Download CBC

 Blood is a liquid tissue consists of cells
suspended in a liquid called plasma.
 These cells are:
 RED BLOOD CELLS
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 PLATELETS
 A
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
(CBC) is a very
common clinical procedure.
 It tests for disorders and abnormalities of the
blood and gives an indication of disease present in
other organs.
 The components of CBC test are:
 RED BLOOD CELLS
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 PLATELETS
1. Red blood cell (RBC) count is a count of the number of red
blood cells / L of blood.
Normal values are:
 Adults: (males): 4.6 - 5.9 million, (Females): 4.2 - 5.4 million
 Newborns: 5.5 - 6 million
 Children: 4.6 - 4.8 million
Polycythemia (high altitudes, physical training, and smokers,
polycythemia vera)
Anemia
2. Hemoglobin (Hgb) measures the amount of hemoglobin in
g/dL.
Normal Hgb values:
• Adult: (males): 13 - 18 gm; (Females): 12 - 16 gm
• Newborn: 17 - 19 gm.
• Children: 14-17 gm
Mirrors RBC results
3. Hematocrit (Hct) measures the percentage of red blood cells
in a given volume of whole blood.
Normal range:
• Adult: (males): (males): 45%; (Females): 35%
• Newborn: 65 %
• Children: 25 %
Mirrors RBC results
3. Red blood cell indices
• Hgb < 12 g/dL or the hematocrit < 37 %
Anemia
• RBC indices are useful in the differential diagnosis of anemia.
A. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the
average size of RBCs.
Macrocytic in caused by vitamin B12 and folate
deficiency anemia.
Microcytic in iron deficiency anemia or thalassemias
3. Red blood cell indices
B. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is the average
amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell.
• Mirror MCV result.
C. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is
a calculation of the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a
red cell.
Hypochromia in iron deficiency anemia and in thalassemia.
Hyperchromia as in burn patients.
3. Red blood cell indices
D. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a measure of
the variation of the RBC population.
In Pernicious anemia, the amount of variation (anisocytosis) in RBC
size causes an increase in the RDW.
1. Total white blood cell (WBC) count is a count of the actual
number of white blood cells per volume of blood.
2. White blood cell differential looks at the types of white
blood cells present.
There are five different types:
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
2. White blood cell differential
Measures the actual number of each type of WBC per volume of
blood
A. Neutrophils
Neutrophils account for about 70% of all white blood cells.
Mainly respond to a bacterial infection.
Neutrophilia in case of bacterial infection.
Neutropenia due to impaired production (e.g. after
chemotherapy), increased peripheral destruction (with viral
infection and autoimmune disease).
2. White blood cell differential
B. Lymphocytes
Lymphocytosis is usually due to acute infections, such as
Epstein-Barr virus infection and viral hepatitis, and chronic
intracellular bacterial infection (e.g. tuberculosis).
C. Monocytes
Monocytosis (High monocyte count) is associated with chronic
inflammation as tuberculosis.
2. White blood cell differential
D. Eosinophils
Eosinophilia are observed mainly in parasitic infections, asthma,
or allergic reaction.
C. Basophils
May be increased in bone marrow related conditions such as
leukemia or lymphoma.
•
Platelets are special cell fragments that are important in blood
clotting
1.The platelet count
• Total number of platelets per volume of blood.
• Determine whether number is adequate to control bleeding.
• Decreased when greater numbers used, as with bleeding; with
some inherited disorders.
2. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is the average size of blood
platelets.
Younger platelets are larger than older ones.