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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J. Sullivan, Marist College Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues Second Edition MICHAEL D. JOHNSON CHAPTER 24 HUMAN IMPACTS, BIODIVERSITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Human Population Growth: Recent Issue Figure 24.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Recent Factors • Agricultural Development • Animal Domestication • Industrial Revolution • Vaccines • Antibiotics Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Fertility Rates Differ • Growth Rates • Zero Population Growth • Fertility Rate • Replacement Fertility Rate Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Past and Projected Fertility Rates Figure 24.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Fertility Rate Estimates Figure 24.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Age of Population Linked to Economic Development • Demographic Transition • More Industrialized Countries (MICs) • Less Industrialized Countries (LICs) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Population Age Structures Figure 24.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Pollutants Impair Air Quality Figure 24.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Excessive Greenhouse Gases • Greenhouse Effect • Carbon Dioxide • Methane • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • Halons Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Greenhouse Effect Figure 24.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Greenhouse Effect • Global Warming • Deforestation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Deplete Ozone Layer Figure 24.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Pollutants Produce Acid Rain • Sulfur Dioxide from burning high sulfur coal and oil • Nitrogen Oxides from car exhausts • Sulfur Dioxide + Nitrogen Oxide + Water Vapor = Sulfuric Acid + Nitric Acid Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Destruction of Ozone Layer Figure 24.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Smog • Smoke + Fog = Smog • Nitrogen Oxides + Hydrocarbons + Sunlight + Water Vapor = Smog • Other Constituents • Ozone: eye irritant • Peroxyacly Mitrates (PANS) : eye irritant • Small oil droplets, wood particles, coal ash, asbestos, lead, animal waste, dust • Thermal Inversion Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Pollution Jeopardizes Scarce Water Supplies • Water: scarce and unequally distributed • Aquifers • Industrialized Countries 10 to 100 times more water than less industrialized countries • Water Diverted Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Biological Magnification • Toxic Pollutants • Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) • Oil and Gasoline • Pesticides • Herbicides • Heavy Metals Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Biological Magnification Figure 24.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Pollution • Groundwater Pollution: impaired human health • Used as drinking water • “Cleans” slowly • Common Contaminants • Organics, i.e., carbon tetrachloride, pesticides, fertilizers (nitrates) • Suspected Effects: miscarriages, skin rashes, nervous disorders, birth defects • Radioactive waste Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Pollution • Oil Pollution Sources • 50% Seepage • 30% runoff from land • 20% accidents at sea Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Pollution • Oil Pollution Effects • Coats living organisms • Damages Shorelines • Clean-up • Evaporation • Bacterial Breakdown • Settle to bottom • Removal Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Pollution and Overuse: Damage Land • 1/3 of Earth’s land mass altered • 50% Forest cover gone • Factors • Migration to Cities • Desertification • Wars • Garbage Disposal Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Energy • Many Options/Choices • Nonrenewable Resources: Fossil fuels • Coal, oil, gas • Nuclear Energy: safety, disposal • Hydroelectric Power • Wind Farms • Biomass Fuels: wood, dung Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Human Impacts: Creating a Biodiversity Crisis • Pollution • Habitat Destruction • Overexploitation of Natural Resources • Farming • Exploitation of scarce forest resources • Logging • Deforestation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Biodiversity and Human Health • Oxygen production • Carbon Dioxide into Atmosphere • Clothing, food, medicines • Flood Control Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Toward a Sustainable Future • Consume Less • Recycle More • Lower Worldwide Fertility Rate • Reduce Rural World Poverty Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
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