Download Production Practices Pigeonpea Botany

Pigeonpea Botany
and
Production Practices
Compiled by
Faujdar Singh and D.L. Oswalt
Skill Development Series no. 9
ICRISAT
H u m a n Resource Development Program
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi -Arid Tropics
Patancheru, A n d h r a Pradesh 502 324, I n d i a
1992
Pigeonpea Botany and Production
Practices
Compiled by
Faujdar Singh and D.L. Oswalt
Skill Development Series
no. 9
ICRISAT
Human Resource Development Program
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India
1992
Human Resource Development Program
P u b l i c a t i o n s i n t h i s S k i l l D e v e l o p m e n t S e r i e s (SDS) a r e i s s u e d
s e m i f o r m a l l y for l i m i t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n t o p r o g r a m p a r t i c i p a n t s ,
colleagues, and collaborators. Copies may be requested by the SDS
number.
Constructive criticism from readers is w e l c o m e d b y : P r o g r a m
Leader, Human Resource Development Program, ICRISAT.
Acknowledgments
Information has been taken from published and unpublished reports.
This publication should not be cited as a reference.
C o m m e n t s , suggestions, and encouragement from Dr Y . S . Chauhan, Dr
D . M c D o n a l d , a n d D r Y . L . N e n e for c o m p i l i n g t h i s d o c u m e n t a r e
gratefully acknowledged.
T h a n k s t o M r S.V. P r a s a d R a o a n d M r P .
Chenchaiah for computerizing this manuscript and to
M r . M . M . B a b u for
d r a w i n g f i g u r e s for c o m p u t e r s c a n n i n g .
Contents
Introduction
5
5
5
9
12
12
12
Origin and Distribution
Pigeonpea Plant
Inflorescence
Flowering and Pollination
Pod Development
Seed and its Germination
Production Practices
13
13
13
13
14
16
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
Climate
Soils
Land Preparation
Responses to Nutrients
Cropping Systems
Sowing Time and Depth
Methods of Sowing and Spacing
Seed Rate and Seed Treatment
Weed Management
Irrigation
Harvesting and Threshing
Recording Observations
MP
1.
MP
2.
D e t e r m i n a t i o n of S e e d R a t e
Density
for a Given Plant
24
Recording Morphological Characters
26
References
28
Evaluation
33
Introduction
P i g e o n p e a [Cajanus cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ] b e l o n g s to t h e g e n u s Cajanus,
s u b t r i b e Cajaninae, t r i b e P h a s e o l e a e , a n d f a m i l y a b a c e a e .
It is also
k n o w n a s r e d g r a m , t u r , a r h a r , g a n d u l (Spanish) a n d p o i s d ' A n g o l e
(Sharma a n d G r e e n 1 9 8 0 ) , c o n g o b e a n ( E n g l i s h ) , p o i s d e C o n g o ( F r e n c h ) ,
a n d e r v i l b a d e C o n g o i n A n g o l a (Baldev 1 9 8 8 ) .
Cajanus i s d e r i v e d f r o m
a M a l a y w o r d ' k a t s c h a n g ' o r 'katjang' m e a n i n g p o d o r b e a n .
Many
s p e c i e s o f t h e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d g e n u s Atylosia s u c c e s s f u l l y c r o s s w i t h
p i g e o n p e a (van d e r M a e s e n 1 9 8 0 ) .
Origin and Distribution
The pigeonpea name was first reported from plants used in Barbados.
Once seed of this crop were considered very important there as pigeon
f e e d (Plukenet 1 6 9 2 ) .
Based on the range of genetic diversity of the
c r o p i n I n d i a , V a v i l o v (1951) c o n c l u d e d t h a t p i g e o n p e a o r i g i n a t e d i n
India.
Several authors considered eastern Africa to be the center of
o r i g i n o f p i g e o n p e a , a s i t o c c u r s t h e r e i n t h e w i l d f o r m (Zeven a n d
Zhukovsky 1 9 7 5 ) .
H o w e v e r , D e (1974) a n d V e r n o n R o y e s (1976) r e v i e w e d
the pigeonpea origin and agreed in favor of India.
Van der Maesen
(1980) c o n c l u d e d t h a t I n d i a w a s t h e p r i m a r y c e n t e r o f o r i g i n a n d
Africa was the secondary center of origin of pigeonpea.
It is
cultivated in many countries in the tropics and subtropics.
Its
drought tolerance and the ability to use residual moisture during the
dry season m a k e it an important crop (Sheldrake 1 9 8 4 ) .
P i g e o n p e a i s c u l t i v a t e d o n a b o u t 4.23 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s i n t h e
w o r l d , w i t h a n a v e r a g e a n n u a l p r o d u c t i o n o f 2.96 m i l l i o n t . Its
average p r o d u c t i v i t y is 700 kg ha-1. The m a j o r pigeonpea growing area
(3.58 m h a ) w a s in I n d i a w i t h a p r o d u c t i o n of 2.72 m t or a
p r o d u c t i v i t y o f 7 6 0 k g h a - 1 (FAO 1 9 9 0 ; p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n b y
ICRISAT Economics G r o u p ) .
Africa, mainly Kenya and Uganda, accounts
for 4% of the w o r l d ' s p r o d u c t i o n .
The Caribbean and Central and South
A m e r i c a p r o d u c e 2 % o f t h e t o t a l p i g e o n p e a o f t h e w o r l d (Sharma e t a l .
1981) .
Pigeonpea Plant
T h e p i g e o n p e a p l a n t i s e r e c t a n d b r a n c h i n g (Fig. 1 ) .
The
woody, leaves are trifoliate, and compound.
It possesses
taproot system.
T h e p l a n t s g r o w i n t o w o o d y s h r u b s , 1-2 m
annually harvested.
It m a y a t t a i n a h e i g h t of 3-4 m w h e n
perennial plant in fence rows or agroforestry p l o t s .
stem is
a strong
tall when
g r o w n as a
Seedling
W h e n s o w n u n d e r o p t i m a l m o i s t u r e a n d t e m p e r a t u r e (29°C-36°C), t h e s e e d
testa splits open near t h e micropyle on the 2nd day.
The tip of the
r a d i c a l e l o n g a t e s a n d e m e r g e s f r o m t h e s e e d c o a t . O n t h e 3rd d a y t h e
hypocotyl appears as an arch and continues to grow upward.
The
hypocotyl turns light purple.
T h e s e e d l i n g e p i c o t y l e l o n g a t e s 3-7 c m
b e f o r e t h e f i r s t t r i f o l i a t e l e a f e m e r g e s (Reddy 1 9 9 0 ) .
HRDP
SDS n o . 9
5
Figure
1.
A stylized pigeonpea plant.
Root
Pigeonpea has a taproot system.
The root growth, under ideal
conditions, begins on the 2nd day after sowing of t h e seed.
The testa
splits open near the micropyle.
The radical elongates and emerges
from the seed coat (Chauhan, In p r e s s ) .
The primary structure of the
root i s t e t r a c h .
Secondary thickening takes place as a result of
c a m b i a l a c t i v i t y (Bisen a n d S h e l d r a k e 1 9 8 1 ) .
The m a i n root of older
plants becomes thick and woody.
Pigeonpea roots are deep and wide
spreading in the soil, with well-developed lateral roots.
They may
extend down more than 2 m, but extensive development takes place in
the upper 60 cm of t h e soil p r o f i l e (Sheldrake and N a r a y a n a n 1 9 7 9 ;
Natarajan and Willey 1 9 8 0 ) .
Short-duration genotypes develop a
smaller root system t h a n long-duration genotypes (Sheldrake and
Narayanan 1 9 7 9 ) .
Lateral roots were found much longer in spreading
t y p e s t h a n i n t h e e r e c t t y p e s (Mahta a n d D a v e 1 9 3 1 ) .
6
HRDP
SDS no. 9
Modules
Pigeonpea is nodulated by the cowpea group of rhizobia, mainly on the
u p p e r 30 cm of the root system.
Nodulation starts approximately 15
d a y s a f t e r s o w i n g (DAS) a n d c o n t i n u e s u p t o 120 d a y s .
It declines
t o w a r d s p o d f i l l i n g (Kumar R a o 1 9 9 0 ) .
The nodule development is through the meristematic zone, arching
around the apical end and the medulla contains many bacteroid-filled
cells.
S o m e t i m e s t h e l a t t e r a r e h i g h l y v a c u o l a t e d (Bisen a n d
Sheldrake 1 9 8 1 ) .
T h e n o d u l e s d i f f e r i n s i z e f r o m 2-4 m m . T h e y m a y b e
spherical, oval, elongate, or branched.
Stem
The pigeonpea has a strong woody stem.
The primary vascular tissue of
the stem is organized into strands connecting the nodes; each strand
is associated with a ridge on the stem.
Collenchymatous bundle caps
u n d e r l i e t h e e p i d e r m i s o f t h e r i d g e s (Bisen a n d S h e l d r a k e 1 9 8 1 ) .
During the vegetative phase, the xylem parenchyma, and the
medullary rays contain starch.
This disappears in the reproductive
p h a s e , s h o w i n g t h a t t h e r e s e r v e s a r e m o b i l i z e d for p o d d e v e l o p m e n t
(Sheldrake 1 9 8 4 ) .
There are cells within the phloem region and the outer part of the
pith containing densely staining material.
These cells are joined end
to end, forming d u c t s .
Such secondary ducts differentiate at an early
stage in the primary tissue and are also formed within the secondary
phloem.
They occur in the stem, p o d s , and roots.
The plant's damaged
tissues secrete droplets of a clear fluid exudate from the secondary
d u c t s o n t o t h e cut s u r f a c e .
T h i s t u r n s red o n e x p o s u r e t o a i r a n d
covers the wound with a reddish varnish-like material.
This exudate
has a stringent taste and may have a role in protection against pests
(Sheldrake 1 9 8 4 ) .
Branches
The branching pattern in pigeonpea depends on genotype and spacing
between rows and plants.
At a w i d e s p a c i n g , it m a y f o r m a b u s h a n d at
narrow spacing it may remain compact and upright.
For agronomic
purposes pigeonpea plants can be grouped as compact (erect),
semispreading (semierect), and spreading types.
