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Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
CHAPTER
7
The Nervous
System PPT-B
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
22 slides
1 ½ hour
PPT-A OUTLINE
I. Overall Functions
A. Sensory
B. Integration
II. NS Organization
A. Structural
B. Functional
C. Motor
III. Nervous Tissue
A. Cells
B. Terminology
IV. Physiology
A. N. Properties
B. Action Potentials
C. Functional Classification N.
D. Structural Classification N.
PPT-B OUTLINE
V. Central Nervous System
A. Brain
B. Spinal Cord
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VI Peripheral Nervous System
A. Nerves
B. Autonomic NS
V. Central Nervous System (CNS)
Parietal lobe
A. Brain
Left cerebral
hemisphere
Frontal
lobe
Occipital
lobe
Temporal
lobe
Cephalad
Caudal
(b)
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Brain
stem
Cerebellum
Figure 7.13b
Central Nervous System (CNS) …
Brain Regions
1. Cerebrum
2. Thalamus,
3. Hypothalamus
3. Brain stem
4. Cerebellum
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1. Cerebrum
a. Location
b. Cerebral Hemispheres
c. Cerebral Cortex
• Anterior Association Area
• Broca’s area
• Visual area
d. Corpus Callosum
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Primary motor area
Premotor area
Anterior
association area
• Working memory
and judgment
• Problem
solving
• Language
comprehension
Broca’s area
(motor speech)
Olfactory
area
Central sulcus
Primary somatic sensory
area
Gustatory area (taste)
Speech/language
(outlined by dashes)
Posterior association
area
Visual area
Auditory area
(c)
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Figure 7.13c
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
Thalamus &
Hypothalamus
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(b) Adult brain
4. Brain Stem
a. Midbrain
b. Pons
c. Medulla oblongata
5. CEREBELLUM
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5. Items Associated with the Brain
a. Cerebrospinal Fluid
b. Meninges
•Dura Mater
•Arachnoid Mater & Subarachnoid Space
•Pia Mater
Skin of scalp
Periosteum
Bone of skull
Superior
sagittal sinus
Subdural
space
Subarachnoid
space
(a)
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Periosteal
Meningeal
Dura
mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid villus
Blood
vessel
Falx cerebri
(in longitudinal
fissure only)
Occipital lobe
Tentorium
cerebelli
Cerebellum
Arachnoid mater
over medulla
oblongata
(b)
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Skull
Scalp
Superior
sagittal sinus
Dura mater
Transverse
sinus
Temporal
bone
Figure 7.17b
c. Ventricles
d. Blood-brain barrier
Lateral ventricle
Anterior horn
Septum
pellucidum
Inferior
horn
Lateral
aperture
Interventricular
foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
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Lateral ventricle
Anterior horn
Posterior
horn
Interventricular
foramen
Third ventricle
Inferior horn
Cerebral aqueduct
Median
aperture
Fourth ventricle
Lateral
aperture
Central canal
(b) Left lateral view
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Figure 7.18b
Central Nervous System …
B. Spinal Cord
•from foramen magnum
to 2nd lumbar vertebra
• then as a collection of
spinal nerves
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• Functions:
• Relays information
between ____ & _____.
• Sensory
• Motor
• Spinal Reflexes
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VI. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
•PNS = Nerves and
ganglia
•connective tissue
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Axon
Myelin sheath
Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium
Fascicle
Blood
vessels
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Figure 7.23
A. Nerves and their Classification
•FUNCTIONAL
• Mixed nerves =
• Sensory (afferent) nerves =
• Motor (efferent) nerves =
BY LOCATION
1. Cranial
• Twelve pairs of nerves
• Most are mixed
• three are sensory only
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Figure 13.6a Location and function of cranial nerves.
Filaments of
olfactory nerve (I)
Frontal lobe
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Optic nerve (II)
Optic chiasma
Temporal lobe
Optic tract
Oculomotor
nerve (III)
Trochlear
nerve (IV)
Infundibulum
Trigeminal
nerve (V)
Abducens
nerve (VI)
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
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Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
PNS: Cranial Nerves
•I Olfactory nerve—sensory for smell
•II Optic nerve—sensory for vision
I
II
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PNS: Cranial Nerves
•V Trigeminal nerve—sensory for the face;
motor fibers to chewing muscles
X Vagus nerves—sensory and motor fibers
for pharynx, larynx, and viscera
V
X
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2. Spinal Nerves: 31 Paired Spinal
Nerves
C
1
Cervical
nerves
Thoracic
nerves
Lumbar
nerves
Sacral
nerves
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
T1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Ventral rami form
cervical plexus
(C1 – C5)
Ventral rami form
brachial plexus
(C5 – C8; T1)
No plexus
formed
(intercostal
nerves)
(T1 – T12)
12
L1
2
3
4
Ventral rami form
lumbar plexus
(L1 – L4)
5
(a)
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S1
2
3
4
Ventral rami form
sacral plexus
(L4 – L5; S1 – S4)
Superior gluteal
Sciatic Nerve
Phrenic Nerve
Inferior gluteal
Pudendal
Sciatic
Posterior femoral
cutaneous
Common fibular
Tibial
Sural (cut)
Deep fibular
Superficial fibular
Plantar branches
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Figure 13.12c The sacral plexus.
