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Assessment of Water Quality Index of Small Lake in South Gujarat Region, India Bhaven N. Tandel, Dr. JEM Macwan, and Chirag K. Soni Abstract—The water quality index is a single number that expresses the quality of water by integrating the water quality variables. Its purpose is to provide a simple and concise method for expressing the water quality for different usage. The present work deals with the monitoring of variation of seasonal water quality index of some strategically selected surface water bodies. The index improves the comprehension of general water quality issues, communicates water quality status and illustrates the need for and the effectiveness of protective practices. It is found that in all cases the change in WQI value follow a similar trend throughout the study period. The lake water is found of good quality (WQI - 67.7 to 78.5) during both seasons. However, it is found that water quality of lake deteriorates slightly from winter to summer season on account of the increase in microbial activity as well as increase in pollutants concentration due to water evaporation. Keywords—Water Quality, Water Quality Index, Water Quality Parameters. I. INTRODUCTION T HE availability of water both in terms of quality and quantity is essential for the very existence of mankind. Water, though indispensable and plays a pivotal role in our lives, yet is one of the most badly abused resources. Lack of awareness and civic sense, use of inefficient methods and technology lead to more than 50% of water wastage in the domestic, agriculture & industrial sectors. Water pollution is rendering much of the available water unsafe for consumption. There is heavy extraction of water for domestic, industrial and agricultural purpose. Age-old customs and habits of community, cattle bathing and washing in rivers are responsible for rampant pollution of river water. The release of domestic waste water, agricultural runoff water & industrial effluents promote excessive growth of algae in water bodies, which results in their eutrophication. Several states in the country are facing problems due to over exploitation of ground water resources and pollution of surface water. Its manifestations are declining per capita water availability, falling water tables and deterioration of water Bhaven N Tandel is with S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat State, 395 007, INDIA (corresponding author) phone: +91-98255 53175; fax: +91-261-2201624; e-mail: [email protected] Dr. JEM Macwan, is with S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat State, 395 007, INDIA phone: +91-94271 48108; fax: +91-2612201624; e-mail: [email protected] Chirag K. Soni was a M. Tech. (Scholar) at S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat State, 395 007, INDIA quality. Unfortunately, the inability of the authorities to keep a check on the issue is also to blame for this state of affairs. These increasing imbalances and anomalies shed doubt on the long term availability of water resources. Accurate information on the condition and trends of water resources quantity and quality is required as a basis for economic and social development, and for the development and maintenance of environmental quality. There has been increased interest and work over the past few years on the use of indicators to monitor change. Water quality index is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned citizens and policy makers. It, thus, becomes an important parameter for the assessment and management of surface water. II. OBJECTIVES OF PRESENT WORK The objective of the present research is to provide information on the physico-chemical characteristics of lake water in order to discuss it’s suitability for human consumption based on computed water quality index values. A. Parameters of water quality analyzed For the assessment of water pollution status of the water bodies, the following water quality parameters were analyzed: (1) pH (2) Specific Conductance (3) Temperature (4) Total dissolved solid (TDS) (5) Total Solids (TS) (6) Total Alkalinity (7) Dissolved oxygen (DO) (8) Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (9) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (10) Total Hardness. B. Materials and Methods 1. Study area: The study was carried out at lake which is a balancing reservoir maintained to serve water requirement for irrigation in region and operation of two Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) having capacity of 220 MWe each. Nuclear Atomic Power Station is located on the southern bank of Lake. Area of lake is about 8.5 km2 and Average depth 2 to 3 meter. NPP is in commercial operation since last 17 years. Unit-I of the NPP is in commercial operation since 1992 and Unit-II is in commercial operation since 1995. Huge water requirement of the plant for the process of cooling and raw water system is met from the Lake. NPP draws 2.77 m3/sec of water from the Lake through intake point and after utilization in plant system it discharges 2.08 m3/sec of water through discharge point into the Lake. The discharged water is further diluted and regulated at downstream regulator, which further on its en-route is being used for drinking, bathing, washing, and irrigation purpose in different part of surrounding villages. The sampling locations are based on the following criteria and utilization of water. They are (1) Locations where principal feeder tributary meets the lake (Upstream of the lake) (2) at a central place of lake. (3) At a place from where water is regulated for irrigation and human habitat for bathing and washing. (Downstream of lake) The sampling locations and their respective longitude / latitude are given below: Upstream location: LONGITUDE LATITUDE 1) S1 (feeder canal) 21º 15’ 37.3” 73º 21’ 12.3” 2) S2 (intake of NPP) 21º 14’ 23.5” 73º 20’ 59.9” Downstream location: 1) S3 (discharge of NPP) 21º 14’ 15.7” 73º 20’ 35.6” 2) S4 (d/s regulator) 21º 13’ 41.7” 73º 19’ 17.5” 3) S5 (d/s location) 21º 13’ 49” 73º 17’ 33.8” 2. Laboratory Analysis: Collected samples were subjected to filtration prior to chemical analysis while temperature was determined in the field. The water samples were then analyzed for 10 parameters: pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total solids, chloride, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total hardness, and total alkalinity using standard procedures of analysis (American Public Health Association, 1995). 