Download Biomarker group Name Presence Reference Immune system

Biomarker group
Immune system alteration
Cytokines
Chemokines and their receptors
Myelin Antibodies
Complement-related biomarkers
Cell-cycle and apoptosis markers
Cerebrospinal Fluid oligoclonal bands
Blood-brain barrier damage
Astrocytic protein
Matrix Metalloproteases /their inhibitors
Integral proteins
Name
IL-1, IL-2 ,,IL-6, TNF-a, TGF-β
CCR5 , CC2/CCL2
anti-myelin-basic protein a-MBP
anti-MOG antibody
C3 , C4 activated neo-C9
FAS, FAS-L, BCL-2, TRAIL
Presence
Reference
Peripheral blood
Peripheral blood
CSF
CSF
Peripheral blood
(1, 2)
(3, 4)
(1)
CSF
(3)
S100β
MMP , TIMP
Thrombomodulin
CSF
CSF
CSF
(4)
(1)
Calpain, Pepsin
MBP-gliotoxin , QYNAD
Peripheral blood
CSF
(1)
Nitric Oxide and their stable metabolites
NO NO2, NO3
CSF and
Peripheral blood
Neuronal damage
Cytoskeleton and microtubule-associated
proteins
Biomarkers of gliosis
TAU protein Actin Tubulin
CSF
GFAP
CACY, CAPL, S100L//β
CSF and
Peripheral blood
CSF
NCAM
CPK-BB
NSE
CSF
CSF
CSF
Demyelination
Proteolytic enzymes
Gliotoxins
Markers of oxidative stress
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
S100 proteins
Remyelination and repair
Neural cell adhesive molecules
Creatinine Phosphokine izoenzymes
neural-specific enolase
(5)
(1)
(1)
(2, 5)
(1)
Supplementary Table 1. MS biomarkers.
References
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Bielekova B & Martin R (2004) Development of biomarkers in multiple
sclerosis Brain 127, 1463-1478.
Lassmann H & Ransohoff RM (2004) The CD4-Th1 model for multiple
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132-137.
Williams KC, Ulvestad E, & Hickey WF (1994) Immunology of multiple
sclerosis Clin Neurosci 2, 229-245.
Marchi N, Cavaglia M, Fazio V, Bhudia S, Hallene K, et al. (2004) Peripheral
markers of blood-brain barrier damage Clin Chim Acta 342, 1-12.
Giovannoni G, Miller DH, Losseff NA, Sailer M, Lewellyn-Smith N, et al.
(2001) Serum inflammatory markers and clinical/MRI markers of disease
progression in multiple sclerosis J Neurol 248, 487-495.
H.H. Roenigh & Maibach HI (1985) Psoriasis ( Marcel Dekker, New York,
Basel).