Download Chapter 29 Protostomes PowerPoint

Chapter 29
The Animal Kingdom
The Protostomes
Invertebrates Video
Coelom
• Fluid-filled space lined w/mesoderm; between
digestive tube and outer body wall
• Tube-within-a-tube plan
• Inner tube no longer attached to body wall
Advantages of Coelom
• Can serve as hydrostatic skeleton (fluid under
pressure)
– Contracting muscles push against tube of fluid
– Greater range of movement
– Swim, crawl, walk
• Space, cushion for internal organs, gonads
• Transport of food, O2, waste
Phylum Nemertea
• Ribbon worms, proboscis worms
• Proboscis = long, hollow muscular tube
– Can be everted from anterior end of body
– Wrap around prey
– Sharp, sticky or toxic
• Functionally acoelomate (chamber around
proboscis is true coelomic space = rhynchocoel)
• Circulatory system – blood vessels, no heart
Fig. 33-3l
A ribbon worm
Phylum Mollusca
Clams, oysters, octopods, snails, slugs, giant squid
• Basic characteristics
– Soft body – usually covered by shell
– Foot – locomotion
– Visceral mass – above foot
– Mantle – cover visceral mass
– Radula – rasplike, belt of teeth
– Coelom – reduced, small around certain organs
• Hemocoel - blood
Fig. 33-15
Nephridium
Visceral mass
Heart
Coelom
Intestine
Gonads
Mantle
Stomach
Shell
Mantle
cavity
Mouth
Radula
Anus
Gill
Foot
Nerve
cords
Esophagus
Mouth
Radula
Phylum Mollusca
• Digestive
– Mouth, buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach,
intestine, anus
– Radula in buccal cavity
• Circulatory – open (most)
– Blood = hemolymph – bathes tissues
– Heart – aorta – blood vessels – sinuses (make up
hemocoel) – blood vessels – gills – heart
– Closed system – active squid, octopods
• Blood in blood vessels completely
Phylum Mollusca
• Excretory
– Metanephridia – funnels waste from fluid in
coelom to excretory pore
4 Classes of Mollusks
• 1. Polyplacophora – “many plates”
– Chitons
– Shell of 8 dorsal plates, head reduced, no eyes or
tentacles
• 2. Gastropoda
– Well-developed head w/tentacles, 2 simple eyes, foot
– Torsion – twist visceral mass; allows head to enter
shell 1st before foot
– Snails – single, spiral coiled shell
– Limpets – shells like flat dunce cap
– Nudibranchs (sea slug) – no shell
Fig. 33-16
Fig. 33-17
(a) A land snail
(b) A sea slug
Fig. 33-18
Mantle
cavity
Anus
Mouth
Stomach
Intestine
Nudibranch (Sea slug)
• 3. Bivalvia
– Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
– 2 part shell
– Nervous – 3 pair ganglia, 2 pair nerve cords
– Eyespots
– Suspension feeders – water in through siphon (no
radula)
Fig. 33-19
Fig. 33-20
Mantle
Hinge area
Coelom
Gut
Heart
Digestive
gland
Adductor
muscle
Anus
Mouth
Excurrent
siphon
Shell
Palp
Foot
Mantle
cavity
Gonad
Gill
Water
flow
Incurrent
siphon
• 4. Cephalopoda – “head foot”
– Swim fast, predators
– Mouth w/tentacles (suckers to seize prey)
– Radula + 2 beaks
– Mantle has siphon
– Jet propulsion
– Head – well-developed eyes
– Octopus – no shell
– Squid – reduced shell inside body
– Nautilus – coiled shell
– Defense
• Chromatophores – change color
• Ink sac – black liquid
Fig. 33-21
Octopus
Squid
Chambered
nautilus
Phylum Annelida – “ringed”
• Segmented worms
– Facilitates locomotion
– Coelom divided – each segment own muscles
– Setae – bristle-like structures - traction
• Bilateral symmetry
• Tubular body