Based on the
f l o w e r i n g p a t t e r n i t m a y b e d e t e r m i n a t e o r n o n d e t e r m i n a t e (Fig. 2 ) .
The determinate type completes the vegetative phase and then enters
into the reproductive p h a s e .
In this type, the apical bud of the main
shoot develops into an inflorescence, and the sequence of
inflorescence p r o d u c t i o n is b a s i p e t a l (developing in the direction of
base).
The nondeterminate type shows continuous vegetative and
reproductive phases.
In this type, the flowering starts at nodes
behind the apex and proceeds both acropetally and basipetally.
Another group is semideterminate between the determinate and
nondeterminate types.
It includes late-maturing genotypes where
branching starts from different angles, but most of the pods are at
the upper region of the plant.
HRDP
SDS no. 9
7
Figure 2.
Branching pattern
in pigeonpea.
Leaves
The first two leaves in the seedling called primary leaves, are
s i m p l e , o p p o s i t e , a n d c a d u c e u s (Fig. 3 ) .
The later leaves are
pinnately trifoliate with lanceolate to elliptical leaflets that are
acute at both ends and are spirally arranged.
The leaflets are borne
on a rachis, which is swollen at the base (pulvinus).
The leaf size
v a r i e s f r o m 6-17 c m i n l e n g t h a n d a r e a b o u t t h e s a m e w i d t h .
The
rachis
v a r i e s f r o m 2-4 c m a n d t h e t e r m i n a l l e a f l e t s a r e 4-8 c m b y
2-3.5 cm.
The lateral leaflets are slightly smaller.
There is
genetic variability in the size, shape, and color of leaves.
The leaves are pubescent with more on the lower than the upper
surface.
The hair types are simple or g l a n d u l a r .
The latter are
s p h e r i c a l a n d c o n t a i n a y e l l o w o i l y m a t e r i a l , p r o b a b l y r e s p o n s i b l e for
t h e f r a g r a n c e o f p i g e o n p e a p l a n t s (Bisen a n d S h e l d r a k e 1 9 8 1 ) .
8
HRDP
SDS no. 9
Figure
3.
Pigeonpea seedling showing primary
and trifoliate leaves.
(Source: R e d d y 1990)
Inflorescence
In most cultivars, flowers are borne on terminal or auxiliary racemes
(4-12 cm) a n d a r e c a r r i e d o n a l o n g p e d u n c l e (Fig. 4 a ) .
The raceme
i n f l o r e s c e n c e f o r m a t e r m i n a l p a n i c l e in n o n d e t e r m i n a t e t y p e s a n d a
somewhat corymb-shape bunch in the determinate types.
These are
grouped together at the end of branches in late types and distributed
a l o n g t h e b r a n c h e s i n e a r l y , m e d i u m , a n d i n d e t e r m i n a t e t y p e s (Sharma
and Green 1 9 8 0 ) .
T h e n u m b e r o f r a c e m e s plant" 1 i n t h e p i g e o n p e a w o r l d
c o l l e c t i o n s r a n g e d f r o m 6 t o 915 ( R e m a n a n d a n e t a l . 1 9 8 8 ) . F l o w e r i n g
p r o c e e d s a c r o p e t a l l y (in t h e d i r e c t i o n o f a p e x ) b o t h w i t h i n t h e r a c e m e
and on the branch.
Flower
T h e f l o w e r s (Fig. 4a) a r e c l u s t e r e d a t t h e t o p o f t h e p e d u n c l e .
The
p e d u n c l e s a r e 1-8 c m l o n g .
Flowers are frequently yellow.
The bracts
(Fig. 4d) a r e s m a l l w i t h a t h i c k m i d d l e n e r v e .
They are
ovate-lanceolate with hairy margins and curved inwards to form a boat
l i k e s t r u c t u r e t o e n c l o s e o n e t o t h r e e y o u n g l a t e r a l b u d s (Fig. 4 b ) .
T h e p e d i c e l i s t h i n , 5-15 m m l o n g , a n d c o v e r e d w i t h h a i r .
T h e f l o w e r s a r e m o s t l y y e l l o w (Fig. 4c) a n d p a p i l e o n a c e o u s o r
completely b i s e x u a l and zygomorphic (Sundaraj and Thulasidas 1 9 8 0 ) .
The color of the flowers vary from yellow to yellow with purple veins
HRDP
SDS no. 9
9
and from yellow to diffused red.
length.
The flowers are usually 2
cm in
Calyx
The calyx is gamosepalous with five lobes.
The calyx tube is
campanulate (bell-shaped) with nerved teeth.
The upper two teeth are
subconnate.
T h e l o w e r t h r e e a r e f r e e a n d s p r e a d i n g (Fig. 4 e ) .
The
upper lobes are paired, free or partly free, and the lower one is the
longest.
d
b
Figure 4.
e
C
a
Pigeonpea inflorescence (a),
bract (d), and calyx ( e ) .
( S o u r c e : R e d d y 1990)
bud
(b),
flower
(c),
Corolla
The corolla is zygomorphic (yoke-shaped flowers symmetrical about one
plane) and bright yellow.
The petals are imbricate and of three
prominent types; the standard, wings, and a keel.
The standard is
b r o a d , l a r g e , a u r i c l e d , a n d e r e c t (Fig. 5 a ) .
The wings are obliquely
o b o v a t e w i t h a n i n c u r v e d c l a w (Fig. 5 b ) .
The keel petals are obtuse
( r o u n d ) , i n c u r v e d (Fig. 5 f ) , a n d b o a t s h a p e d (Fig. 5 c ) .
The keel
c o v e r s t h e a n d r o e c i u m (stamens) a n d g y n a e c e u m (female o r g a n s ) o f t h e
flower.
Normally the standard and wings are bright yellow.
The keel
is greenish yellow.
Aestivation is a descending imbricate or one
whorl outside is free and the one inside has both margins overlapped.
The other whorls overlap by only one margin.
10
HRDF
SDS no. 9
Androecium
S t a m e n s a r e 1 0 , d i a d e l p h o u s (in t w o b u n d l e s 9+1) w i t h 9 f u s e d in a
c o l u m n a n d 1 f r e e (Fig. 5 d ) .
T h e f r e e s t a m e n f i l a m e n t (4-7 m m ) i s
attached at the base.
The other filaments are fused t o g e t h e r for t h e
greater part and enclose the gynaeceum.
The upper free p o r t i o n of the
filaments terminate in anthers.
T h e a n t h e r s a r e u n i f o r m , a b o u t 1-mm
long.
The two halves of the anthers are joined by a relatively large,
s t e r i l e c o n n e c t i v e t u b e t h a t i s b a s i f i x e d (Fig. 5 e ) .
The anthers are
light or dark yellow, dorsifixed.
Of the 10 stamens, four have short
filaments and six, including a posterior one, have long filaments.
The short anthers have blunt lobes and the long ones pointed lobes.
The p o l l e n p r o d u c e d by short stamens is generally used for self
f e r t i l i z a t i o n (Bahadur e t a l . 1 9 8 1 ) .
Gynaeceum
The ovary is superior, subsessile, flattened dorsoventrally w i t h a
l o n g s t y l e (Fig. 5 f ) .
It has a very short stalk, densely pubescent
a n d g l a n d u l a r p u n c t a t e (dotted o r p i t t e d ) w i t h t w o t o n i n e o v u l e s ,
marginal placentation, monocarpellary, and unilocular.
The style is
long, filiform, upturned beyond the middle region, and glabrous.
It
i s a t t a c h e d t o a t h i c k e n e d , i n c u r v e d , a n d c a p i t a t e (swollen) s t i g m a
(Fig. 5 g ) .
e
d
a
b
C
Figure 5.
g
f
Pigeonpea corolla:
standard (a), wings
keel (c), androecium (d), anther (e),
gynaecium (f), and stigma ( g ) .
( S o u r c e s : R e d d y 1 9 9 0 ; a n d B a l d e v 1988)
HRDP
SDS no. 9
(b),
11
Flowering and Pollination
P i g e o n p e a is a s h o r t - d a y p l a n t , t h o u g h a c o m b i n a t i o n of p h o t o p e r i o d
and temperature can affect the time of flowering and maturity of
p i g e o n p e a g e n o t y p e s a c c o r d i n g t o d a t e o f s o w i n g (Green e t a l . 1 9 7 9 ) .
In a fully d e v e l o p e d b u d , anthers surround the stigma and dehisce a
day before the flower o p e n s .
Anthesis in pigeonpea starts from 0600
and continues till 1600.
The peak anthesis period recorded at ICRISAT
i s b e t w e e n 0 9 0 0 a n d 1 0 0 0 (Sharma a n d G r e e n 1 9 8 0 ) .
The duration of
flower opening depends on the climate and environment.
This varies
from 6 to 36 h.
F e r t i l i z a t i o n occurs on the day of p o l l i n a t i o n .
Pigeonpea is an often cross-pollinated crop.
The extent of c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n r a n g e s f r o m 3 t o 4 0 % (Khan 1 9 7 3 ) , w i t h a n a v e r a g e o f 2 0 % .
A p l a n t p r o d u c e s m a n y f l o w e r s o f w h i c h o n l y 1 0 % set p o d s (Pathak
1970).
Pod Development
The pedicel of the flower contains small vascular bundles surrounded
by a ring of fibers.
D u r i n g t h e 1st w e e k o f a n t h e s i s , t h e e n d o s p e r m
undergoes rapid development.
The nuclei take up a parietal position,
forming a large vacuole in the center of the embryo sac.
The embryo
sac elongates at the chalazal region and forms a haustorium.
The
haustorium penetrates into the nucellar tissue.
This is instrumental
in absorbing food material that is used by the developing embryo.
By
the end of the 2nd week there are still large amounts of endospermous
tissues and within the embryo, distinct cotyledons are seen.
Further
development of the seed involves rapid growth of the cotyledons, and
almost complete degeneration of the endosperm.
In the cotyledons,
synthesis of starch and protein starts about 17 days after pollination
a n d c o n t i n u e s f o r 14 d a y s (Sehgal et a l . 1 9 8 7 ) .
