from the enterprise thru the MAN, with surprisingly low-cost per-bit-rate innovative connectivity
services. As the business models for those carriers has failed and Optical Ethernet technology has
continued to evolve, Optical Ethernet is emerging as a truly viable alternative to DWDM and SONET-based
solutions.
In particular, for those enterprises leveraging iSCSI SANs, FCIP SAN gateways or NAS storage environments,
simple Ethernet handoffs to a shared Optical Ethernet network can offer a highly cost effective, yet robust,
DR solution.
Next-generation Optical Ethernet equipment is now available which leverages MPLS technology to create
actual end-to-end MPLS connections for each EVC3 [17, 18]. Since there is an end-to-end VC for each EVC,
Optical Ethernet equipment, which supports connection aware queuing and connection admission control,
can provide guaranteed packet loss and latency performance for critical DR applications, avoiding
throughput problems.
Furthermore, by leveraging the MPLS end-to-end connection, this equipment can provide guaranteed,
dedicated 50 ms protection switching that is equivalent to familiar SONET performance.
This equipment promises to offer the best of many different optical worlds: 1) low cost due to shared
network services and the Ethernet technology cost curve, 2) high QoS typically associated with SONET,
DWDM or dedicated overbuilt packet networks, and 3) the high resiliency of SONET and DWDM.
3
EVC – Ethernet Virtual Circuit is defined in Metro Ethernet Forum as a virtual connection that connects all end points of a services instance.
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Summary
Significant regulatory and business pressures are pushing enterprises toward robust and affordable
optically-enabled DR applications. Fortunately for enterprises and carriers alike, a number of IT and optical
technology innovations are becoming available to meet this critical need and to make these solutions more
attractive to the emerging mass-market.
Significant innovations in metro DWDM technology include:
• Modular amplification and dispersion compensation for controlling the costs of DWDM solutions while
optimizing latency performance
• Automatic optical power balancing to allow simple, non-service impacting additions/removals of
wavelengths
• High-power optics and FEC to increase distance and possibly avoid amplification costs completely
• WSS-based ROADM technology for integrating access networks for more affordable shared DWDM
services.
Significant innovations in data-aware SONET/MSPP technology include:
• GFP and VCAT for the mapping of Ethernet and FC into right-sized SONET pipes, thereby facilitating
multi-vendor interoperability and affordable bandwidth over a shared SONET infrastructure
• Buffer credit handling and distance extension technologies for Ethernet and FC clients
Innovations in Optical Ethernet include:
• MPLS-enabled end-to-end connection context for Ethernet VCs, allowing for true end-to-end QoS rather
than statistical, hop-by-hop classes of service
• Per-connection queuing and guaranteed QoS to minimize packet loss and latency
• 50 ms dedicated resource restoration schemes to avoid the ~1s restoration required for spanning tree
convergence
Embracing these kinds of solutions enables enterprises to meet more rigid RPO and RTO objectives at
lower cost points than previously available, while allowing carriers to create differentiated services for
enterprises’ most critical services.
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[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
US Securities and Exchange Commission, Rule 17a-4.
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Health Insurance Reform; Security Standards; Final Rule. 45 CFR Parts 160, 162, and 164.
Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 34, Thursday February 20, 2003.
“Interagency Paper on Sound Practices to Strengthen the Resilience of the U.S. Financial System.”
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission [Release No. 34-47638; File No. S7-32-02].
National Futures Association. "Compliance Rule 2-38," July, 2003.
Meta Group, IT Performance Engineering & Measurement Strategies: Quantifying Performance Loss,
October 2000.
Enterprise Strategy Group, "Reference Information: The Next Wave," 2002.
Peter Lyman and Hal R. Varian, "How Much Information," 2003. Retrieved from
www.sims.berkeley.edu/how-much-info-2003.
ANSI T11.3 FabExpStdy group, "Requirements for Fabric Expansion," June, 2004 (work in progress)
S. Lisle, "The Broad (and Surprising?) Future of SONET," Proc. National Fiber Optic Engineers
Conference (NFOEC), 2003.
Bihon, Daniel and Eric Koopferstock, "Optical Design Considerations for Transparent Re-Configurable
Metro DWDM Networks," NFOEC, 2003.
C. Tian and S. Kinoshita, "Analysis and Control of Transient Dynamics of EDFS Pumped by 1480 and
980-nm Lasers," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 21., No. 8, August, 2003.
W. Yue, D. Gutierrez, "Digital Video Transport Over SONET using GFP and Virtual Concatenation,"
Proc. NFOEC, 2003.
ITU-T G.7041, "Working revised draft G.7041,” Oct. 2003.
ITU-T G.707, "Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)," October 2000.
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Acronym
Descriptor
BB
Buffer-to-Buffer
CAGR
Compound Annual Growth Rate
CAPEX
Capital Expenditure
CEO
Chief Executive Officer
CFO
Chief Financial Officer
DAS
Direct Access Storage
DDT
Disk-to-Disk-to-Tape
DR
Disaster Recovery
DWDM
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
EAP
Extensible Authetification Protocol
EoS
Ethernet over SONET
EVC
Ethernet Virtual Circuit
FC
Fibre Channel
FCIP
Fibre Channel over Internet Protocol
FCoS
Fibre Channel over SONET
FEC
Forward Error Correction
GFP
Generic Framing Procedure
HIPPA
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
IFR
Inter-Fabric Routing
I/O
Input/Output
IP
Internet Protocol
iSCSI
Internet Small Computer Systems Interface
IT
Information Technology
MAC
Media Access Control
MACsec
Media Access Control Secuity
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network
MPLS
Multi-Protocol Label Switching
MSPP
Multi-Service Provisioning Platform
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Acronym
Descriptor
NAS
Network Attached Storage
NE
Network Element
OEO
Optical-Electrical-Optical
OPEX
Operational Expenditure
PB
Petabyte
QoS
Quality of Service
RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
ROADM
Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
RPO
Recovery Point Objective
RPR
Resilient Packet Ring
RTO
Recovery Time Objective
SAN
Storage Area Network
SAS
Serial Attached SCSI
SATA
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
SCSI
Small Computer System Interface
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission
SMB
Server Message Block
STS
Synchronous Transport Signal
TDM
Time Division Multiplex
VC
Virtual Circuit
VCAT
Virtual Concatenation
VCG
Virtual Concatenation Group
WAN
Wide Area Network
WDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WSS
Wavelength Selective Switch
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