Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia Zvjezdana Bencetić Klaić [email protected] The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution MAJOR AIR QUALITY CONCERNS IN CROATIA • Pollutants? • Sources? • Incidents! AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Main pollutants (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) Gaseous: SOx (SO2 and SO3) NOx (NO2 and NO) NH3 NMVOC CO AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Main pollutants (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) TSP Particulates: (PM10) (PM2.5) AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Main pollutants (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) Heavy metals: Arsenic (As) Cadmium (Cd) Chromium (Cr) Copper (Cu) Mercury (Hg) Nickel (Ni) Lead (Pb) Selenium (Se) Zinc (Zn) AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Main pollutants (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) Persistent organic pollutants: Lindane (HCH) Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Dioxins and Furans (DIOX) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Main pollutants (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) Persistent organic pollutants: Short Chained Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCP) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Aldrin Chlordane Chlordecone AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Main pollutants (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) Persistent organic pollutants: Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) Dieldrin Heptachlor Hexabromobiphenyl Mirex Toxaphene AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Croatian anthropogenic emissions, gaseous (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) (103 kg/year) AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Intercomparison (2000) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) Austria Croatia (2000) Germany Croatia (1990) France Germany Croatia (2000) Slovakia Italy Bulgaria EU Austria UK Czech Republic Poland Slovakia Croatia (1990) Italy France Poland UK Slovenia USA Bulgaria Slovenia EU Czech Republic USA kg SO2 / inhabitant kg NOx / inhabitant AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Croatian anthropogenic emissions, gaseous (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) (103 kg/year) AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Croatian anthropogenic emissions, particulates (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) (103 kg/year) AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Croatian anthropogenic emissions, heavy metals (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) (kg/year) AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Croatian anthropogenic emissions, heavy metals (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) (kg/year) AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Croatian anthropogenic emissions, persistent organic pollutants (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) (kg/year) AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia Sources of acidifying gases (SO2, NOx, NH3) (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Burning energy production 16 % Agriculture 42 % Production processes 6 % Burning – industrial 13 % Road traffic 12 % Other mobile sources and machines 7 % Burning – non-industrial 4 % AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia SO2 (2002) The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Road traffic 8% Other mobile sources and machines 4 % Production processes 9% (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) Burning energy production 35 % Burning – industrial 34 % Burning – non-industrial 10 % AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia NOx (2002) The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Other mobile sources and machines 23 % Burning - energy production 19 % Burning – non-industrial 5% (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) Burning – industrial 10 % Road traffic 41 % Production processes 2% AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia CO (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Other mobile sources Other sources 1 % and machines 9 % Burning – non-industrial 32 % Road traffic 49 % Burning – industrial 9 % Production processes 1 % AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia NH3 (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Production processes 5% Agriculture 94 % Road traffic 1% AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia Particles (2002) The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) 7% 13% 12% TSP 15% 12% PM10 24% 44% 19% 10% 27% 10% 12% 17% Burning - energy production Burning - non-industrial Burning - industrial Production processes Road traffic Other mobile sources and machines PM2.5 26% 52% AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia Pb (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Burning – Burning - energy