In e a c h r a c e m e 1 to 5
pods may mature, and rarely up to 10.
Pods are of various color; green, purple, dark purple, or mixed
green and purple.
Pods with deep constrictions in shape are beaded,
while others are somewhat flat.
The seeds per p o d range from two to
seven, and sometimes up to nine.
The seeds are in separate locules
a n d t h e c r o s s w a l l s d e v e l o p d u r i n g t h e 1st w e e k a f t e r f e r t i l i z a t i o n .
The pod wall develops more rapidly than the young seeds.
Seed
development is v i s i b l e 7 days after p o l l i n a t i o n .
A p o d is formed
15-20 days after fertilization.
Seeds reach physiological maturity in
30 days and are ready for harvest at a lower m o i s t u r e content in 40
d a y s (Rao a n d R a o 1 9 7 4 ) .
There is little or no shattering of mature
pods in the field.
Seed and its Germination
The color of the seed ranges from silver, white, cream, fawn, black,
pink, or red to purple.
They are blotched or speckled.
Pigeonpea
1 0 0 - s e e d m a s s r a n g e s f r o m 2.8 t o 2 2 . 4 g w i t h t h e c u l t i v a t e d v a r i e t i e s
r a n g i n g f r o m 7.0 t o 9.5 g .
Seed shapes are oval, pea-shaped, square,
or elongate.
The most common is a pea-shaped seed found in l a r g e seeded late varieties.
The number of seeds p o d - 1 ranges from 2 to 8.
T h e c u l t i v a t e d g e n o t y p e s p o s s e s s 3-4 s e e d s p o d - 1 (Reddy 1 9 9 0 ) .
The cotyledons are yellow.
Germination is hypogeal and there is
no known dormancy.
The seedlings emerge from depths of up to 5 cm.
12
HRDP
SDS no. 9
Production Practices
Climate
Pigeonpea is predominantly a crop of tropical areas mainly cultivated
in semi-arid regions of India and Kenya.
It is also cultivated in
subhumid regions of Uganda, the West Indies, Myanmar, and the
Caribbean regions.
R e d d y a n d V i r m a n i (1981) c o n c l u d e d t h a t p i g e o n p e a
c a n b e g r o w n b e t w e e n 14°N a n d 28°N l a t i t u d e , w i t h a t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g i n g
f r o m 26° to 30°C in t h e r a i n y s e a s o n (June to O c t o b e r ) a n d 17° to 22°C
i n t h e p o s t r a i n y (November t o M a r c h ) s e a s o n .
The amount of daily
g l o b a l s o l a r r a d i a t i o n v a r i e s f r o m 4 0 0 t o 4 3 0 cal cm - 2 d a y - 1 i n t h e
rainy season and 380-430 cal cm-2 day-1 in the postrainy season.
Mean
annual rainfall ranges from 600 to 1400 mm, of which 8 0 % - 9 0 % is .
received in the rainy season.
The length of growing season extends
from 120 to 180 d a y s .
Isoclimes similar to India exist in western
A f r i c a a n d s o u t h e r n S u d a n , a s u i t a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t for g r o w i n g
pigeonpea.
Pigeonpea is very sensitive to low radiation at pod development,
therefore flowering during the monsoon and cloudy weather, leads to
poor pod formation.
Soils
In India, pigeonpea is cultivated on Entisols, Alfisols, Enceptisols,
and Vertisols.
The E n t i s o l s found in the a l l u v i a l - soil belt of the
I n d o - G a n g e t i c r e g i o n a r e d e e p l o a m s , s l i g h t l y a l k a l i n e (pH 7 . 5 - 8 . 5 ) ,
with about 150-200 mm available water storage capacity in 2 m of soil.
The V e r t i s o l s are characterized by 4 0 - 6 0 % clay in the surface soil
h o r i z o n s , p H a r o u n d 8.0 w i t h
a water holding capacity between 150-300
m m , a n d t h e a v a i l a b l e w a t e r i n t h e t o p 1.5-2.0 m o f s o i l .
Alfisols
a r e n e u t r a l in r e a c t i o n (pH 6.5-7.0) a n d r e l a t i v e l y s h a l l o w w i t h a
low-clay content.
T h e y a r e o f t e n s a n d y l o a m a n d c a n r e t a i n a b o u t 100
m m a v a i l a b l e w a t e r i n t h e r o o t p r o f i l e (Reddy a n d V i r m a n i 1 9 8 1 ) .
Pigeonpea, being sensitive to water logging, requires a well-drained
soil.
It does not grow well in saline soil, but can withstand drought
reasonably well.
Responses to lime indicated by increase in shoot
g r o w t h a n d n o d u l a t i o n , h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d i n s o i l s w i t h p H b e l o w 5.0
(Edwards 1 9 8 1 ) .
Land Preparation
L a n d p r e p a r a t i o n for p i g e o n p e a r e q u i r e s a t l e a s t o n e p l o w i n g d u r i n g
the dry season followed by 2 or 3 h a r r o w i n g s .
The "summer" plowing
h e l p s i n m i n i m i z i n g t h e w e e d f l o r a a n d t o c o n s e r v e m o i s t u r e (Chandra
et al. 1 9 8 3 ) .
W e l l - d r a i n e d s o i l s a r e n e c e s s a r y for g o o d root a n d
nodule development.
Contour beds or a ridge-and-furrow system are
useful in preventing water logging by draining excess surface water,
and in preventing soil erosion.
O r g a n i c m a n u r e m a y b e a p p l i e d 2-4 w e e k s b e f o r e s o w i n g . I n a c i d i c
s o i l s 2-4 t ha - 1 of l i m e is i n c o r p o r a t e d 3-4 w e e k s b e f o r e s o w i n g to
neutralize the acidity.
In light soils, a basal application of aldrin
5% d u s t @ 30 kg ha - 1 p r e v e n t s t e r m i t e i n f e s t a t i o n (Chandra et a l .
1983).
HRDP
SDS no. 9
13
Responses to Nutrients
Responses to general
meager.
Nitrogen
fertilizer applications
in pigeonpea are quite
(N)
K u l k a r n i a n d P a n w a r (1981) r e v i e w e d t h e s t u d i e s i n I n d i a o n t h e
pigeonpea response to N.
They concluded the effect was almost
negligible.
However, in some situations a starter application of
2 0 - 2 5 kg N ha - 1 w a s b e n e f i c i a l .
Rhizobium inoculation
R e s p o n s e s t o Rhizobium i n o c u l a t i o n h a v e b e e n i n c o n s i s t e n t
(Panwar a n d
Misra 1973; Panwar 1 9 7 5 ) .
Increases in grain yield of pigeonpea
i n o c u l a t e d w i t h e f f e c t i v e Rhizobium r a n g e d f r o m 1 9 t o 6 8 % (Kumar R a o
1990).
Phosphorus
(P)
Responses to phosphorus applications have been positive and in some
c a s e s h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t i n p i g e o n p e a (Pathak 1 9 7 0 ) . K u l k a r n i a n d
P a n w a r (1981) s u m m a r i z e d t h e p h o s p h o r u s r e s p o n s e s t u d i e s i n I n d i a .
They concluded that applications of 17-26 kg P ha-1 increased seed
yield by 300-600 kg ha-1. Responses of pigeonpea to P fertilization
would not be expected in soils w i t h m o r e than 5 mg kg-1 extractable P
by Olsens bicarbonate extraction; although lower values would not
necessarily p r e d i c t a response (Johansen 1 9 9 0 ) .
Potassium (K)
Pigeonpea does not respond to potassium chloride applications unless
i t i s g r o w n o n l o w a v a i l a b l e p o t a s s i u m s o i l s (Kulkarni a n d P a n w a r
1981).
Zinc
(Zn)
Most of t h e p i g e o n p e a cultivars are susceptible to zinc deficiency.
T h e r e f o r e , f o l i a r a p p l i c a t i o n s o f 2-4 p p m z i n c a s 0 . 5 % z i n c s u l f a t e
with 0.25% lime have b e e n effective to over-come zinc deficiencies
(Saxena a n d S i n g h 1 9 7 0 ) .
Nutrient deficiency symptoms
The deficiency symptoms of m a c r o 2) are listed.
14
HRDP
(Table 1 )
and micro-nutrients
SDS no. 9
(Table
Table 1.
Deficiency symptoms of major nutrients in pigeonpea.
Nutrient
Deficiency symptoms on plant
Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus
Potassium
Calcium
Sulfur
Young leaves uniformly become pale-green, greenish-yellow or paleyellow.
Old leaves show an interveinal chlorosis and only veins
remain green, leaves soon abscise (shed).
(P)
(K)
Leaf tips turn yellow or brown.
Yellowing spreads from the tip
outward along the margin and may coalesce with similar yellow areas
at extremities of the lateral veins.
The leaf tip becomes scorched
as symptoms become severe.
The scorching may spread around the leaf
margin.
There is a yellow band between the scorched area and
healthy-green tissues in the early stages.
The affected leaves not
showing these symptoms are generally dark-green and plants are
stunted.
(Ca)
Light-green patches, irregular in outline, appear randomly in
interveinal areas or around the leaf margin.
Patches may turn
brown, particularly on the young and severely affected leaves; such
leaves abscise.
Stems are weak and prostrate.
(S)
Magnesium
Even yellowing across lamina of mainly young leaves.
leaves become yellow.
(Mg)
(Sources:
Table 2.
Difficult to diagnose, it delays flowering.
In general plants are
stunted due to failure of internode elongation.
The foliage remains
dark-green and old leaves shed.
Eventually old
Interveinal
Beginning in older leaves, in-rolling of leaf margins.
regions light-green.
Mesophyll of interveinal regions become lightgreen, leading to eventual necrosis.
N i c h o l s 1964 and 1 9 6 5 ;
J o h a n s e n 1990)
Deficiency symptoms of micro nutrients in pigeonpea.
Nutrient
Deficiency symptoms on plant
Zinc
(Zn)
Stunted growth, narrowing of leaves with pale-green or yellow
appearance.
Interveinal chlorosis starting from tip of leaflets and
spreading to the remaining area leaving only the midrib green.