3. Calculation of WQI: The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated using the Weighted Arithmetic Index method. The quality rating scale for each parameter qi was calculated by using this expression: Quality rating, Qi = 100 [(Vn -Vi) / (Vs -Vi)] Where, Vn: actual amount of nth parameter Vi: the ideal value of this parameter Vi = 0, except for pH and D.O. Vi = 7.0 for pH; Vi = 14.6 mg/L for D.O. Vs: recommended WHO standard of corresponding parameter Relative weight (Wi) was calculated by a value inversely proportional to the recommended standard (Si) of the corresponding parameter: Wi = 1 / Si Generally, WQI are discussed for a specific and intended use of water. In this study the WQI for human consumption is considered and permissible WQI for the drinking water is taken as 100. The overall WQI was calculated by using Equation: Water Quality Index (WQI ) = ∑ (Qi)Wi / ∑ Wi (WQI) III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION TABLE I SAMPLE CALCULATION OF WQI FOR S2 LOCATION IN SUMMER Parameter Mean Test Results (Ci) pH BOD COD TS 8.3 2.9 9.4 224.8 TDS DO Total Alkalinity Conductiv ity Chlorides Total Hardness Standard Permissible Value (Si) Relative weight Wi Qualit y Rating Qi Weighted Qi Value Units mg/l mg/l mg/l 8.5 6.0 10 500.0 0.1176 0.1667 0.1000 0.0020 86.67 47.50 93.75 44.95 10.43 7.92 9.38 0.09 187.5 6.1 175.0 mg/l mg/l mg/l 500.0 5.0 200.0 0.0020 0.2000 0.0050 37.50 88.54 87.50 0.08 17.65 0.44 324.5 µs/cm 300.0 0.0033 108.17 0.36 29.5 mg/l 250.0 0.0040 11.80 0.05 115.0 mg/l 300.0 0.0033 38.33 0.13 Unit ∑Wi: 0.60 ∑Wi Qi: 46.51 WQI : ∑ Wi Qi / ∑ Wi = 46.51 / 0.60 = 77.0 TABLE II WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WQI VALUE WQI Value Water Quality <50 Excellent 50-100 Good water 100-200 Poor water 200-300 Very poor water >300 Water unsuitable for drinking TABLE III COMPUTED WQI VALUES FOR ALL SAMPLING LOCATION IN WINTER AND WINTER SUMMER LOCATION WQI LOCATION WQI S1 72.82 S1 75.40 S2 71.34 S2 77.00 S3 73.25 S3 78.85 S4 67.79 S4 72.00 S5 70.25 S5 77.76 SUMMER Fig. 1 Graphical Representation Of WQI The water quality indices that were found in three different seasons have been tabulated in Table III. Table I represents calculation of Water Quality Index (WQI) of upstream location S2 (NPP intake) in summer season which is 77. Water Quality Index of all five sampling locations were calculated for both season, winter and summer which is shown in Table III, For better understanding of the variation, the result was also represented graphically in Figure 1. Also, Table II explains water quality classification based on WQI criteria, which in turn, indicates that Water Quality Index (WQI) of all sampling locations is within category of good water (50-100) in both season. From the comparative analysis of WQI values for all sampling location in both summer and winter season, it was observed that WQI values for upstream location S1 varied from 72.82 in winter to 75.40 in summer season. In upstream location S2, it varied by 71.34 in winter to 77 in summer season. At NPP discharge location S3, WQI varied from 73.25 to 78.85. For downstream location S4 and S5, it varied from 67.79 and 70.25 in winter to 72 and 77.76 summer season respectively. Hence, it can be seen that water quality of lake system around NPP deteriorates slightly from winter season to summer season. This could be due to the fact that the microbial activity get reduced due to low temperature, thereby keeping DO level at a very satisfactory range during entire winter season. Also during summer, the water quality deteriorates on account of the increase in microbial activity as well as increase in pollutants concentration due water evaporation. IV. CONCLUSION At the outset, the study clearly indicates that the lake water can be used for public consumption without any treatment. From the WQI values obtained during the study, there seems to be no significance change in water quality from upstream location to downstream location, which in turn, reveals that lake water is of good quality (WQI – 50 to 100). Further, the seasonal values of WQI indicate that during summer season, lake water is more affected than during winter. This could be due to the fact that the microbial activity get reduced due to low temperature, thereby keeping DO level at a very satisfactory range during entire winter season. Also during summer, the water quality deteriorated on account of the increase in microbial activity as well as increase in pollutants concentration due water evaporation. Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) in this study has been found useful in assessing the overall quality of water and to get ride of judgment on quality of the water. This method appears to be more systematic and gives comparative evaluation of the water quality of sampling stations. It is also helpful for public to understand the quality of water as well as being a useful tool in many ways in the field of water quality management. 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Jimoh, “Analytical Studies on Water Quality Index of River Landzu”, American Journal of Applied Sciences 7 (4): 453-458, ISSN 1546-9239 (2010) N.A.Siddiqui and Akbar Ziauddin, “Water quality index - A tool to determine quality of water” , EPC journal, Vol 10, no 1, Nov-Dec( 2006) S.A.Abbasi, “Water quality indices - state of the art”, Centre for Pollution Control & Energy Technology, Pondicherry University. WHO's Drinking Water Standards, 1993. Bhaven N. Tandel, B.E. (Civil Engineering) 1996, M.E. (Environmental Engineering) 1998. Both Under Graduation and Post Graduation degrees from S.V. Regional College of Engineering & Technology, Surat, Gujarat, INDIA affiliated to South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, INDIA.