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Global Geographical Issues Hazardous Earth hazard global circulation atmosphere climate tropical cyclone tectonic pressure ocean current gulf stream Inter-Tropical-Convergence Zone precipitation weather Hadley Cell Polar Cell Ferrel Cell equator polar desert satellite climate graph temperature stratosphere climatologist volcano asteroid sunspot orbital Milankovitch Cycles ice core interglacials glacials Ice Age carbon dioxide global warming Greenhouse Effect greenhouse gases deforestation emissions enhanced Greenhouse Effect thermal expansion Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale flooding source regions Coriolis Effect cumulonimbus clouds environmental impact social impact economic impact warning systems evacuation strategies hurricanes forecasting levees lithosphere asthenosphere mantle core convection current continental crust oceanic crust radioactive decay convergent plate margin divergent plate margin plumes magma hotspots plate boundary (margin) Pangea subduction conservative plate margin collision zone Volcanic Explosivity Index seismometers lahar aid relief effort magnitude Richter scale focus tsunami aftershocks subsistence farmers Development Dynamics development demographic development indicators Human Development Index inequality literacy rate mortality infant mortality poverty developed developing High Income Countries Low Income Countries wealth quintiles Middle Income Countries Newly Industrialising Countries Recently Industrialising Countries rural isolation pollution terms of trade primary products manufactured products raw materials cash crops commodities neo-colonialism tariffs Rostow communist / communism traditional society high mass consumption Franks Dependency Theory core periphery globalisation Foreign Direct Investment Clark-Fisher Model industrialisation emerging countries economic liberalisation containerisation Trans National Companies outsourcing 'new' economy urban multiplier effect biodiversity monsoon irrigation super dams top-down development bottom-up development inter-governmental organisations non-governmental organisations intermediate technology biogas infrastructure Challenges of an urbanising world urbanisation megacity primate city metropolitan area conurbation rural-urban migration knowledge economy international migration deindustrialisation informal economy formal economy suburbanisation ethnic enclaves counter-urbanisation reurbanisation generation brownfield sites land-use informal housing informal economy Central Business District spatial hyper-urbanisation employment sustainable development leprosy The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape geologists limestone carbon dating carboniferous erosion strata uplifting tectonic relief igneous metamorphic sedimentary weathering scree landslides undulating escarpments chemical weathering biological weathering soil creep discordant concordant coastal zones joints faults headland arch stack bay cove hydraulic action abrasion attrition fetch prevailing wind backwash swash longshore drift transportation deposition constructive wave destructive wave wave-cut notch wave-cut platform sediment beach sand dune lagoon spit bar tombolo salt marsh coastal management storm surge flood wall marine processes sub-aerial processes mass movement rotational cliff clumping impermeable permeable soil impacts dissipates sea wall revetment sea wall rock armour gabions groyne beach berm cost-benefit analysis conflict hold-the-line holistic advance the line strategic realignment Integrated Coastal Management Scheme Shoreline Management Plan soft engineering hard engineering bedload gradient traction saltation solution suspension waterfall gorge retreat plunge pool V-shaped valley inter-locking spurs soil creep (river) discharge velocity flood plain alluvium meander helicoidal flow thalweg ox-bow lake point bar river cliff U-shaped valley lateral erosion estuary mudflats delta Bradshaw model Ordnance Survey evaporation condensation saturated saturation infiltration interception zone throughflow growndwater flow water table storm hydrograph deforestation lag-time drain infrastructure dredging levees afforestation The UK's Evolving Human Landscape population density population distribution population sparsely populated core regions rural periphery urban core multiplier effect conurbations enterprise zones European Union immigration emigration migrant migration immigrant birth rate ageing population multicultural primary sector secondary sector tertiary sector new economy quaternary sector domino effect deindustrialisation knowledge economy digital economy footloose Foreign Direct Investment globalisation privatisation infrastructure site situation connectivity Central Business District density suburbs environmental quality urban-rural fringe skilled workers unskilled workers ethnicity culture deprivation commuter inequalities dereliction suburbanisation electrification decentralisation business parks e-commerce greenbelt re-urbanisation investment gentrification studentification leisure rebranded quality of life recycling accessible fringe dormitory town / village Index of Multiple Deprivation quarry diversification tourist accommodation Geographical Investigations enquiry techniques data collection fieldwork quantitative qualitative analysis evaluation primary data secondary data sample random systematic stratified continuous data categories annotated photographs field sketches anomalies evaluation equipment quadrat clinometer tape measure transect People and the Biosphere biosphere biomes latitude distribution temperature precipitation atmospheric circulation ecosystems local factors soil geology altitude drainage attitudinal zonation biotic abiotic temperate deciduous forest tundra goods services indigenous people photosynthesis carbon sequestration carbon sink nutrient cycle hydrological cycle natural resources industrialisation Malthusian Boserupian optimistic pessimistic Club of Rome Forests Under Threat biodiversity climate climate graph forest structure adaptations nutrient cycles biomass litter soil decay transfer leaching food chain food web primary producers primary consumers secondary consumers taiga boreal extreme climate migrate hibernate net primary productivity decay leaching weathering direct threats indirect threats economic development deforestation resources Geographical Information Systems protection isolation global warming climate stress drought intact forests strip mining wildfire invasive species acid rain CITES REDD conservation sustainable forest reserve sustainable forest management agroforestry wilderness UNESCO biosphere reserve National Park RAMSAR wetland World Heritage Site geographical conflict clear-cutting selective logging conflict matrix Consuming Energy Resources renewable recyclable non-renewable fossil fuels natural gas wind power biogas carbon emissions oil accessibility distribution economic development energy poor black gold peak oil rapid industrialisation oil producing countries gas producing countries OPEC fracking seismic imaging liquefaction tar sands bitumen shale gas carbon footprint energy efficiency car hire scheme cycle super-highways energy security energy diversification energy secure energy insecure hydroelectric fuel biofuels solar hydrogen affluence food miles Kuznet's Curve ecological footprint sustainable development
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