• Nervous
– Simple brain (paired ganglia) + ventral nerve cord
– Each seg. = pair ganglia + lateral nerves
Phylum Annelida
• Closed circulatory system
• Complete digestive tract
– Mouth - anus
• Respiration
– cutaneous
• Excretion
– Pair metanephridia in each segment
Class Polychaeta – “many bristles”
• Marine
• Parapodia – pair of paddle-shaped
appendages on each body segment
– Locomotion, gas exchange, bear setae
• Head w/eyes and antennae
• Optional – tentacles, palps
• Separate sexes
– Gametes in water same time (lunar, tides)
Fig. 33-23
Parapodia
Tubeworms - Polychaetes
Class Oligochaeta –
few bristles
•
•
•
•
Fresh water/terrestrial
No parapodia, few bristles
Lack well-developed head
Hermaphrodites
Class Oligochaeta - Lumbricus
terrestris
•
•
•
•
•
Cuticle
Mucus layer
Muscles in body wall
Relationship with soil
Complex digestive system
– Pharynx – esophagus – crop (store) – gizzard
(grind) – intestine (digest, absorb) – anus
• Circulatory system – closed
– Dorsal and ventral BV; BV in segments
– 5 pair BV by esophagus
Earthworm Locomotion
Class Oligochaeta - Lumbricus
terrestris
• Gas exchange
– Moist skin
• Excretion
– Paired metanephridia – almost every segment
• Nervous
– Simple brain (pair cerebral ganglia above pharynx
and subpharyngeal ganglia below pharynx)
– Ventral nerve cord
– Pair fused ganglia – each segment – coordinate
muscles
Class Oligochaeta - Lumbricus
terrestris
• Reproduction
– Hermaphroditic
– 2 worms exchange sperms
– Clitellum - ring of epidermis, secretion
Fig. 33-22
Cuticle
Epidermis
Coelom
Circular
muscle
Septum
(partition
between
segments)
Metanephridium
Longitudinal
muscle
Anus
Dorsal vessel
Chaetae
Intestine
Fused
nerve
cords
Ventral
vessel
Nephrostome
Metanephridium
Clitellum
Esophagus
Pharynx
Giant Australian earthworm
Cerebral ganglia
Crop
Intestine
Gizzard
Mouth
Subpharyngeal
ganglion
Blood
vessels
Ventral nerve cord with
segmental ganglia
Class Hirudinea - leeches
• Blood-sucking parasites (some nonparasitic)
– Suck out blood and store in digestive tract
– Hirudin – anticoagulant – from crop; ensures full
meal
• No setae or parapodia
• Muscular suckers both body ends
Fig. 33-24
Lophophorate phyla
• Ring of tentacles around mouth for capturing
particles in water
Fig. 33-14
Lophophore
Lophophore
(a) Ectoproct (sea mat)
(b) Brachiopods
Phylum Rotifera
• “wheel animals”
• Crown of cilia on anterior end
– Beat rapidly – swim / feed
Fig. 33-13
Jaws
Anus
Stomach
Crown
of cilia
0.1 mm
Phylum Nematoda - roundworms
•
•
•
•
Decomposition, nutrient recyclers
Free-living; parasites
Body – point both ends, cuticle
Epidermis unusual – no composed of distinct
cells
• Pseudocoelom – fluid – muscle contraction,
nutrient distribution
• Bilateral symmetry
Fig. 33-25
25 µm
Phylum Nematoda
•
•
•
•
Complete digestive system – 3 tissue layers
Lack specific circulatory parts
Sexes usually separate
No well-define head
Crawling Nematode
Examples of Nematodes
• Ascaris – intestinal human parasite
– Eggs in feces
– Poor sanitation – eggs  soil (fertilizer)
– Ingest eggs on unwashed fruit/veg. OR hands
• Hookworm – lining human intestine, suck blood
– Eggs – feces – host barefoot – larvae into skin / blood
• Trichina – small intestine mammals
– Undercooked, infected meat
– Encyst in skeletal muscle; cysts calcify