Curling and shedding of leaflet when it becomes two-thirds
chlorotic.
Iron
(Fe)
Interveinal areas of young leaves become pale-green, veins and
adjacent tissues remain dark-green. In severe cases, the entire area
of the leaflet becomes chlorotic with small necrotic patches.
Manganese
Boron
(Mn)
(B)
Molybdenum
(Source:
Fading of the green lamina of the middle leaves without affecting
the veins.
The small white and brown spots, first appearing in the
chlorotic areas, coalesce and form brown necrotic lesions.
It
reduces size, number and area of leaflets, and delays flowering by
arresting the growth of apical shoots.
Boron helps in division and elongation of cells.
Its deficiency
results in dieback, rosetting, multiple branching, and death of
seedlings.
(Mo)
Nitrogen fixation requires molybdenum for incorporation of the
nitrogenase enzyme.
Like nitrogen deficiency it causes general
yellowing of the plant.
K a t y a l 1 9 8 1 ; N i c h o l s 1964 a n d 1 9 6 5 )
HRDP
SDS no. 9
15
The n u t r i e n t s required for selected levels
are given in Table 3.
of grain yield in pigeonpea
Table 3.
levels of
ha-1)
Estimated nutrients required
grain yield of pigeonpea.
(kg
to produce
selected
Grain yield (kg ha -1 )
Nutrients
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
Mn
Zn
Cu
(Source:
500
132
10
31
38
27
0.10
0.16
0.07
1000
1500
148
11
36
39
28
0.11
0.19
0.07
Calculations
164
13
41
40
29
0.11
0.22
0.07
based
on
2000
181
15
47
41
29
0.12
0.25
0.08
Dalai
2500
3000
197
17
52
42
30
0.12
0.28
0.09
213
18
58
43
31
0.13
0.31
0.09
3500
230
20
63
44
32
0.13
0.35
0.10
4000
246
22
69
45
33
0.13
0.38
0.11
1980)
Economic level of fertilization
Pigeonpea cultivated in the arid and the semi-arid tropics is
high-risk crop.
The farmers are reluctant to use even major
nutrients with proven responses to nutrient application
(Chaudhary and Bhatia 1971; Dalai and Quilt 1 9 7 7 ) .
a
K u l k a r n i a n d P a n w a r (1981) c o n c l u d e d t h a t a n a p p l i c a t i o n o f
20 kg N, 17 kg P, a n d 17 kg K ha-1 c o u l d g i v e a s a t i s f a c t o r y
yield on medium-black, red, and mixed black and red soils.
This
gave a cost-benefit ratio of R s . 1.28-4.07 Rupee-1 cost of
fertilizer.
However,
in red and laterite soils 20-17-17 kg ha-1
gave a cost-benefit ratio of R s . 6.35-RS.8.80 Rupee-1 cost of
f e r t i l i z e r (ICAR 1 9 7 9 ) . I n I n d i a , d i a m m o n i u m p h o s p h a t e (DAP) i s
the most commonly used fertilizer for pigeonpea.
This is used at
a rate of 100 kg ha-1. It s u p p l i e s about 18-20-0 (Tandon 1 9 8 7 ) .
At I C R I S A T , 10 kg ha-1 N ( a m m o n i u m s u l f a t e ) a n d 17 kg P ha-1
(single super p h o s p h a t e ) are applied in many e x p e r i m e n t s .
The
single super phosphate has the advantage of containing sulfur
(S) .
Cropping Systems
A cropping system is defined as a combination of crops in space
and time.
The objective of any given system should be to provide
the farmer a high and sustainable level of returns.
In agronomic
terms, the system makes efficient use of the basic resources
necessary for plant growth (Willey et a l . 1 9 8 1 ) .
Pigeonpea is
grown both under sole and intercropping systems.
16
HRDP
SDS n o . 9
Sole cropping
Early-maturing (100-120 days) genotypes are grown as a sole crop.
These genotypes have a higher harvest index with an average of
3 4 % compared to medium-maturing genotypes at 2 4 % (Sheldrake and
Narayanan 1979).
Therefore, from the cropping system point of
view, early-maturing genotypes are better able to 'complement' by
p r o v i d i n g an i n c r e a s e d opportunity for a second crop (Willey et
al. 1981).
Postrainy season pigeonpea are also cultivated as a
sole crop.
This avoids the wet conditions associated with the
rainy season, gives less incidence of pests and diseases, and
makes better use of residual soil moisture.
Moreover, postrainy
season sole crops were found more efficient than the rainy season
sole crops (Willey et a l . 1 9 8 1 ) .
Pigeonpea intercropping
Pigeonpea is commonly intercropped with a wide range of crops.
India, it was estimated that 80%-90% of the pigeonpea were
i n t e r c r o p p e d (Aiyer 1 9 4 9 ) .
W i l l e y e t a l . (1981) g r o u p e d
pigeonpea intercrops into three broad categories:
a)
With cereals (sorghum, m a i z e , p e a r l m i l l e t ,
finger millet, and rainfed r i c e ) .
setaria,
b)
With legumes
soybean, and
black
(groundnut, cowpea,
phaseolus b e a n ) .
c) With long-season
cassava).
annuals
mung bean,
(caster,
cotton,
gram,
sugarcane,
and
Chandra et al.
(1983) l i s t e d h i g h l y p r o d u c t i v e i n t e r c r o p s
p i g e o n p e a for d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s i n India (Table 4 ) .
Table
Inter
4.
Important
intercrops
Sowing
crop
Ratio of
component
pattern
P a i r e d rows at
3 0 : 3 0 : 6 0 cm
2:1
Pearl millet
P a i r e d r o w s at
3 0 : 3 0 : 6 0 cm
2:1
P a i r e d rows at 4 0 : 4 0 : 8 0 cm
or u n i f o r m rows at 60 cm
2:1
Pigeonpea + upland rice
U n i f o r m rows at
60-75 cm
2:2
Legumes
Pigeonpea
U n i f o r m rows at
75-90 cm
2:2
Maize
+ pigeonpea
+ groundnut
Pigeonpea + soybean,
mung bean or black gram
U n i f o r m rows at 75 cm
U n i f o r m rows at 50 cm
HRDP
of
for pigeonpea.
Cereals
Sorghum + pigeonpea
+ pigeonoea
In
or
SDS no. 9
crops
2:2
2:1
17
The
advantages
of
intercrops
are
(Willey et
al.
1981):
a.
Intercropping confers greater yield stability than sole
cropping.
For instance, if one crop fails or grows
poorly, the other crop can produce to some extent.
b.
Under stress conditions, intercropping
depression than sole cropping.
c.
Intercropping may reduce the incidence of w e e d s .
The
poor canopy cover and slow growth of pigeonpea in the
early stages makes a sole crop susceptible to weed.
Therefore, a fast-growing intercrop not -only gives a
potential additional yield benefit, but also reduces
the need for weeding (Shetty and Rao 1 9 7 9 ) .
gives
less
yield
Varieties
Some of the important varieties of pigeonpea released in India
for the different maturity groups (Tables 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d).
Table
5a.
Extra-short-duration varieties o f pigeonpea released in India.
Variety
Pedigree
Y e a r of
release
(State)
Time to
maturity
(days)
UPAS-120
Selection
from P 4758
1976
(UP)
120-140
Nondeterminate,
y i e l d 1.5-1.8 t h a - 1 .
Pant
-
1975
(UP)
120-130
Semierect, determinate, dwarf
3-4 s e e d s pod - 1 , 8 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 .
Prabhat
TI X T 190
1975
(UP)
110-120
D e t e r m i n a t e , d w a r f (100-120 c m ) ,
clustered fruiting, yield
1.2-1.5 t h a - 1 .
ICPL 87
(Pragati)
T21 x JA 277
1986
(Penin.
India)
120-130
D e t e r m i n a t e , 10.5 g (100
brown seeded, potential
y i e l d 2.5-3.0 t h a - 1 .
ICPL 151
(Jagriti)
ICP 6997 x
Prabhat
1990
(NW
India)
120-130
D e t e r m i n a t e , 10.5 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 ,
cream color, potential yield
2.5-3.0 t h a - 1 .
C02
Selection
from P 4728
1977
(Tamil
Nadu)
120-130
B r o w n s e e d e d , 7 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 ,
a v e r a g e y i e l d 1.2-1.5 t ha -1
Mass
selection
from P 8 - 9
1981
130-140
(Punjab)
AL
18
15
A3
HRDP
Characteristics
seed)-1,
S m a l l s e e d e d 6-8 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 ,
p o t e n t i a l y i e l d 2.0 t ha - 1 ,
a v e r a g e y i e l d 1.4 t h a - 1 .
SDS no. 9
Table
5b.
Short-duration varieties o f pigeonpea ralaasad i n India.
Variety
Pedigree
Pusa
Brazil
T190
Ageti
1-1
x
Y e a r of
release
(State)
Time to
Maturity
(days)
Characteristics
1971
150-160
Dwarf compact plant, determinate,
b o l d s e e d e d 9 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 ,
4-5 s e e d s pod - 1 , p o t e n t i a l y i e l d
2.5 t h a - 1 .
T21
TI
x T190
1961
(UP)
150-170
S e m i s p r e a d i n g , loose p l a n t a n d
indeterminate branching.
Small
seeded, 7 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 .
HY2
PI
4628
1978
(AP)
140-150
S e m i e r e c t t a l l , p u r p l e stem, w h i t e
seed, b o l d , 11-12 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 ,
p o t e n t i a l y i e l d 2.5-2.7 t h a - 1 ,
a v e r a g e 1.3-1.9 t h a - 1 .
Pusa
84
Pusa Ageti
T21
C01
Local
(Tamil
Table
5c.
x
Nadu)
140-150
1980
(N zone)
1970
(TN)
135-140
Medium tall, semispreading,
pod - 1 , 7.5 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 ,
brown seeded.
3-4
Photoinsensitive, brown seeded, 7 g
(100 s e e d ) - 1 , a v e r a g e y i e l d 1.5 t h a - 1 .
Medium-duration varieties o f pigeonpea developed i n India.
