Download Document

Biotic Pollination
• Plant-animal interactions, often mutualisms
Mystery slide…..
Biotic Pollination
• Cheaters prosper??
Animal cheaters.
• Yucca moth story
• Yucca filamentosa
Biotic Pollination
• Pollination: yucca moth
• Behavior: female
Biotic Pollination
• Mutualism: plant pollinated, moth young eat seeds
• If moth cheats (too many eggs?)
Biotic Pollination
Biotic Pollination
Interesting plant-animal interactions, often mutualisms
Fish affect pollination?
Mystery slide…..
Biotic Pollination
• Fish affect pollination?
• Peelbark St. John’s wort
(Hypericum fasciculatum)
• Pond margins
Biotic Pollination
• Trophic cascade: Effects
Ch. 7: Plant Growth
and Reproduction
(Seed Dispersal)
“Thinking” like a plant….
• Coast redwood tree
– 2,000 yrs.: to 10 billion
seeds
• Safe site: location
suitable for
Why disperse?
• 1) Escape competition (parent/siblings)
• Seed shadow: pattern
Usually “acorn doesn’t
fall far from tree”
Bristlecone pine:
lives up to 5000 years!
Why disperse?
• Ex, Fremontodendron decumbens (Pine Hill flannel
bush)
Why disperse?
• Ex, Fremontodendron decumbens (Pine Hill flannel
bush)
Why disperse?
• Ex, Fremontodendron decumbens
• Seed shadow
Why disperse?
• 2) Escape predation/disease (often density-dependent:
positively correlate w/ density)
Why disperse?
• Ex, Fremontodendron decumbens (Pine Hill flannel
bush)
• 3) Find
Axl!
Why disperse?
From Plant Ecology Soundtrack
Now available iTunes!
• 4) Gene
winter
Why disperse?
summer
• 5) Maintain “
winter
Why disperse?
summer
Why disperse?
• Track “climate envelopes” (climate change)
• Climate envelope:
Dispersal in seed plants
• Seed: baby
Fruits
• Fruit: Mature ovary
• Ovary wall becomes pericarp
Fruits
• Pericarp: specialized layers
• At most:
– exocarp:
– mesocarp:
– endocarp:
Fruits vs seeds
• Dry indehiscent fruits
– Achene: 1 seed,
Fruits vs seeds
• Dry indehiscent fruits
– grain (caryopsis):
rice
Resolution
• What’s dispersed: fruit or seed?
• Diaspore: Single dispersal
Fruit/seed coat functions
• 1) Protection:
Fruit/seed coat functions
• 2) Seed dormancy
– Seal out water/O2 (___________: scarification)
Remember?
Fruit/seed coat functions
• 3) Seed dispersal
• Wings, barbs
Left vs. right….
Seed Dispersal
• Abiotic: no
• Biotic: animal
Ballistic dispersal
• Abiotic
– Ballistic dispersal: fruit throws
Wind/water dispersal
• Other abiotic (physical forces)
• Wind dispersal
Dispersing ________________ fruits (achenes)
Wind/water dispersal
• Other abiotic (physical forces)
• Wind dispersal (dandelion)
Dispersing Taraxacum fruits (achenes)
*controversy!
Plant Ecology Theatre
See the whole scene!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqtS9xyl0f4
Biotic
• Biotic seed dispersal
– Epizoochory: Diaspore
Example from lab #3 (weed lab)
Epizoochory
– Ex, Devil’s claw (Proboscidea)
Devil’s claw fruits)
Now?
Extinct ground sloth with
fruits attached
Epizoochory
– 17 top “hitchhiker plants,”
Dispersal Mutualisms
• Epizoochory: Some mutualisms.
• Ex, scatter hoarding