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CONTENTS
A Guide for Readers xxxix
Understanding Medical Terms
SECTION 1
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FUNDAMENTALS 1
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SECTION 2
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SECTION 3
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The Human Body 2
Genetics 8
Making the Most of Health Care 17
Prevention 28
Exercise and Fitness 38
Rehabilitation 45
Death and Dying 57
Legal and Ethical Issues 67
DRUGS 75
Overview of Drugs 76
Administration and Kinetics of Drugs 80
Drug Dynamics 85
Factors Affecting Response to Drugs 88
Adverse Drug Reactions 93
Adherence to Drug Treatment 97
Trade-Name and Generic Drugs 99
Over-the-Counter Drugs 104
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS
109
Biology of the Digestive System 110
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Digestive Disorders 114
Esophageal Disorders 132
Peptic Disorders 137
Gastroenteritis 145
Hiatus Hernia, Bezoars, and Foreign Bodies 156
Pancreatitis 159
Malabsorption 163
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 168
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SECTION 4
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SECTION 5
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SECTION 6
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Clostridium difficile–Induced Colitis 176
Diverticular Disease 177
Irritable Bowel Syndrome 181
Anal and Rectal Disorders 182
Tumors of the Digestive System 188
Gastrointestinal Emergencies 201
LIVER AND GALLBLADDER DISORDERS 209
Biology of the Liver and Gallbladder 210
Diagnostic Tests for Liver, Gallbladder, and Biliary Disorders 212
Manifestations of Liver Disease 214
Fatty Liver, Cirrhosis, and Related Disorders 221
Hepatitis 227
Blood Vessel Disorders of the Liver 232
Tumors of the Liver 238
Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders 242
KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT DISORDERS
249
Biology of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract 250
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Kidney and Urinary Tract
Disorders 253
Kidney Failure 260
Dialysis 265
Kidney Filtering Disorders 269
Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys 278
Tubular and Cystic Kidney Disorders 283
Urinary Incontinence 290
Obstruction of the Urinary Tract 297
Urinary Tract Infections 302
Injury to the Urinary Tract 308
Cancers of the Kidney and Urinary Tract 311
HEART AND BLOOD VESSEL DISORDERS
315
Biology of the Heart and Blood Vessels 316
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders 320
High Blood Pressure 333
Low Blood Pressure 343
Shock 350
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SECTION 7
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SECTION 8
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Heart Failure 352
Cardiomyopathy 361
Abnormal Heart Rhythms 366
Heart Valve Disorders 378
Infective Endocarditis 386
Pericardial Disease 390
Heart Tumors 393
Atherosclerosis 396
Coronary Artery Disease 401
Peripheral Arterial Disease 418
Aneurysms and Aortic Dissection 427
Venous Disorders 433
Lymphatic Disorders 440
LUNG AND AIRWAY DISORDERS
443
Biology of the Lungs and Airways 444
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Lung Disorders 448
Rehabilitation for Lung and Airway Disorders 459
Acute Bronchitis 461
Pneumonia 463
Abscess in the Lungs 472
Asthma 473
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 480
Sleep Apnea 485
Pulmonary Embolism 488
Bronchiectasis 491
Atelectasis 495
Environmental Lung Diseases 496
Interstitial Lung Diseases 505
Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases of the Lungs 514
Pleural Disorders 518
Pulmonary Hypertension 522
Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 524
Cancer of the Lungs 528
BONE, JOINT, AND MUSCLE DISORDERS 533
Biology of the Musculoskeletal System 534
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Disorders 538
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SECTION 9
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Osteoporosis 544
Paget’s Disease of Bone 547
Osteonecrosis 549
Bone and Joint Tumors 552
Bone and Joint Infections 556
Joint Disorders 559
Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue 572
Vasculitic Disorders 582
Gout and Pseudogout 594
Hand Disorders 598
Foot Problems 605
Muscular Dystrophies and Related Disorders 612