Variety
Pedigree
Year of
release
(State)
Time to
maturity
(days)
HY 1
PI
3704
1975
(AP)
160-170
S p r e a d i n g , p u r p l e stem, w h i t e seed,
9-10 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 , p o t e n t i a l yield
1.9-2 t ha - 1 , a v e r a g e 1.2-1.5 t h a - 1 .
HY
PI
2817-1A
1980
(AP)
160-170
E r e c t t a l l p l a n t (230-240 c m ) , g r e e n
stem, w h i t e b o l d seeded, 18-20 g
(100 s e e d ) - 1 , 4-5 seeds pod - 1 ,
p o t e n t i a l y i e l d 3.0-4.0 t h a - 1 ,
a v e r a g e yield 1.6-2.0 t h a - 1 .
PI
3701
1980
(AP)
160-170
S e m i e r e c t , p u r p l e stem, m e d i u m h e i g h t
(170 c m ) , b r o w n seeded, 12.9 g
(100 s e e d ) - 1 , 4-5 seeds pod - 1 .
B r a z i l 1X
N P W R 15
1971
(Bihar)
180-200
M e d i u m t a l l (200-220 c m ) , s e m i s p r e a d i n g , p r o f u s e b r a n c h i n g , 4-5
seeds pod - 1 , b r o w n b o l d s e e d s , 10 g
(100 s e e d ) - 1 ' wilt r e s i s t a n t , yield
3.0 t h a - 1 , a v e r a g e y i e l d 1.65 t ha - 1 .
Local
selection
1981
(MP)
165-195
M e d i u m tall (172-194 c m ) , 3-4 seeds
pod - 1 , 10 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 , p o t e n t i a l
y i e l d 3.0 t ha - 1 , a v e . 1.65 t ha - 1 .
Local
selection
1978
160-179
(Maharashtra)
S e m i s p r e a d i n g , wilt resistant height
(200-220 c m ) , 9-10 g (100 seed) - 1
Kanke
1976
(West
Bengal)
S e m i c o m p a c t , 11 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 .
P o t e n t i a l y i e l d 2.5 t ha - 1 ,
a v e r a g e y i e l d 1.7 t ha - 1 .
3A
HY 5
Mukta
AS
BDN
S20
(R60)
71-37
1
1XB7
HRDP
180-190
Characteristiscs
SDS no. 9
19
Table
5d.
Late-duration varieties o f pigaonpaa ralaaaad i n India.
Variety
Pedigree
C11
Local
selection
(AP)
Bahar
D1258
Local
X
Laxmi
(Kanke-3)
Gwalior
3
Time to Characteristic
maturity
(days)
200-220
Medium tall, profuse branching,
s p r e a d i n g , b r o w n s e e d , 8.5 g
(100 s e e d ) - 1 .
1973
(Bihar)
220-240
Compact, semierect plant,
brown round
s e l e c t i o n 4-5 s e e d s
pod - 1 , y i e l d p o t e n t i a l 3 t h a - 1 ,
a v e r a g e y i e l d 2.25 t h a - 1 .
BR-183X
Local
1974
(West
Bengal)
180-220
Perennial, semispreading,
field t o l e r a n t t o w i l t ,
potential yield 2 t ha-1,
a v e r a g e y i e l d 1.75 t h a - 1 .
Local
selection
1960/
270>
1 9 8 0 (MP)
(AP = A n d h r a P r a d e s h ;
Pradesh)
(Source
Year of
release
(State)
for
Tables
T a l l 2 5 0 - 3 0 0 cm, s p r e a d i n g , light
b r o w n s e e d , 7-8 g (100 s e e d ) - 1 .
MP = Madhya Pradesh;
5a,
5b,
5c,
and
TN = Tamil Nadu;
5d:
Chandra
et
UP = Uttar
al.
1983)
Sowing Time and Depth
In the rainfed and dry areas pigeonpea are sown with the onset of
the monsoon.
Earlier sowing gives higher yields in India.
When
sowing e x t r a - e a r l y and e a r l y - m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s in t h e 1st
fortnight of June, the field is available for postrainy season
crops by the end of November.
Therefore, sowing should not be
delayed beyond June.
The sowing of medium and late-maturing varieties, under
rainfed conditions, should be done during June or July at the
onset of the monsoon.
This should be preferably before the 2nd
week of July.
Late sowing causes considerable reduction in yield
due to photoperiodicity and excessive soil moisture stress which
coincides with the reproductive growth (Chandra et a l . 1 9 8 3 ) .
The postrainy season sowing in India should be done in September.
In sowings later than 15 October, yields drastically decline
(Narayanan and Sheldrake 1 9 7 9 ) .
K a u l a n d S e k h o n (1975) c o n c l u d e d t h a t g r a i n y i e l d a n d y i e l d
attributing characters were significantly influenced by date of
sowing.
Sowings on June 1 and June 15 were significantly
superior over June 30 and July 15.
Significant reduction in
grain yield with delay in sowing beyond June 15 was due to
reduction in plant height, pods plant-1 and total dry matter
production.
However delayed sowing gave a high harvest index due
to a sharp decline in dry matter production.
20
HRDP
SDS no. 9
the
In eastern Africa, pigeonpea are sown
onset of short rains (Chauhan 1 9 9 0 ) .
An optimal seeding depth
Ashley 1975; Tayo 1 9 8 3 ) .
for
pigeonpea
in
October/November,
was
4-5
cm
(Khan
at
and
Methods of Sowing and Spacing
Three systems of sowings are practiced for pigeonpea.
The common
is flat sowing, the other methods are broadbed-and-furrow for
extra-early group and ridge-and-furrow for the late maturity
group.
The latter two methods are useful in fields with poor
surface drainage and water logging.
The raised beds or ridges
also provide better aeration and nodulation in comparison to the
flat sown crop.
Experiments at the Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi, have shown that pigeonpea sown on a
ridge-and-furrow system in fields prone to water logging gave 3 0 %
m o r e y i e l d c o m p a r e d t o f l a t s o w i n g (IARI 1 9 7 1 ) .
At ICRISAT a
broadbed-and-furrow system is used for sowing extra-early
g e n o t y p e s , and ridges-and-furrows are used for m e d i u m - and l a t e duration genotypes.
Plant spacing depends on maturity duration and cropping
system.
Extra-early pigeonpea are grown 30 cm between rows with
about 10 cm space between plants. The intercropped spacings
(Table 4) d e p e n d s on t h e t y p e of intercrop and time to m a t u r i t y
(days) o f t h e g e n o t y p e .
In traditional production systems, the plant density could be
less than 5 p l a n t s m-2 (Pathak 1 9 7 0 ) .
These crops mature on
residual moisture stored in the soil profile.
Natarajan and
W i l l e y (1980) f o u n d t h a t 10 p l a n t s m-2 w a s h i g h e r y i e l d i n g t h a n 5
plants m-2.
Seed Rate and Seed Treatment
The seeding rate of pigeonpea depends on the desired plant
d e n s i t y for a g e n o t y p e (early, m e d i u m or l a t e ) , c r o p p i n g system
(pure c r o p , m i x e d c r o p , o r i n t e r c r o p ) , g e r m i n a t i o n r a t e o f s e e d ,
and mass of seed.
The plant density recommended for extra-early solecrop
pigeonpea is 330 000 plants ha-1, whereas, for early- and mediumm a t u r i t y v a r i e t i e s it ranges from 80 000 to 100 000 p l a n t s ha-1.
The plant density for tall and highly branched late varieties
could be 50 000-60 000
ha-1.
The calculation for seed
requirement is given in MP 1.
Good quality and pure seed (registered or certified) of the
selected variety should be used from a reliable source.
Before
s o w i n g , t h e s e e d s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d w i t h t h i r a m @ 1.5 g k g - 1 o f
s e e d p l u s p e n t a - c h l o r o - n i t r o b e n z e n e (PCNB)
[ B r a s s i c o l ® a . i . 1.5
g kg-1] s e e d .
This will avoid seed rot and seedling blight
diseases (Chandra e t . a l . 1 9 8 3 ) .
At ICRISAT we recommend seed
HRDP
SDS no. 9
21
treatment
with
3
g
thiram
kg - 1
+
3
g
carbendazim
kg - 1
seed.
Weed Management
Pigeonpea is a slow-growing crop and mostly cultivated during the
rainy season.
The crop suffers from early weed infestation.
Therefore, it is necessary to keep the crop weed-free during the
e a r l y g r o w t h p e r i o d (4-6 w e e k s ) .
The weeds can be controlled
mechanically or with chemicals.
A combination of chemical and
mechanical control is more economical.
At ICRISAT Center, it was
observed that a preemergence application of prometryn
(Gesgard®
o r C a p a r o l ® a . i . 1.25 k g ha-1) e f f e c t i v e l y c o n t r o l l e d t h e i n i t i a l
weeds.
A h a n d w e e d i n g 3-4 w e e k a f t e r s o w i n g i s r e q u i r e d t o
remove the late emerging weeds.
When herbicide is not applied,
t w o or t h r e e h a n d w e e d i n g s are r e q u i r e d from the 1st to 6th w e e k
of crop growth.
Later the crop will be able to smother the weeds
(Chauhan et a l . 1 9 8 8 ) .
At ICRISAT, hand weedings were always
found superior to herbicides, but the herbicides were more
economical, hence p r e f e r r e d (Chauhan 1 9 9 0 ) .
The other
p r e e m e r g e n c e herbicides effective for pigeonpea are p e n d i m e t h a l i n
(Stomp® a . i . 1.0-1.5 kg ha-1) or m e t a c h l o r e (Dual® a . i . 1 kg
ha-1) .
The post-emergence herbicides recommended are flausifop-P
b u t y l ( F u s i l a t e ® a . i . 0.2-0.4 k g ha-1) o r b e n t a z o n ( B a s a g r a n ®
a . i . 1.0 k g h a - 1 ) a t 2 - 4 l e a f s t a g e (A. R a m a k r i s h n a , 1 9 9 2 ,
ICRISAT, personal communication).
Irrigation
Pigeonpea is largely grown as a rainfed crop, however, it is well
established that flower initiation and pod setting stages are the
most crucial to drought stress.
