Download World War I Review and Postwar Happenings

WORLD WAR I REVIEW
AND POSTWAR
HAPPENINGS
Causes of the War
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____________, devotion to one’s nation above all else, created tensions between
peoples and European countries
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State – defined land with an independent government
Nation – mass group of people sharing similar characteristics of religion, ethnicity, and
other aspects of culture
Before World War I
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Europe (and most of the world) was organized according to defined borders and made
no worry to unite nations of people
Tension grew because of a belief that every nation of people should have its own
independent state
Causes of the War
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__________ _____________
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Application of Charles Darwin’s idea of natural selection and “survival of the fittest”
Belief the best nations will emerge and the weaker nations will dissolve
People questioned what good government is
• Some states, like the Ottoman Empire, were incredibly weak and needed a spark to stay alive
• Other states, like Germany, needed something to validate its rise to power
• Most old powers, like Britain and France, wanted to preserve the current order to maintain
power
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Causes of the War
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European leaders and cultural celebrities all knew a war was coming, the question
was when, not if
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_____________ - the glorification of a military and build up of armed forces
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2 main forces to pay attention to:
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Land forces – Germany, Russia, and France are the leaders
Naval forces – Germany and Britain clearly outpace everyone else
New Weapons
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Machine guns, tanks, submarines, eventually airplanes
Causes of the War
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Alliances
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Why form alliances?
Provides political and military protection
• Emboldens leaders to act recklessly with fewer consequences
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Triple Alliance
Original 3?
• Who left?
• Who replaced?
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Triple Entente
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Original 3?
Who left?
Who replaced?
Fighting Begins
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Assasination of ____________ ___________
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Serbia had broken off from Austria-Hungary in 1878
Serbia shared similar people to and encouraged Bosnia to break off from A-H
The murder was an act of protest but sparked a war
Austria-Hungary investigates Serbia
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Serbia refuses
A-H declares war as a result
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July 28, 1914
Alliances all cash-in and within a week, war broke out
Fighting Begins
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Western Front
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Line from western Belgium, through eastern France, to Switzerland
450 miles
Created a stalemate for most of the war
Why?
Germany’s army was built on speed
• France and Britain thought if Germany could be slowed, victory would be quick
• Weapons are advanced beyond strategy
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No one was sure how to handle poisonous gas, machine guns, and tanks
America Pre-Entry
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President Woodrow Wilson wants neutrality
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Believed in moral diplomacy
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US was distracted with Mexico and could not fight two wars
Immigrants and European descendants divide popular opinion on war
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Favored talking about it and deals to fighting
Most of America was within 3 generations of living in Europe
3 opinions emerge
Interventionists – want to intervene/get involved and fast
• Isolationists – it’s a European war, stay away at all costs
• Internationalists – Be active, work for peace, only fight if necessary
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American Pre-Entry
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US sold goods to countries in the war
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Remember total war?
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Do anything to stop the enemy
Germany strikes American ship Lusitania – block goods to Britain
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American entry seems inevitable but needs a better reason
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____________ ________
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Correspondence between Germany and Mexico, proposing an alliance
Mexico has too much civil strife to enter war
Easy sell to public, US enters war
America in the War
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________ used to protect American ships
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Create a safe route from US to Britain for mass shipments
As US enters, _________ leaves
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Communist revolution forces early exit
________ becomes the ________ ________ after the communists win
__________ ________ receives nothing after war ends
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US first enters in June 1917
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American troops were known as ________ due to the bulky, tan colored uniforms
America in the War
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Movement along Western Front
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Fighting heads closer to Belgium
Americans are not particularly great fighters
Add men
• Add ammunition
• Fresh boost to war
• Need to prove US can handle modern military challenge
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End of war
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Exhaustion, desertion in army, lack of supplies leads to surrender by __________ and
________- ________ on November 11, 1918
Postwar Issues
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What now?
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Wilson vs Europe
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France and Britain look for harsh penalties to break up Germany and Austria-Hungary
Wilson favors ______-___________ and wants a path for nations of people to become
independent states
Rest of Europe is okay if those nations are under German or A-H rule but not French or British
rule
Wilson describes his postwar plan in the ____________ ____________
As part of his plan, Wilson wants a way to prevent war through diplomacy between nations and
calls for an alliance in the ___________ ____ ____________
Postwar Issues
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League of Nations
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Included in Treaty of Versailles
US refuses to join
Congress thinks Wilson went too far and does not have the power to make US join
• Congress could not agree on how much the US should participate in world affairs
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Election of 1920
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Women can vote for first time – 19th amendment
Warren G. Harding wins presidency based on a slogan of “Return to Normalcy”
Effects of War
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Spanish Flu
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Originally a bird flu that mutated and attacked humans
Infected nearly 500 million people
Estimates 20-100 million people died because of infection
Killed more than the Great War
Attacked healthy, young people
One of the worst pandemics in human history
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Comparable to bubonic plague of Middle Ages
Effects of the War
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Red Scare
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Fear the emergence of communism in Soviet Union led to a fear communist philosophy
would spread and cause a bloody revolution
Led to investigations, raids, and arrests
Primarily of immigrants from Europe not happy in US
• Any younger, anti-government protesters or radicals
• Anyone speaking against the majority party in government
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Trial of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
Both were anarchist (favored no government) and accused of murder
• Found guilty but due to blatant discrimination of political beliefs and ethnicity
• Created mass protests, hysteria over communism slowed down
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Effects of War
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America’s Worldly Status
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Sales of goods from war lead to quick economic turnaround
America becomes a creditor nation
Countries owed US more money than America owed the world
• Europeans had to borrow money from US to rebuild after the war
• Economic center of the world shifted from London to New York
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America’s Future
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US solidified its world image (outside)
US needed continue internal reforms to progress as whole (inside)
US will spend (Roaring 20s) and bust (Great Depression)