Muscle, Bursa, and Tendon Disorders 615
BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND NERVE DISORDERS 621
Biology of the Nervous System 623
Diagnosis of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders 629
Pain 637
Headaches 648
Dizziness and Vertigo 657
Sleep Disorders 666
Brain Dysfunction 677
Delirium and Dementia 682
Stupor and Coma 701
Seizure Disorders 709
Stroke 718
Head Injuries 733
Tumors of the Nervous System 741
Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord 749
Prion Diseases 765
Movement Disorders 768
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 787
Spinal Cord Disorders 793
Low Back and Neck Pain 806
Peripheral Nerve Disorders 815
Autonomic Nervous System Disorders 831
Cranial Nerve Disorders 835
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SECTION 10
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SECTION 11
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SECTION 12
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SECTION 13
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MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS
845
Overview of Mental Health Care 846
Somatoform Disorders 849
Anxiety Disorders 853
Mood Disorders 862
Suicidal Behavior 873
Eating Disorders 876
Personality Disorders 880
Dissociative Disorders 885
Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder
Sexuality 895
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DISORDERS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM
Overview of Nutrition 902
Undernutrition 913
Vitamins 917
Minerals and Electrolytes 932
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Cholesterol Disorders 961
Water Balance 969
Acid-Base Balance 972
Porphyrias 975
HORMONAL DISORDERS
951
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Biology of the Endocrine System 979
Pituitary Gland Disorders 983
Thyroid Gland Disorders 990
Adrenal Gland Disorders 999
Diabetes Mellitus 1005
Hypoglycemia 1014
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Carcinoid Tumors 1018
BLOOD DISORDERS
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Biology of Blood 1022
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Blood Disorders 1023
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SECTION 14
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SECTION 15
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SECTION 16
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Blood Transfusion 1026
Anemia 1031
Bleeding and Clotting Disorders 1040
White Blood Cell Disorders 1046
Plasma Cell Disorders 1051
Leukemias 1055
Lymphomas 1061
Myeloproliferative Disorders 1067
Spleen Disorders 1071
CANCER
1075
Overview of Cancer 1075
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Cancer 1079
Prevention and Treatment of Cancer 1086
IMMUNE DISORDERS
1095
Biology of the Immune System 1095
Immunodeficiency Disorders 1104
Allergic Reactions 1112
Autoimmune Disorders 1124
Transplantation 1128
INFECTIONS
1137
Biology of Infectious Disease 1138
Immunization 1144
Bacterial Infections 1151
Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock 1185
Antibiotics 1188
Tuberculosis 1194
Leprosy 1200
Rickettsial and Related Infections 1202
Parasitic Infections 1206
Fungal Infections 1229
Viral Infections 1236
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 1254
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1264
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SECTION 17
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SECTION 18
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SECTION 19
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SKIN DISORDERS
1275
Biology of the Skin 1276
Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Disorders
Itching and Noninfectious Rashes 1283
Acne 1296
Pressure Sores 1299
Sweating Disorders 1302
Hair Disorders 1303
Pigment Disorders 1308
Blistering Diseases 1310
Parasitic Skin Infections 1312
Bacterial Skin Infections 1315
Fungal Skin Infections 1320
Viral Skin Infections 1324
Sunlight and Skin Damage 1325
Noncancerous Skin Growths 1329
Skin Cancers 1333
Nail Disorders 1337
MOUTH AND DENTAL DISORDERS
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Biology of the Mouth 1343
Lip and Tongue Disorders 1346
Salivary Gland Disorders 1348
Mouth Sores 1349
Mouth Growths 1352
Tooth Disorders 1355
Periodontal Diseases 1363
Temporomandibular Disorders 1367
Urgent Dental Problems 1371
EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DISORDERS