Therefore, irrigation at these
stages usually helps the crop (Chandra et a l . 1 9 8 3 ) .
The
drought-stress symptoms on pigeonpea are indicated by the leaves
pointing towards the sun at noon (Chauhan et a l . 1 9 8 8 ) .
S i n h a (1981) r e p o r t e d t h e e f f e c t s o f i r r i g a t i o n o n e a r l y
pigeonpea and found it difficult to define the adequate water
requirement in relation to yield.
When irrigation was applied
after flowering and at the pod filling there was an increase in
biomass in short-, medium-, and long-duration varieties.
However, increase in grain yield and biomass did not follow the
same pattern.
Thus only vegetative growth was increased when
water was available, but beyond a certain limit, dry matter was
not increased with an increasing water supply.
Excessive moisture is detrimental to pigeonpea.
It promotes
vegetative growth and enhances the
i n c i d e n c e o f Phytophthora a n d
Alternaria b l i g h t .
Therefore,
irrigation should be given only
when the crop experiences drought stress after flowering and at
the pod filling stage (Chandra et a l . 1 9 8 3 ) .
Responses to irrigation are more consistent in postrainy
season sown pigeonpea.
This crop relies on moisture stored in
the soil profile.
Two or three irrigations, 1 month after
22
HRDP
SDS no. 9
sowing, increased seed yield by about 150-160% over the
n o n i r r i g a t e d c o n t r o l a t I C R I S A T C e n t e r (Rao e t a l . 1 9 8 3 ) .
Harvesting and Threshing
Pigeonpea should be harvested when 75-80% of the pods are at
physiological maturity.
Vanangamudi et al.
(1986) s u g g e s t e d
harvesting of pigeonpea, about 25 days after anthesis when pods
turn brown and are dry.
Delayed harvesting, during bad weather,
may increase the risk of damage to mature seed.
However,
B a l a k r i s h n a n a n d N a t a r a j a r a t n a m (1988)
suggested harvesting after
the 42nd day of anthesis when the dry mass of the seed is low and
moisture content is between 20 and 2 4 % .
The mature pods could be
identified as they are brown and have a dry testa.
Traditionally pigeonpea plants are harvested by cutting the
stem at the base, with an axe or sickle.
The harvested plants
are tied in bundles and transported to a threshing floor.
These
are stacked in upright bundles to dry.
The pods and grain are
separated by beating the dry plants with sticks or by using a
thresher.
Another way to harvest pigeonpea is by hand picking the
mature pods.
This allows the crop to flower and p o d for a second
or sometimes a third harvest.
Hand picking may not be economical
beyond a second flush.
When hand picking of pods is not
f e a s i b l e , t h e u p p e r b r a n c h e s w i t h m a t u r e p o d s are cut (good for
determinate types).
Care should be taken in leaving as much of
the foliage as possible while removing the pods and allowing the
plant to regrow and promote another flush of p o d s .
However, this
method delays the second harvest and usually results in a lower
yield than hand picking (Chauhan et a l . 1 9 8 8 ) .
At ICRISAT, pigeonpea is harvested when over 80% of the pods
become brown.
The harvested plants are left in the field a week
for sun drying and threshed in a small plot thresher.
The seeds
a r e c l e a n e d a n d d r i e d e i t h e r i n a d r i e r a t 35°-43°C o r i n t h e s u n
to 6-8% m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t b e f o r e final r e c o r d i n g of y i e l d .
Recording Observations
Recording of observations depends on the objectives of the
experiment.
Some important observations for recording in
p i g e o n p e a a r e d i s c u s s e d i n M a n a g e m e n t P r o c e d u r e s (MP 2 ) .
HRDP
SDS no. 9
23
MP 1. Determination of Seed Rate for a Given Plant
Density
Seed rate ha-1 depends on plant spacing, seed m a s s , and
germination percentage of the seed sample.
Further, it may be
desirable to sow 15-20% more seed than the required to ensure an
adequate plant population.
Example.
Suppose the required plant density is 333 000 plants
ha-1, 100-seed m a s s of the variety is 10 g and germination is
90%.
T h e s e e d r e q u i r e m e n t ha-1 a n d a p l o t of 15 m2 (3 m x 5 m)
w i t h e i g h t rows of 5 m l e n g t h a n d 0.375 m b e t w e e n rows can be
calculated.
Calculations:
a.
The
seed
required
100
seeds
0.90
b.
100
111
=
germinable
at least 111 seed
seed lot was 9 0 % .
The
seeds
333
Mass
required
for
333
000
0 0 0 s e e d s ha-1 x
100 seeds
111
seeds
(kg)
To
sow
of
20%
37
e.
The
=
f.
The
h.
kg
seed
44.4
369
630
seeds
g
additional
ha-1
x
1.20
required m
=
- 2
requirement
m-2
x
15
m2
@
a
=
HRDP
should be
for
kg
630
100
or
seed
seeds
ha-1
will
kg
ha-1
will
be
37
requirement
k g ha-1
=
for plot
row-1
lot
be
kg-1
plot-1
g
= 36.9
=
4.44
(15
66.6
4.44
= 8.32
24
10
44.4
w
369
g
g
g
m2)
g
m-2
m-2
will
or
The seed requirement row-1 will be
(The a r e a of r o w is 5 m x 0 . 3 7 5 m =
Seed requirement
this
ha-1
plants
seed the
ka h a - 1 x 1000
1 0 , 0 0 0 m2 ha-1
seed
= 4.44
g.
for
seeds
3 6 9 6 3 0 s e e d s x 10 a
1 0 0 0 g kg - 1 x 1 0 0 s e e d s
d.
seed
So to obtain 100 seedlings
sown as germination of the
=
c.
for
67
1.875
x
row-1.
SDS no. 9
1.875
be
plot-1
g
m2
row-1)
m-2
row-1
be
is
Table 6.
Pigeonpea seed requirement
(kg ha-1)
at different
densities,
germination percentages,
and 100-seed mass.
Plant
333
100-seed
mass
Germination
80
(g)
7.0
8.0
29.1
33.3
37.5
9.0
10.0
41.6
11.0
45.8
12.0
13.0
49.9
54.1
14.0
58.3
(Note:
for
20%
Extra
extra
33.3
36.9
40.7
44.4
48.1
51.7
seed
seed
80
90
8.8
10.0
7.8
8.9
10.0
11.1
100
25.9
29.7
23.3
26.6
29.9
000
60
Germination
(%)
90
ha-1
density
100
000
11.3
12.5
plant
(%)
100
7.0
8.0
9.0
000
Germination
80
90
100
5.3
6.0
6.8
7.5
4.7
5.3
6.0
6.7
4.2
4.8
5.4
6.0
36.6
13.8
12.2
10.0
11.0
39.9
43.3
15.0
16.3
13.3
14.4
12.0
13.0
8.3
9.0
9.8
7.3
8.0
8.7
6.6
7.2
7.8
46.6
17.4
15.5
14.0
10.5
9.3
8.4
33.3
(20%)
not
multiply
HRDP
included
by
in
the
above
(%)
calculation,
1.2).
SDS no. 9
25
MP 2. Recording Morphological Characters
Days to emergence.
Days are counted from date
(irrigation, rain, or adequate moisture) until
seedlings have emerged.
of sowing
80% of the
Plant type.
It depends upon the number of primary and
secondary branches and angle of branches on the stem.
It
ranges from upright-compact to spreading type.
a.
Compact types:
the stem.
Few branches
b.
Spreading:
c.
Semispreading:
This
and spreading types.
Many
Days to 50% flowering.
of the plants in a plot
branches
is
Days
have
borne
(Fig.
narrow angles
and broad plant
from date of
at least one
to
canopy.
intermediate between
Days to 75% maturity.
This is days after
of the pods are physiologically mature.
Flowaring pattarn
at
compact
emergence until
open flower.
50%
emergence
75%
until
3).
a.
Nondatarminata (NDT):
The inflorescence develop as
axillary racemes from all over the branches, and
f l o w e r i n g p r o c e e d s a c r o p e t a l l y (from b a s e t o a p e x ) b o t h
within the racemes and on the branches.
b.
Datarminata (DT):
The apical buds of the main shoot
and branches develop into inflorescence.
Inflorescence
a r e p r o d u c e d b a s i p e t a l l y (apex t o b a s e ) , t h e y a r e s h o r t
statured and bear clusters of pods at the top.
c.
Samidatarminata
behind the apex
basipetally.
(SDT):
Flowering starts at nodes
and proceeds both acropetally and
Plant height (cm).
Height is recorded at maturity from the
b a s e o f t h e p l a n t t o t h e t o p (five p l a n t s are a v e r a g e d ) .
Another way to take height across the plot is to put a marked
p o l e (cm) a n d n o t e t h e h e i g h t a t t h e c e n t e r o f p l o t .
Primary branchas
shoots.
(number).
Secondary branchas
branches.
(number).
Branches
emerging
Branches borne
Number of pods
plant-1.
Pods are counted at
randomly selected plants and the average is
26
HRDP
SDS no. 9
from main
on primary
harvest on
recorded.
five
Number of seeds
are counted and
100-seed mass.
each treatment
pod-1.
Seeds in 10 randomly
the average is recorded.
selected pods
One-hundred seeds from the bulk harvest
are weighed on an electronic balance.
of
For genetic studies of crosses and
S e e d y i e l d p l a n t - 1 (g) .
segregating populations the individual plant yield of seed is
recorded on each treatment.
Net-plot yield (kg).
It
pods harvested, threshed,
moisture content.
is recorded from the net plot for
cleaned, dried, and weighed at 7-8%
Yield
(kg h a - 1 ) . T h e n e t - p l o t y i e l d s a r e c o n v e r t e d t o k g h a - 1
ignoring decimals and rounding to the nearest 10 kg.
For
e x a m p l e , a y i e l d of 1986 kg ha-1 w i l l be taken as 1990 kg ha-1
and a y i e l d 1984 kg ha-1 will be considered as 1980 kg ha-1.
Biological
yield.
The biological
stem, p o d s , seed, and leaves.
Shelling
as:
ratio or
seed to
husk
Seed
Harvest
index
(%) =
yield
ratio
includes
(%).