industrial 1 % production Production processes 1% Other 4% sources 1 % Road traffic 93 % AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia Hg (2002) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Fossil fuel and geothermal energy Waste distribution treatment and 1 % deposition 2 % Production processes 3% Burning – energy production 36 % Burning – industrial 30 % Burning – non-industrial 28 % AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia Other heavy Cd metals (2002) As (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Main sources % Industrial burning 59 Burning – energy production 50 Cu Road traffic 80 Cr Burning – energy production 40 Ni Industrial burning 67 Se Production processes 78 Zn Road traffic 83 AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Persistent organic pollutants Main sources (2002) PAHs Non-industrial burning 98 DIOX Non-industrial burning 96 HCH 100 (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) Agriculture % AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution 3% Main individual SO2 sources (2002) 3% 2% 6% 6% 7% 51% 9% (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) 13% Oil refinery Rijeka - 8933 t TE Rijeka - 4909 t TE Sisak - 4215 t Petrokemija Kutina - 1722 t Other Croatian sources - 33745 t Oil refinery Sisak - 6193 t TE Plomin - 4290 t TE-TO Zagreb - 2323 t EL-TO Zagreb - 1145 t AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia Main individual NOx sources (2002) The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Oil refinery Rijeka 1656 t Oil refinery Sisak 1652 t TE Rijeka - 1632 t TE Plomin - 3245 t 2% TE Sisak - 2319 t TE-TO Zagreb 1196 t Petrokemija Kutina - 2106 t Dalmacijacement Split - 2916 t EL-TO Zagreb 1305 t Other Croatian sources - 51263 t 4% 3% (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) 2% 3% 5% 2% 2% 2% 75% AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution 90,5% Main individual CO sources (2002) 0,3% 8,7% (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ ) 0,1% 0,1% 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,2% Oil rafinery Rijeka - 730 t Našicecement - 308 t Cement production Korpmačno - 181 t Petrokemija Kutina - 26863 t Other Croatian sources - 279080 t Oil rafinery Sisak - 124 t TE Plomin - 280 t TE-TO Zagreb - 160 t Dalmacijacement Split - 782 t AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Some hot spots 1. Rijeka 20% of Croatian SO2 (2002) from oil refinery and TE 2. Zagreb 4% of Croatian NOx (2002) from TE-TO and EL-TO 3. Sisak 15% of Croatian SO2 (2002) from oil refinery and TE 4. Kutina 9% of Croatian SO2 (2002) from Petrokemija 5. Plomin 6% of Croatian SO2 and 5% NO2 (2002) from TE 2 1 5 4 3 AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Current state network 2 1 5 http://zrak.mzopu.hr/glavni.asp 4 3 AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Recent serious incidents - 1 Karlovac, 23 February 2007 Beer factory – unlawful CO2 emission 1 died 2 1 5 6 4 3 AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Recent serious incidents - 2 Sisak, January 2007 Oil refinery – H2S pollution 2 1 5 4 3 AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia Recent serious incidents - 2 6. Sisak, January 2007 Oil refinery – H2S pollution 1, 13 and 16 January The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution H2S (µg m-3) – daily C6H6 (µg m-3) – daily PM10 (µg m-3) – daily http://zrak.mzopu.hr/ AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia Recent serious incidents - 2 Sisak, 1 January 2007 The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution CO (µg m-3) – hourly H2S (µg m-3) – hourly C6H6 (µg m-3) – hourly PM10 (µg m-3) – hourly http://zrak.mzopu.hr/ AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia Recent serious incidents - 2 The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution CO (µg m-3) – hourly values H2S (µg m-3) – hourly values Sisak 13 – 16 January 2007 C6H6 (µg m-3) – hourly values PM10 (µg m-3) – daily values http://zrak.mzopu.hr/ AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Recent serious incidents – 3 Sisak 20 February 2007; 15:15 Crude oil spill 100 m high jet NO2 CO H2S SO2 C6H6 PM10 AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution More about Sisak 1 - 12 April 2007 H2S (µg m-3) – daily PM10 (µg m-3) – daily SO2 (µg m-3) – daily AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Recent serious incidents – 4 2 1 Rijeka, 3 - 5 February 2002 5 concentrations -3 (µgm ) 400 SO2 Rijeka February, 2002 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 days Jeričević et al., 2004 On 4 February a warning was sent out to the public not to expose outdoors! 4 3 AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Other sites Kutina, PM10 Rijeka2, O3 Zagreb1, NO2 Zagreb1, PM10 Zagreb3, O3 Osijek, PM10 AMGI/EURASAP Workshop Air Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb, Croatia The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution Conclusion • Old technologies • Unlawful emissions • Answers?