1375
Biology of the Ears, Nose, and Throat 1375
Hearing Loss and Deafness 1378
Outer Ear Disorders 1385
Middle and Inner Ear Disorders 1387
Nose, Sinus, and Taste Disorders 1393
Throat Disorders 1402
Nose and Throat Cancers 1406
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SECTION 20
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SECTION 21
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SECTION 22
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EYE DISORDERS
1411
Biology of the Eyes 1412
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Eye Disorders 1415
Refractive Disorders 1424
Injuries to the Eye 1429
Eyelid and Tearing Disorders 1434
Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders 1437
Corneal Disorders 1441
Cataract 1445
Uveitis 1447
Glaucoma 1448
Retinal Disorders 1452
Optic Nerve Disorders 1459
Eye Socket Disorders 1462
MEN’S HEALTH ISSUES
1465
Male Reproductive System 1465
Penile and Testicular Disorders 1468
Prostate Disorders 1474
Sexual Dysfunction in Men 1482
WOMEN’S HEALTH ISSUES
1489
Female Reproductive System 1491
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Gynecologic Disorders 1496
Sexual Dysfunction in Women 1505
Menopause 1514
Menstrual Disorders and Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding 1521
Endometriosis 1529
Fibroids 1533
Vaginal Infections 1536
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 1541
Pelvic Floor Disorders 1543
Breast Disorders 1546
Noncancerous Gynecologic Abnormalities 1563
Cancers of the Female Reproductive System 1570
Violence Against Women 1581
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SECTION 23
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Infertility 1585
Family Planning 1593
Detection of Genetic Disorders 1607
Normal Pregnancy 1616
High-Risk Pregnancy 1626
Pregnancy Complicated by Disease 1628
Pregnancy and Drug Use 1636
Complications of Pregnancy 1643
Normal Labor and Delivery 1651
Complications of Labor and Delivery 1657
Postdelivery Period 1665
CHILDREN’S HEALTH ISSUES 1673
Newborns and Infants 1675
Problems in Newborns 1686
Birth Defects 1708
Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities 1726
Problems in Infants and Very Young Children 1731
Preschool and School-Aged Children 1740
Behavioral and Developmental Problems in Young Children 1745
Adolescents 1751
Problems in Adolescents 1754
Bacterial Infections 1760
Viral Infections 1768
Respiratory Disorders 1784
Cystic Fibrosis 1788
Digestive Disorders 1792
Neurologic Disorders 1802
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders 1808
Eye Disorders 1817
Bone Disorders 1820
Hereditary Connective Tissue Disorders 1825
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 1829
Diabetes Mellitus 1830
Hereditary Metabolic Disorders 1834
Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes 1841
Childhood Cancers 1843
Learning and Developmental Disorders 1849
Cerebral Palsy 1856
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SECTION 25
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SECTION 26
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Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability 1858
Mental Health Disorders 1862
Social Issues Affecting Children and Their Families 1873
Child Neglect and Abuse 1879
OLDER PEOPLE’S HEALTH ISSUES
1883
The Aging Body 1884
Aging and Drugs 1896
Provision of Care 1902
Health Care Coverage for Older People 1910
Long-Term Care 1917
Coping With Changes Related to Aging 1924
Driving 1927
Falls 1931
Elder Mistreatment 1934
INJURIES AND POISONING 1939
First Aid 1940
Burns 1948
Fractures 1952
Sports Injuries 1965
Heat Disorders 1977
Cold Injuries 1980
Radiation Injury 1984
Electrical and Lightning Injuries 1990
Drowning 1994
Diving and Compressed Air Injuries 1996
Altitude Illness 2003
Poisoning 2006
Bites and Stings 2015
SPECIAL SUBJECTS
2023
The Science of Medicine and Clinical Trials 2024
Medical Decision Making 2030
Common Imaging Tests 2034
Hospital Care 2046
Surgery 2052
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2059
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Medicinal Herbs and Nutraceuticals 2067
Drug Use and Abuse 2078
Travel and Health 2100
Amyloidosis 2107
Disorders of Unknown Cause 2109
APPENDIXES
I
II
III
IV
2113
Weights and Measures 2113
Common Medical Tests 2116
Drug Names: Generic and Trade 2124
Resources for Help and Information 2151
INDEX
2165
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