• Pinworm - large intestine, kids
– Eggs ingested – dirty hands
– Female worms – anal region – deposit eggs - itching
Fig. 33-26
Encysted juveniles
Muscle tissue
50 µm
Phylum Arthropoda - “jointed foot” –
very successful
• Segmented body – specialization
• Exoskeleton – chitin + protein
– Protection, water loss, molting (disadvantage)
• Paired, jointed appendages
– Swim, walk, get prey, sensory, reproduction
• Nervous system – sense organs
– Antennae, eyes, ganglia
• Open circulatory system - hemocoel
Phylum Arthropoda
• Gas exchange
– Water – gills
– Land – tracheal tubes, book lungs
Onychophorans -
“missing link” between annelids
and arthropods; “velvet worms”
• Like Annelids
– Internal segments
• Like Arthropods
–
–
–
–
Open circulation
Tracheal tubes
Unbranched legs
Jaws from appendages
3 Subphyla of Arthropods:
Subphylum Chelicerata
• Horseshoe crabs, arachnids
• No antennae
• Chelicerae (1st pair) – fanglike feeding
appendages
• Body = cephalothorax + abdomen
• Pedipalps (2nd pair) = locomotion, food,
defense or copulation
• 4 pair legs on cephalothorax - walking
Fig. 33-3r
An onychophoran
Subphylum Chelicerata – Horseshoe Crabs
• Living fossil
• Tail for locomotion
• 5 pair walking legs
Fig. 33-30
Subphylum Chelicerata - Arachnids
• Spiders, scorpions, ticks, harvestmen, mites
• Most carnivorous
• 6 pair jointed appendages
Fig. 33-31
Scorpion
50 µm
Dust mite
Web-building spider
Arachnids - Spiders
•
•
•
•
•
1st pair – chelicerae – penetrate prey
2nd pair – pedipalps – hold, chew food
Next 4 pairs – walking
8 eyes – 2 rows, 4 each
Gas exchange
– Tracheal tubes, book lungs or both
• Glands – abdomen – silk (spinnerets)
• All spiders – poison glands (few toxic to
humans)
Fig. 33-32
Stomach
Intestine
Brain
Heart
Digestive
gland
Eyes
Ovary
Poison
gland
Book lung
Anus
Spinnerets
Silk gland
Gonopore
(exit for eggs)
Sperm
receptacle
Chelicera
Pedipalp
Arachnids - Mites and Ticks
• Nuisance
– Eat crops, infest livestock, pets, us
– disease
• Mites
– chiggers – red itchy welts
• Ticks
– Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Texas cattle fever,
relapsing fever, Lyme disease
Trilobites
• Early arthropod – extinct now
• 3 lobes of exoskeleton
• Led to chelicerates
Fig. 33-27
Subphylum Crustacea
• Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, barnacles
– Consume algae detritus
– Compose much zooplankton
• Mandibles – jaw like, no chelicerae
– Hard, 3rd pair appendages, sides of mouth, bite/grind
food
• Biramous appendages – 2 jointed branches
• 2 pair antennae (sensory)
• Nauplius larva – 1st stage after hatching; has only
most anterior 3 pair of appendages
• 1st and 2nd Maxillae – after mandibles; 2 pair;
manipulate, hold food
• Other appendages – walk, swim, transmit sperm,
carry eggs/young/sense
Subphylum Crustacea
•
•
•
•
•
Gas exchange - gills
Excretion – 2 large antennal (green) glands
Compound eyes
Statocysts – detect gravity
Reproduction - separate sexes
– Male sperm to female; fertilized egg carried on
female
– New animals – resemble adult or many larval
stages w/molting
Orders of Subphylum Crustacea
• Isopods – pill bugs, sowbugs (5-15 mm)
• Copepods – zooplankton (microscopic)
• Decapods – lobster, crayfish, crab, shrimp
Fig. 33-38
(a) Ghost crab
(b) Krill
(c) Barnacles
Fig. 33-29
Cephalothorax
Antennae