Gluteus maximus
Piriformis
Inferior gluteal
nerve
Common fibular
nerve
Tibial nerve
Pudendal nerve
Posterior femoral
cutaneous nerve
Sciatic nerve
Cadaver photo
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Peripheral NS …
B. PNS: Autonomic Nervous System
• Motor subdivision of the PNS,  Organs
• Involuntary
•Two subdivisions
•Sympathetic NS = Stress
•Parasympatheitic NS = Peace
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•END OF PPT
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Figure 7.2
The Reflex Arc– Simplest Function
•Five elements:
•Sensory receptor:
•Sensory neuron:
•Integration center (CNS)--interneuron:
•Motor neuron:
•Effector organ:
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CNS Functioning– Simplest
•Somatic reflexes
•Reflexes that stimulate the ____________
•Examples:
•Autonomic reflexes
•Regulate the activity of ___________
•Examples:
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Three-Neuron Reflex Arc
•Three-neuron reflex arcs
•Have all 5 elements
•Example: Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
2
1
Stimulus
3
4
5
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STIMULUS
Receptor
Sensory Neuron
Integration Center-- CNS
Motor Neuron
Effector
1 Sensory receptor
2 Sensory (afferent) neuron
3 Interneuron
4 Motor (efferent) neuron
5 Effector organ
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Figure 7.11c
1 Sensory (stretch) receptor
2 Sensory (afferent) neuron
3
4 Motor (efferent) neuron
5 Effector organ
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Figure 7.11b, step 5
Longitudinal fissure
Lateral
ventricle
Basal nuclei
(basal
ganglia)
Superior
Association fibers
Commissural fibers
(corpus callosum)
Corona
radiata
Fornix
Thalamus
Internal
capsule
Third
ventricle
Pons
Projection
fibers
Medulla oblongata
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Figure 7.15
Cerebrum …
Superior
corpus callosum
Basal nuclei
Pons
Medulla oblongata
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CSF Circulation
4
Superior
sagittal sinus
Arachnoid villus
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Meningeal dura mater
Periosteal dura mater
Right lateral ventricle
(deep to cut)
Choroid plexus
Corpus
callosum
1
Interventricular
foramen
Third ventricle
3
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral aperture
Fourth ventricle
Median aperture
Central canal
of spinal cord
(c) CSF circulation
Choroid plexus
of fourth ventricle
2
1 CSF is produced by the
choroid plexus of each ventricle.
2 CSF flows through the ventricles
and into the subarachnoid space via
the median and lateral apertures.
Some CSF flows through the central
canal of the spinal cord.
3 CSF flows through the
subarachnoid space.
4 CSF is absorbed into the dural
venous sinuses via the arachnoid
villi.
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Figure 7.18c
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
VI Abducens
I Olfactory
II Optic
V Trigeminal
V Trigeminal
VII Facial
Vestibular
branch
Cochlear
branch
VIII Vestibulocochlear
X Vagus
IX Glossopharyngeal
XII Hypoglossal
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XI Accessory
Figure 7.24
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Eye
Eye
Brain stem
Salivary
glands
Heart
Skin
Cranial
nerves
Sympathetic
ganglia
Salivary
glands
Cervical
Lungs
Lungs
T1
Heart
Stomach
Thoracic
Stomach
Pancreas
Pancreas
L1
Liver and
gallbladder
Lumbar
Pelvic
splanchnic
nerves
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Adrenal
gland
Bladder
Bladder
Genitals
Liver
and gallbladder
Genitals
Sacral nerves (S2 – S4)
Figure 7.28
PNS: Autonomic Functioning …
•Sympathetic—STRESS
“fight or flight”
•Exercise, excitement, emergency,
embarrassment
•unusual stimulus
•Increases:
•
•
•
•
•
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PNS: Autonomic Functioning
• Parasympathetic—PEACE
“housekeeping”
•necessary body functions
•Increases activities of:
•
•
• Decreases activities of Stress Organ
Systems
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Figure 7.2