Download Attitudes and Attitude Measurement

Spring 2004
1
Attitudes and Attitude Measurement
Psychology 5306
Professor: Stephen L. Crites, Jr., Ph.D.
Office: 222D Psychology Building
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 747-6571
Office Hours: Monday, Wednesday, & Friday – 9:00-10:00 (or by appointment)
Text: None – The reading materials for this course will be theoretical and empirical articles. I will place a
folder in the main office with the course readings so you can make photocopies at your convenience.
Course Overview: The objective of this course is to review the current attitude theory. Attitudes are an
integral construct in many areas of contemporary research – marketing and consumer behavior, eating,
health, prejudice, self-perception, interpersonal relations, jury decision making, politics, etc. This class
will review: what attitudes are and how do they relate to other psychological constructs (e.g.,
personality, emotion, mood, stereotypes, and beliefs); how can attitudes be measured (including
instances in which people do not wish to report their attitudes); the mechanisms through which
attitudes can be changed; ways in which attitudes guide thinking and behavior, and other issues that
are relevant to attitude theory.
Classroom Procedures: This is a seminar course and class participation is a necessary and essential part of
the course. To help facilitate classroom discussion and participation, you will be required to hand-in
thought papers over the weekly reading(s) at the beginning of each class. In these papers, you should
discuss your thoughts and reactions to the assigned reading(s) – this might be questions about ideas
that were unclear, ideas on which you agree or disagree with the author(s), research ideas related to
the readings, thoughts about the practical importance of findings or ideas, ideas about how certain
ideas might extend to other research domains, etc.
Grades: Grades will be based on the thought papers and class participation (60%) and two writing
assignments (20% each).
Thought Papers: Each week you will be required to complete a single thought paper (1 to 2 pages)
about the week’s reading or readings. The objective of these papers is to encourage you to think
critically about the readings and think about how ideas in the readings relate to your own research
interests. There are no formal rules regarding the content or format of these papers – you may write
about any topic or idea that occurred to you based on the readings. These thought papers are due one
hour before class.
Writing Assignments: There will be two more formal writing assignments in the semester. The purpose of
these papers is to help you express your ideas succinctly and coherently. Thus, you should attempt to
provide a reasoned analysis of a single topic. I will carefully review these papers and provide you with
suggestions about improving the papers specifically and your writing more generally. You will then
need to revise each paper and return it to me.
Spring 2004
2
Readings
Required Readings (12 pt. font)
Secondary Readings (indented and 10 pt. font)
Week 1 (1/14): Course Overview and Brief Introduction to Attitudes
None
Week 2 (1/21): Overview of Attitudes
Petty, R. E., & Caciopo, J. T. (1981). Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary
approaches. Dubuque, IA: William Brown.
Zanna, M. P., & Rempel, J. K. (1988). Attitudes: A new look at an old concept. In D. Bar-Tal & A. W.
Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology of knowledge (pp. 315-334). New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58.
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske & G. Lindzey
(Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 269-322). New York: Oxford University
Press.
McGuire, W. J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of
social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 233-346). New York: Random House.
Olson, J. M., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 117-154.
Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1997). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of
Psychology, 48, 609-647.
Week 3 (1/28): Measuring Attitudes
Ostrom, T. M., Bond, C. F., Jr., Krosnick, J. A., & Sedikides, C. (1994). Attitude scales: How we
measure the unmeasurable. In S. Shavitt & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological insights
and perspectives (pp. 15-42). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Ostrom, T. M. (1989). Interdependence of attitude theory and measurement. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J.
Breckler & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 11-36). Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Himmelfarb, S. (1993). The measurement of attitudes. In A. H. Eagly & S. Chaiken (Eds.), The psychology of
attitudes (pp. 23-87). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Thurstone, L. L. (1928). Attitudes can be measured. American Journal of Sociology, 33, 529-554.
Cook, S. W., & Selltiz, C. (1964). A multiple-indicator approach to attitude measurement. Psychological
Bulletin, 62, 36-55.
