Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cold War
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
Cold War Origins: 1943-1949 From 1943 to 1949, how did the Grand Alliance collapse into the Cold War? • Step One: The War Time Conferences • Step Two: Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 1946 • Step Three: Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, March 1946 • Step Four: Truman Doctrine • Step Five: The Marshall Plan • Step Six: Red Army Occupation of Eastern Europe, 1945-1947 • Step Seven: Czechoslovakia Coup • Step Eight: Berlin Crisis of 1948 Wartime Conferences, 1943-1945 • From 1943 to 1945, the Grand Alliance deteriorated because of ideological conflicts, paranoia, and conflicting economic interests! • Tehran Conference: 1943 • Stalin was frustrated by the lack of a SECOND FRONT • German proved to be a point of contention: Stalin and the ‘other two’ had conflicting ideas because of their war time experiences! • Poland: Stalin’s goal was to create SECURITY! • Eastern Europe: Conflict over the Atlantic Charter! • Introduction of the concept of the United Nations Yalta, February 1945 • Germany: partitioned 4 ways! • Poland: • Curzon and Oder-Neisse Line • Lublin Poles vs. London Poles • Eastern Europe • Declaration for Liberated Europe • Japan • United Nations: • Veto power Potsdam, July 1945 • Germany • Poland: frustration (Truman was an ideologue) • Eastern Europe: Soviet Sphere of Influence • Japan: distrust and fear • United Nations Soviet Sphere of Influence: Stalin’s paranoia led to American fear! • Eastern Europe • Stalin used the Red Army to purge governments of non-Communists • “Stalinists” were left in Power • Greece and Turkey • France and Italy • Iran • Stalin refused to remove army, almost led to war US Response: Containment George Kennan’s Long Telegram, 1946 • Kennan: key US Diplomat in Moscow • Telegram was a private correspondence between Kennan and DC • VALUE OF THIS DOCUMENT is HUGE • Key Points • USSR’s actions were out of insecurity • Soviets wanted to advance Stalinism • Cruelty and Repressiveness was ‘justified’ by Soviet world view • USSR was fanatical but not ‘SUICIDAL’ US Response: Containment Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech • Churchill’s speech was at a college with Truman sitting behind him • Churchill identified an “Iron Curtain” • Speech was focused on fear and aggression Soviet Reaction to Iron Curtain Speech: fear and aggression • Stalin’s famous speech criticizing Churchill (comparing him to Hitler) • Stalin withdrew from International Monetary Fund • Intensified anti-West propaganda • Initiated a Five-Year Plan US Reaction: Containment finalized Truman Doctrine • Truman gave the speech to Congress, 1947 • New policy: The US would “support peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities [Communists]” • Greece and Turkey US extended Containment Marshall Plan, 1947 • Economic expansion of the Truman Doctrine • American money to revive European economies • Soviet perspective: Dollar Imperialism Marshall Plan • All countries offered • Stalin refused to allow his sphere to accept • COMECON formed Soviet Response • Cominform: Soviet body that ‘oversaw’ other Communist countries • Stalin’s ‘Two Camps’ Doctrine Red Army Occupation of Eastern Europe • Red Army = domination, sphere of influence • Kennan’s “Mr. X Article” was a public article written to justify Containment • The Fear and Aggression seemed to DEFINE the boundaries of the Cold War Czechoslovakian Coup, 1948 • The final step in defining Cold War boundaries • February 1948: Stalin utilized the Red Army to quash a Czech independence movement • Truman used this to get Congress to pass the Marshall Plan (using fear and paranoia) The Berlin Crisis, 1948: Case Study #1 Context • The Iron Curtain was solidified • Germany was on verge of being permanently divided • Stalin’s paranoia was growing; feared the West was encroaching onto its territory • What to do with the divided Berlin? Berlin Crisis, 1948 Context: Conflict between US and USSR • Future of Germany • Lack of Trust • Reparations Berlin Crisis • West Berlin: became under direct control of Western Allies • A western style currency was introduced • Stalin felt threatened by the ‘window of capitalism’ • Stalin’s Berlin Blockade Berlin Crisis: American Response • Numerous responses were offered to Truman • Truman: cannot risk war • Berlin Airlift Results Outcome of the Berlin Crisis, 1948-1949 • Permanent Division of Germany • Continuation of a divided Berlin • Formation of NATO
