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ELL Science Term 1 Periodic Exam 2 Study Guide What are the four types of macromolecules in living things? - - - - What are two functions of carbohydrates? - - What are two functions of lipids? - - What are three functions of proteins? - - - What is the main function of nucleic acids? What is an example of a large (complex) carbohydrate? What is an example of a small (simple) carbohydrate? Nucleic acids are made of many monomers called __________________________. Proteins are made of many monomers called _____________ ______________. What are autotrophs? What are two types of organisms that are autotrophs? - - What are heterotrophs? What are two types of organisms that are heterotrophs? - - What are the starting materials for photosynthesis? What are the products of photosynthesis? Show the complete equation for photosynthesis: What is chlorophyll? Which plant cell organelle performs photosynthesis? What are stomata? What are three things that enter or leave the plant through the stomata? - - What happens during the first part of photosynthesis? What happens during the second part of photosynthesis? Is glucose made during the first or second part of photosynthesis? Is oxygen produced during the first or second part of photosynthesis? What is cell respiration? What is ATP? What is glycolysis? Where in the cell does glycolysis happen? What happens during the second part of respiration? Which produces more ATP for the cell, glycolysis or the second part of respiration? What are the starting materials for respiration? What are the products of respiration? What is fermentation? What are the two types of fermentation? - - What are the starting materials for fermentation? What happens during S-phase? Which produces more ATP for the cell, respiration or fermentation? What types of organisms use alcoholic fermentation? What types of organisms use lactic acid fermentation? What is homozygous? What is a product of alcoholic fermentation you can eat? What is a product of lactic acid fermentation you can eat? What are three reasons cells divide? - - What are the three main parts of the cell cycle? What happens in mitosis? What happens during cytokinesis? Which is longest: interphase, mitosis or cytokinesis? What happens during G1? What is produced when one cell goes through mitosis? What happens during G-2? What are the four phases of mitosis (in order)? What happens during prophase? Two condensed copies of DNA, connected by a centromere are called __________ __________. What happens during metaphase? What is a dominant allele? What happens during anaphase? What happens during telophase? What is cytokinesis? How is cytokinesis different in plant cells compared to animal cells? How many cells are produced when one cell goes through mitosis? Are the two cells produced by mitosis different or the same as each other? What are the subunits of DNA? What sequence would go with this DNA sequence: TTGCGAAGTC You know A pairs with T and G pairs with C. What holds A-T and G-C together? What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Which two parts of a nucleotide form the sides of the DNA molecule? Why does the cell have to make a copy of DNA before cell division? Where in the cell does DNA replication happen? Who was the first to study and understand heredity (the Father of Genetics)? What is a trait? Give three examples of traits. The traits Mendel studied in pea plants were dichotomous. What does that mean? How many chromosomes in a human egg or sperm cell? What are genes? What are alleles? How many alleles does an individual have for one trait? How many pairs of chromosomes do human body cells have? Show the complete equation for respiration: What is heterozygous? What is the organ that produces eggs? What is a genotype? What is a phenotype? What is a recessive allele? In a certain type of plant the allele for green seeds is dominant (G) and the allele for yellow seeds is recessive (g). Answer the following questions: If a plant has green seeds what are the two possible genotypes for that plant? If a plant has yellow seeds what is the genotype for that plant? Use a Punnett Square to answer the following questions: A) If a plant with yellow seeds is crossed with another plant with yellow seeds, what percentage of the offspring will have green seeds? B) If a heterozygous plant is crossed with another heterozygous plant, what percentage of the offspring will have green seeds? What percentage will have yellow seeds? C) If a homozygous recessive plant is crossed with a homozygous dominant plant, what percentage of the offspring will have green seeds? What percentage will have yellow seeds? What is codominance? If a black color allele and white color allele are codominant in cats, what will a heterozygous cat look like? Label the diagram with the following choices: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and interphase 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 5. ____________________ If a man is heterozygous with type B blood, and has children with a woman with type O blood, what would the genotype percentages of the offspring be? What would the phenotype percentages of the offspring be? Show the Punnett square: How many alleles does each parent contribute to each offspring? How many alleles for each trait do most cells have? What is the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance? How many total chromosomes do human body cells have? What is meiosis? What is produced when one cell goes through meiosis? What cells go through mitosis? What cells go through meiosis? What is the organ that produces sperm cells? How many cell divisions in mitosis? How many cell divisions in meiosis? _____ meiosis a. first part of respiration _____ homozygous b. cells get energy from glucose without oxygen _____ alleles c. main part of cell membranes _____ respiration d. organisms can make their own food energy _____ glycolysis e. includes a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base _____ fermentation f. organism with two identical alleles for a trait _____ stomata g. carbon dioxide gas enters the leaf through these _____ cytokinesis h. part of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated _____ codominant i. cell process that produces egg cells and sperm cells _____ genotype j. the visible traits an organism has _____ phenotype k. cells get energy from glucose using oxygen _____ autotrophs l. different forms of a gene _____ nucleotide m. part cell cycle when DNA condenses into chromosomes _____ heterotroph n. organism with two different alleles for a trait _____ lipids o. part of cell cycle when chromosomes line up in middle _____ metaphase p. organism that gets energy from other organisms _____ S phase q. describes the alleles an organism has _____ prophase r. part of cell cycle when cell divides into two cells
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