This
mass
is
of
expressed
v i e l d (g) x 1 0 0
P o d y i e l d (g)
S e e d y i e l d (g) x 1 0 0
B i o l o g i c a l y i e l d (g)
Seed color.
P i g e o n p e a m a i n l y h a s o r a n g e s e e d (over 5 0 % ) . I t
varies from red, brown, light-brown to w h i t e .
The lightcolored seeds are generally bright-green at the filling
stage, hence are preferred for vegetable purposes.
Seed shape.
The most common seed shape is oval.
It ranges
from elongate, globular to more square.
The globular
(pea-shaped) trait is preferred for vegetable purposes.
D r y s t a l k w e i g h t (kg h a - 1 ) .
of seed, pods, and leaves,
their economic value.
HRDP
After threshing and separation
the stalks are weighed to estimate
SDS no.
9
27
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and Sheldrake, A.R.
1979.
Pigeonpea
(Cajanus
cajan)
as a w i n t e r c r o p in P e n i n s u l a r India.
Experimental
Agriculture
15:91-95.
Natarajan, M.,
and Willey, R.W.
1980.
Sorghum-pigeonpea inter
cropping and the effect of plant population density.
1.
Growth
and yield.
Journal of Agricultural Science
(UK)
95:51-58.
Nichols, R.
1964.
Studies on the major element deficiencies
the pigeonpea
( C a j a n u s cajan)
in sand culture.
1.
Foliar
symptoms of the major-element deficiencies.
Plant and Soil
21(3): 377-387.
of
Nichols, R.
1965.
Studies on the major element deficiencies of
the pigeonpea
( C a j a n u s cajan)
in sand culture.
2.
The effects of
major element deficiencies on nodulation,
growth,
and mineral
composition.
Plant and Soil 22(1):112-126.
Panwar,
K.S.
agronomy
Annual
on
All
Kharif
Jun
1975,
1975.
Report
(1974-1975)
India
on
CSAUT,
Coordinated
Pulses,
New
at
Indian
Delhi,
the
work
Kanpur.
Pulses
on
kharif
Improvement
Agricultural
India.
done
Presented
(Limited
Research
at
pulses
the
Project
11th
Workshop
Institute,
9-12
distribution)
Panwar, K.S., and Misra, A.S.
1973.
Recommendations for the
agronomy of kharif pulses.
Presented at the Ninth Annual All
India Coordinated Pulses
Improvement Project Workshop on Kharif
Pulses,
Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
7-9 J u n 1 9 7 3 ,
New
Delhi,
India.
(Limited distribution)
Pathak, G.N.
1970.
Redgram.
Pages 14-53 in Pulse crops
India.
New Delhi,
India:
Indian Council of Agricultural
Research.
Plukenet,
L.
1692.
Phytographia
3,
Rao, M.K.V.,
and Rao, R.G.
1974.
developing and germinating seeds of
Plant Physiology 17 (1/2):65-72.
Rao,
1983.
I.M.,
Vankataratnam,
Response
International
Raddy,
L.J.
pigeonpea
30
1990.
UK:
N.,
irrigation
Pigeonpea
(Nene,
Wallingford,
to
Pigeonpea:
Y.L.,
CAB
Hall,
D.G.,
postrainy
Newsletter
and
3.
like substance in
Indian Journal of
Shaldraka,
season
and
Pages
Sheila,
International.
HRDP
Figure
A.R.
pigeonpea.
2:35-36.
morphology.
S.D.,
213,
Gibberellin
pigeonpea.
Faris,
in
Table
of
SDS no. 9
47-88
V.K.,
in
The
eds.).
Reddy,
S.J.,
and Virmani,
S.M.
1981.
Pigeonpea and its climatic
environment.
Pages 259-270 in Proceedings of the International
Workshop on Pigeonpeas,
15-19 Dec 1980,
ICRISAT Center,
India.
Vol. 1.
Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops
Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics.
R e m a n a n d a n , P.,
Sastry, D.V.S.S.R.,
and Mengesha, M . H .
1988.
ICRISAT pigeonpea germplasm catalogue:
evaluation and analysis.
Patancheru, A.P.
502 324,
India: International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
95 pp.
Saxena, M.C.,
and Singh, Y.
1970.
Relative susceptibility of
important varieties of some pulses and soybean to zinc
deficiency.
Presented at the Third Annual Workshop of
Coordinated Scheme on Micro-nutrients of soils,
5-7 O c t 1 9 7 0 ,
Ludhiana, Punjab,
India.
Sehgal, C.B., Gandhi, V.,
and Varma, B.
1987. Histological and
histochemical studies on the cotyledons of some legumes.
II.
Reserve metabolites during seed development.
Cytologia 52:
847-858.
Sharma,
D.,
and
Hybridization
H.,
Crop
eds.).
Green,
J.M.
crop
plants
of
Madison,
Science
WI,
Society
1980.
Pigeonpea.
(Fehr,
Walter
USA:
American
R.
Pages
and
Society
471-481
Hadley,
of
in
Henry
Agronomy
and
America.
of
S h a r m a , D . , R e d d y , L.J., G r e e n , J.M.,
and Jain, K.C.
1981.
International adaptation of pigeonpeas.
Pages 71-80 in
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pigeonpeas,
15-19
Dec 1980,
ICRISAT Center,
India.
Vol. 1.
Patancheru, A.P. 502
324,
India:
International
Semi-Arid
Tropics.
Crops
Research
Institute
for
the
Sheldrake, A.R.
1984.
Pigeonpea.
Pages 385-417 in The
physiology of tropical field crops
(Goldsworth,
P.R.,
and
N.M., e d s . ) .
Chichester, USA: John Wiley & Co.
Sheldrake,
nutrient
A.R.,
Agricultural
Shetty,
and
uptake
in
Sciences
S.V.R.,
and
sorghum/pigeonpea
some
International
Sinha,
S.K.
pigeonpea.
Workshop
Vol.
Rao,
1.
Research
on
Workshop
Water
283-288
Pigeonpeas,
Patancheru,
Institute
1979.
238-248
the
HRDP
Weed
in
development
Journal
management
and
of
A.P.
502
Institute
502
1980,
324,
the
ICRISAT
India:
Semi-Arid
Jan
in
-
the
1979,
Semi-Arid
grain
of
of
systems
India:
the
and
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Dec
10-13
324,
for
studies
intercrop
Proceedings
availability
in
15-19
A.P.
for
Growth
cajan).
Inter-cropping,
Research
1981.
1979.
millet/groundnut
Patancheru,
Crops
Pages
A.N.
on
A.
(Cajanus
92:513-526.
pearl
Pages
India.
International
(UK)
and
observations.
Hyderabad,
Narayanan,
pigeonpea
Fisher,
yield
Tropics.
in
International
Center,
International
India.
Crops
Tropics.
SDS no. 9
31
Sundaraj, D.D.,
New Delhi.
The
and Thulasidas, G.
1980.
Macmillan Company of India
Botany of field
Ltd.
4 96 pp.
crops.
Tayo,
T.O.
1983.
Growth, development, and yield of pigeonpea.
( C a j a n u s cajan
(L.)
Millsp.)
in the low land tropics
4.
Effect
of sowing depth.
Journal of Agricultural Science,
Cambridge.
101:435-440.
Tandon, H.L.S.
1987.
Phosphorus research and agricultural
production in India.
Fertilizer Development and Consultation
Organization, New Delhi,
India.
104 pp.
van der Maesen, L.J.G.
1980.
India is the native home of
pigeonpea.
Pages 257-262 in Libergratulatorius in honorem
de Wit.
Landbouwhogeschool
(Arends,
J.C., B o e l e m a , G., d e
C.T., and Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., e d s . ) .
Miscellaneous Paper
19.
Wageningen, N e t h e r l a n d s : H. Veenman and B.V.
Zonen.
the
H.C.D.
Groot,
no.
Vanangamudi,
K.,
Karivaratharaju,
T.V.,
Balakrishna,
K., M a l l i k a
and Natarajaratnam,
N.
1986.
Effect of stage of harvest on seed
quality in pigeonpea cultivars.
International Pigeonpea
Newsletter
5:31-32.
Vavilov,
N.I.
breeding
of
Vernon
Royes,
crop plants
1951.
cultivated
W.
1976.
(Simmonds,
The
origin,
plants.
variation,
Chronica
Pigeonpea.
N.W.,
e d . ) .
immunity
Botanica
Pages
154-156
London,
UK:
and
13(1-6):1-366.
in
Evolution
of
Longmans.
Willay, R.W., Rao, M.R.,
and Natarajan, M.
1981.
Traditional
cropping systems with pigeonpea and their improvement.
Pages
11-25 in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pigeonpeas,
15-19 Dec 1980,
ICRISAT Center,
India.
Vol. 1.
Patancheru, A.P.
502 324,
India:
International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid
Tropics.
Zeven, A.C.,
and Zhukovsky, P.M.
plants.
Pages 549-566 in The new
London,
UK:
Oxford University.
32
HRDP
1975.
Dictionary of cultivated
systematics
(Huxby,
J., e d . ) .
SDS no. 9
Evaluation
Select
at the
1.
The
the most appropriate
end of the booklet.
pigeonpea belongs
a) Atylosia.
c) Arachis.
answer
to
2.
The
word pigeonpea
a) USA.
c) Zambia.
first
3.
The
primary center
a) Africa.
c) Asia.
of
4.
The
average productivity
a ) 2 0 0 kg h a - 1 .
c) 7 6 0 k g h a - 1 .
5.
Pigeonpea have
a) adventitious roots.
c) seminal roots.
the
genus
b)
d)
check
the
correct
answer
Cajanus.
Cicer.
originated from
b) Barbados,
d) India.
origin
pigeonpea
and
of
of
pigeonpea is
b) Europe.
d) Australia.
pigeonpea is
b) 500 kg ha-1.
d) 900 kg ha-1.
b)
d)
staminal roots.
tap root.
6.
The extensive
a r e a is to a
a) 2 0 cm
c) 60 c m
7.
Nodulations in pigeonpea
a) meliloti group.
c) japonicum group.
8.