(sensory
reception)
Head
Abdomen
Thorax
Swimming appendages
(one pair located
under each
abdominal segment)
Walking legs
Pincer (defense)
Mouthparts (feeding)
Lobster Anatomy – a decapod
crustacean
• Carapace
– Covers cephalothorax
– Chitin w/ calcium salts
• Antennae – 2 pair
– sensory
• Mandibles – 1 pair
– Bite/grind food
• Maxillae – 2 pair
– feeding
• Maxillipeds – 3 pair
– Chop food, pass to
mouth
Lobster Anatomy – a decapod
crustacean
• Chelipeds – 1 pair
– Pinching claws
• Walking legs – 4 pair
• Reproductive appendages
– Male – sperm transfer
• Swimmerets
– Small, paddle like – swim, hold
eggs
• Uropods
– Large, flattened structure
• Telson
– Flattened posterior end of
abdomen
• Uropod + telson – fan –shape;
swim backward
Lobster Mouth
Subphylum Uniramia
•
•
•
•
Insects, centipedes, millipedes
Uniramous appendages – unbranched
1 pair antennae
Jawlike mandibles
Class Insecta of Subphylum Uniramia
• Most successful animals
– Diverse, geographic distribution, # species, #
individuals
• Articulated = jointed
• Tracheated = having tracheal tubes (gas
exchange)
• Hexapod – have 6 feet
Class Insecta
• Body – 3 distinct parts
– Head
• 1 pair antennae
• Simple OR compound eyes (sensory)
• Mouthparts – piercing, chewing, sucking, lapping
– Thorax
• 3 pair legs, 1-2 pair wings
– Abdomen
Fig. 33-35
Abdomen
Thorax
Head
Compound eye
Antennae
Heart
Cerebral ganglion
Dorsal
artery
Anus
Crop
Vagina
Malpighian
tubules
Ovary
Tracheal tubes
Nerve cords
Mouthparts
Class Insecta
• Tracheal system
– Spiracles = opening in body wall, air enters
– Spiracles – tracheal tubes – internal organs
• Open circulation
• Excretion
– 2+ Malpighian tubules – receive waste from blood,
concentrate waste, discharge to intestine;
conserve water
Class Insecta
• Reproduction
– Separate sexes
– Internal fertilization
– Direct development (hatch as small adult) OR
– Molt during development  metamorphosis
• Incomplete metamorphosis
– Egg – larva – adult
– Grasshopper, cockroach
• Complete metamorphosis – 4 stages
– Egg – larva – pupa – adult
– Butterfly, bee, flea
• Exoskeleton – water loss, protection
• Flight
Fig. 33-36
(a) Larva (caterpillar)
(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage
pupa
(d) Emerging
adult
(e) Adult
Butterfly Metamorphosis
Class Insecta – Impact on Humans
Good
• Pollination
• Destroy harmful insects
• Food webs
• Nutrient recyclers
• Products
– Honey, beeswax, shellac, silk
Bad
• Destroy crops, buildings,
clothing
• disease
Class Chilopoda - centipedes
• “hundred-legged”
• 1 pair legs/segment (average 30 total)
– Long = fast
• Uniramous appendages
• carnivorous
Fig. 33-34
Class Diplopoda - millipedes
• “thousand-legged”
• 2 pair legs/segment
– slow
• herbivorous
Fig. 33-33
Both Chilopoda and Diplopoda
• Terrestrial
• Head + elongated trunk
– Many segments
– Uniramous legs
Fig. 33-37a
Fig. 33-37b
Fig. 33-37c
Fig. 33-37d
Fig. 33-37e
Match the Order of Insect with the Correct Example
Order
• Thysanura
• Orthoptera
• Isoptera
• Odonata
• Hemiptera
• Anoplura
Example
• Sucking lice
• Grasshopper
• Damselfly
• Chinch bug
• Silverfish
• termite
Match the Order of Insect with the Correct Example
Order
• Syphonaptera
• Homoptera
• Diptera
• Lepidoptera
• Hymenoptera
• coleoptera
Example
• Moth
• Aphid
• Ant
• Housefly
• Beetle
• flea