Week 4 (2/4): Attitudes & Behavior
Fazio, R. H., & Towles-Schwen, T. (1999). The MODE model of attitude-behavior processes. In S.
Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 97-116). New York:
Guilford.
Ajzen, I. & Sexton, J. (1999). Depth of processing, belief congruence, and attitude-behavior correspondence. In
S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 117-138). New York:
Guilford.
Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative
framework. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 75-109.
Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past
behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 54-74.
Spring 2004
3
Kraus, S. J. (1995). Attitude and the prediction of behavior: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 58-75.
Week 5 (2/11): Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1999). The elaboration likelihood model: Current status and
controversies. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp.
41-72). New York: Guilford.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),
Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123-205). New York: Academic Press.
Chen, S., & Chaiken, S. (1999). The heuristic-systematic model in its broader context. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope
(Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 73-96). New York: Guilford.
Week 6 (2/18): Norms & Social Influence
Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In D.
T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 151192). New York: Oxford University Press.
Cialdini, R. B. (1995). Principles and techniques of social influence. In A. Tesser (Ed.), Advanced social
psychology (pp. 257-281). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cialdini, R. B. (1993). Influence: Science and practice. New York: HarperCollins.
Week 7 (2/25): Context Effects & Measurement
Tourangeau, R., & Rasinski, K. A. (1988). Cognitive processes underlying context effects in attitude
measurement. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 299-314.
Schwarz, N., Groves, R. M., & Schuman, H. (1998). Survey methods. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske & G. Lindzey
(Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 143-179). New York: Oxford University Press.
Krosnick, J. A. (1999). Survey research. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 537-567.
Week 8 (3/3): Self-evaluation
Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 181-227.
Tesser, A., & Martin, L. (1996). The psychology of evaluation. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.),
Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 400-432). New York: Guilford.
Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 261-302.
Showers, C. (1992). Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of
the bunch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1036-1049.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Week 9 (3/10): Implicit Processes/Measures
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and
stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability,
and convergent validity. Psychological Science, 12, 163-170.
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified
theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109(1), 325.
McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ?
Psychological Review, 96, 690-702.
Spring 2004
4
Week 10 (3/17): NO CLASS (Spring Break)
Week 11 (3/24): Effective Persuasion
Han, S., & Shavitt, S. (1994). Persuasion and culture: Advertising appeals in individualistic and
collectivistic societies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 326-350.
Fabrigar, L. R., & Petty, R. E. (1999). The role of the affective and cognitive bases of attitudes in
susceptibility to affectively and cognitively based persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 25, 363-381.
Smith, S. M., & Petty, R. E. (1996). Message framing and persuasion: A message processing analysis.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 257-268.
Week 12 (3/31): NO CLASS (Caesar Chavez Day)
Week 13 (4/7): Health Attitudes
Leventhal, H., & Cameron, L. (1994). Persuasion and health attitudes. In S. Shavitt & T. C. Brock
(Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological Insights and Perspectives (pp. 219-249). Boston: Allyn &
Bacon.
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental
health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
Week 14 (4/14): Values
Rohan, M. J. (2000). A rose by any name? The values construct. Personality and Social Psychology
Review, 4, 255-277.
Rozin, P., Markwith, M., & Stoess, C. (1997). Moralization and becoming a vegetarian: The transformation of
preferences into values and the recruitment of disgust. Psychological Science, 8, 67-73.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical
tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65.
Week 15 (4/21): Psychophysiological Measures
Guglielmi, R. S. (1999). Psychophysiological assessment of prejudice: Past research, current status, and
future directions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 123-157.
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Losch, M. E., & Crites, S. L. (1994). Psychophysiological approaches to attitudes:
Detecting affective dispositions when people won't say, can't say, or don't even know. In S. Shavitt & T.
C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives. (pp. 43-69).
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Tassinary, L. G. (1989). Social psychophysiology: A new look. Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 39-91.
Week 16 (4/28): To Be Announced