The greatest number of nodules in
during the
a) seedling stage.
b) vegetative phase.
c) early reproductive phase.
d) maturity stage.
9.
The branching pattern that
first and then enters into
a) nondeterminate.
c) semideterminate.
10.
When flowering starts at nodes behind the apex and proceeds
both acropetally and basipetally it is
a) nondeterminate.
b) determinate.
c) semideterminate.
d) none of the above.
HRDP
root development
depth.
b) 40 cm
d) 80 cm
are
by
in
the
upper
rhizobia belonging
b) trifolii group.
d) cowpea group.
pigeonpea
are
to
soil
the
observed
completes the vegetative phase
the reproductive phase is the
b) determinate.
d) none of the above.
SDS no. 9
33
11.
Late-maturing pigeonpea genotypes start branching from
different angles, and when most of the pods are at the top,
the plants are
a) nondeterminate.
b) determinate.
c) semideterminate.
d) none of the above.
12.
The
The flowering on pigeonpea,
branches proceeds
a) basipetally.
c) determinate.
13.
14.
15.
16.
first two leaves in pigeonpea seedlings are
a) pinnately trifoliate.
b) simple and opposite.
c) c o m p o u n d .
d) b o t h a a n d c.
The
The
pigeonpea flowers are
a) incomplete.
b) complete, bisexual,
c) monoecious.
d) dioecious.
calyx is
a) polysepalous.
b)
within
b)
d)
raceme
and
on
zygomorphic.
gamosepalous.
petal with
b) keel.
the
c)
standard.
obliquely
a) wing.
18.
An
obtuse (round),
a) wing.
19.
The
aestivation of the pigeonpea inflorescence is
a) ascending imbricate.
b) descending imbricate.
c) free.
Pigeonpea anthers are
a) monoadelphous.
Anthesis in pigeonpea
a) 0800-1200.
c) 0900-1300.
22.
The
24.
34
In pigeonpea
a) 1 w e e k .
c) 3 w e e k s .
Pigeonpea seed
flowering.
a) 20 days
c) 40 days
claw is the
standard.
incurved, and boat-shaped petal is
b) keel.
c) standard.
21.
23.
incurved
c)
free.
An
peak anthesis
a) 0800-0900.
c) 0900-1000.
an
is
c)
17.
20.
after
10
b)
diadelphous.
takes place from
b) 0600-1600.
d) 1000-1800.
recorded
b)
d)
in pigeonpea
0700-0800.
1100-1200.
pollination, the pod is
b) 2 w e e k s .
d) 4 w e e k s .
attains
physiological
b)
d)
HRDP
the
and
usually
period
the
acropetally.
nondeterminate.
The broad, large, and auricled petal
a) wing.
b) keel.
obovate
the
maturity
30 days
50 days
SDS no. 9
is
from
visible
in
in
after
25.
The
deep constricted
a) beaded.
c) shrunken.
26.
The
germination
a) epigeal.
27.
28.
The
in
application of
weeks before
a ) 1-2
b ) 2-4
pod
of
pigeonpea
pigeonpea is
b) flattish.
d) shrivelled.
is
b)
organic manure
sowing.
c ) 5-6
d)
To increase the pigeonpea
necessary to apply
a) organic manure.
c) l i m e .
hypogeal.
in
should
be
8-10
production
b)
d)
pigeonpea
in
acidic
soil
it
is
single superphosphate.
gypsum.
29.
The recommended rate
production is
a) 5-10 b) 1 2 - 1 6
30.
Uniform pale-green young leaves and interveinal
older leaves are deficiency symptoms of
a) phosphorus.
b) potassium.
c) n i t r o g e n .
d) zinc.
chlorosis
31.
Small stunted plants
deficiency of
a) potassium.
c) n i t r o g e n .
due
32.
to apply phosphorus
kg ha-1.
c) 17-26
d) 30-35
with
dark-green
b)
d)
Appearance of light-green patches
around the leaf margin which turn
symptoms of
a) potassium.
b)
c) nitrogen.
d)
(P)
leaves
for
are
pigeonpea
to
the
phosphorus.
calcium.
in interveinal areas or
brown are the deficiency
phosphorus.
calcium.
33.
Yellowing on leaf tips followed by scorching and
plants are the main deficiency symptoms of
a) potassium.
b) phosphorus.
c) nitrogen.
d) calcium.
34.
Stunted growth, narrowing of leaves with pale-green
appearance, interveinal chlorosis starting from tip and
spreading to other area of leaves except the midrib.
The
curling and shedding of leaves is the deficiency symptoms
a) phosphorus.
b) potassium.
c) zinc.
d) iron.
35.
stunting
When interveinal areas of young leaves become pale-green
veins and adjacent tissues remain dark-green, it is the
deficiency symptoms of
a) zinc.
b) nitrogen.
c) iron.
d) calcium.
HRDP
of
SDS no. 9
of
of
but
35
36.
Fading of the lamina of the middle leaves without affecting
the veins with small white and brown spots, and brown
necrotic lesions with a reduction of leaf number, area and
size, late flowering and the arrest of the apical shoot
growth are deficiency symptoms of
a) zinc.
b) iron.
c) calcium.
d) manganese.
37.
Formation of dieback, rosetting, multiple branches,
of seedlings are deficiency symptoms of
a) iron.
b) manganese.
c) zinc.
d) boron.
38.
An
39.
An economic dose of fertilizer
are
kg ha-1.
a) 10-20-30
c) 20-20-50
important
a) iron.
c) zinc.
element
in
and death
nitrogen fixation is
b) boron.
d) molybdenum.
for p i g e o n p e a
b)
d)
with N,
P,
A c o m b i n a t i o n of crops in space and time to p r o v i d e a
and stable level of returns is
a) a crop r o t a t i o n .
b) crop m a n a g e m e n t .
c) a c r o p s e q u e n c e .
d) a c r o p p i n g s y s t e m .
41.
The
a)
c)
suitable
genotypes
late-maturing types.
early-maturity types,
of
b)
d)
Postrainy season pigeonpea
a) a m i x e d c r o p .
c) a c a s h c r o p .
43.
The best time
is in t h e 1st
a) May. b)
44.
An
45.
Late sowing of pigeonpea
a) yield.
c) root m a s s .
46.
The
47.
A b r o a d b e d - a n d - f u r r o w system of
for
a) early-maturing pigeonpea.
c) late-maturing pigeonpea.
36
optimal depth
a) 2-3 c m .
c ) 7-8 c m .
for
pigeonpea
for
high
monocropping
are
medium-maturity types.
extra-early types.
42.
of sowing
fortnight
June.
c)
K
20-17-17
30-40-60
40.
most
and
are
cultivated as
b) an i n t e r c r o p .
d) a m o n o c r o p .
of extra early pigeonpea
of
July.
d) August.
pigeonpea
at
ICRISAT
sowing is
b ) 4-5 c m .
d ) 9-10 c m .
increases
b) biomass.
d) harvest index.
most common practice of pigeonpea cultivation is on
a) broadbed-and-furrows.
b) ridges-and-furrows.
c) bunds.
d) flat b e d s .
HRDP
cultivation
b)
d)
is
most
suitable
medium-maturing pigeonpea.
extra-early-maturing types
SDS no. 9
48.
The
49.
The plant population
varieties is
a) 80 000 h a - 1 .
c) 600 000 h a - 1 .
row and plant spacing
a) 50 a n d 40 cm.
c) 75 a n d 20 cm.
in
extra-early pigeonpea
b) 40 a n d 60 cm.
d) 30 a n d 10 cm.
recommended
for
late-maturing
To p r e v e n t seed rot and seedling blight diseases,
recommended to treat the seed with
a) thiram.
b) carbendazim.
c) thiram+carbendazin.
d) penta-chloro-nitro-benzene
(PCNB).
51.
For an effective weed control it
herbicides.
a) presowing b) preemergence
for
weed
is
necessary
c)
to
control in pigeonpea
b) alachlor.
d) glyphosate.
53.
When preemergence herbicide is applied, the first
weeding is required
weeks after sowing,
a ) 1-2
b ) 3-4
c ) 6-7
d ) 8-9
54.
At noon when leaves are pointing towards the
symptoms of
a) nitrogen, b) phosphorus, c) drought.
55.
The
56.
Pigeonpea should be harvested when
mature.
a) 40-50
b) 50-60
c) 70-80
critical periods for drought stress
a) seedling and vegetative stages.
b) flowering and seedling stages.
c) flowering and pod-filling stages.
d) maturity and flowering stages.
Before storage it is necessary to
moisture content of
a) 10-15%.
b) 10-16%.
c)
dry
it
d)
of
is
stress
wilt.
the pods
are
the
are
80-90
pigeonpea
8-10%.
SDS
sun
is
hand
in pigeonpea
%
d)
is
postemergence
An
HRDP
it
apply
52.
57.
pigeonpea
100 000 ha-1.
200 000 ha-1.
b)
d)
50.
important herbicide
a) fluchloralin.
c) 2-4D.
are
no. 9
d)
seed to
a
6-8%.
37
Correct responses to the questions.
1. b ) ;
9. b ) ;
16. c ) ;
23. a ) ;
30.
37.
c) ;
d);
44. b ) ;
51. b ) ;
38
2. c ) ;
3. c ) ;
10. a ) ;
11. c )
17 . a ) ;
18. b )
2 4 . b) ;
25. a )
4.
;
;
;
31. b ) ;
3 8 . d) ;
45. d ) ;
32. a ) ;
39.
b);
46. d ) ;
52. a ) ;
53. b ) ;
HRDP
c) ;
5.
12. b ) ;
19. b ) ;
26. b ) ;
33. a ) ;
40. d ) ;
47. d ) ;
54. c ) ;
d);
13.
20.
27.
34.
41.
6.
b);
b);
c) ;
7. d); 8. c ) ;
15. b ) ;
14. b ) ;
22. c ) ;
21. b ) ;
b);
48.
c);
d);
d);
28. c ) ;
35. c ) ;
42.
d);
49. a ) ;
55.
c);
56.
SDS no. 9
c ) ;
29. c ) ;
36. d ) ;
43. b ) ;
50. c ) ;
57. d ) .