Download Chapter 1 Powerpoint - Taylor County Schools

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Defining Geography
• Word coined by Eratosthenes
– Geo = Earth
– Graphia = writing
• Geography thus means “earth writing”
• Geographers ask where and why
– Location and distribution are important terms
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Contemporary Geography
• Geographers are concerned with the tension between
globalization and local diversity
– Globalization—Modern technology and communications have fostered
this, which pulls people into greater cultural interaction with one another.
– Local diversity—People are always searching for more ways to express
their unique cultural traditions and economic practices.
• Geography is divided broadly into two categories:
– Physical geography—study of where and why natural forces occur as
they do (ex: climates, landforms, and types of vegetation)
– Human geography—study of where and why human activities are
located where they are(ex: religions, businesses, cities)
• We will focus on Human Geography (hopefully you knew that)
– We will concentrate on two main features of human behavior—culture
and economy.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Human geography
is related to many
other fields in the
Social and
Physical Sciences.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geography’s Vocabulary
• Geographers use two basic concepts to explain why every
place is unique
– Place—a specific point on Earth distinguished by a specific
characteristic.
– Region—an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of
cultural and physical features.
• Geographers want to know why different places on Earth have
similar features (i.e. Why do people living far apart from one
another practice the same religion?)
– Scale—relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth
as a whole
– Space—the physical gap between two objects
– Connections—relationships among people and objects across space
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• In the 1980s the National Geographic Society
created the Five Themes of Geography
– Location-absolute (latitude and longitude) and relative
location.
– Place-the distinctive physical and human characteristics
of a place.
– Human-Environmental Interaction-how people
interact with their environment.
– Movement-the mobility of people, goods and ideas-the
patterns and change in human spatial interactionsaccessibility & connectivity of places.
– Regions-an area that displays a selected criteria-one or
more distinctive characteristics.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Maps
• A map is a two-dimensional model of Earth’s surface, or a
portion of it.
• Geography relies on maps to display and analyze information.
• Two purposes
– As reference tools—To find locations, to find one’s way
– As communications tools—To show the distribution of human and
physical features—also can think about reasons underlying distribution.
• For centuries, geographers have worked to perfect the science
of mapmaking, called cartography.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Early Map Making
• Earliest surviving maps were drawn in
Middle East in 6th-7th century BC.
• Aristotle (384-322 BC) was the first to
demonstrate that Earth was spherical.
• Eratosthenes (276-194 BC)—coined
“geography” and calculated circumference
of Earth was 0.5% accuracy.
• Ptolemy (100-170 AD)—took advantage
of information given to him by Roman
merchants and wrote the 8 volume Guide
to Geography.
• In this book, he codified basic principles of
mapmaking and prepared numerous maps,
which were not improved upon for more than
1000 years.
Figure 1-2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Maps: Scale
• The first decision a cartographer faces is how much of Earth’s
surface to depict on the map.
– To make a scale model of the entire world, many details must be omitted
b/c there is simply not enough space. If a map shows only a small
portion of the Earth’s surface, such as a street map, it can provide a
wealth of detail about a particular place.
• Map scale is presented in three ways:
– Ratio or fraction—Shows the numerical ratio between distances on the
map and Earth’s surface. The unit on the left of the ratio always refers to
a unit of distance on the map, and the number on the right always refers
to the same unit of distance of the Earth’s surface.
– Written—I might explain in words that “1 inch equals 1 mile”
– Graphic—Consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth’s
surface.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• This image depicts the
state of Washington.
• Ratio—1: 10,000,000
• Written–1 inch
represents 10 million
inches (about 158 miles)
on the ground.
• On the next three maps,
notice when the scale
gets smaller, the maps
get more detailed, and 1
inch will represent
smaller distances.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Problems with maps
• Earth’s spherical shape poses a
problem to cartographers b/c
drawing Earth on a flat piece of
paper produces some distortion.
• The scientific method of transferring
locations on Earth’s surface to a flat
map is called projection.
• Four types of distortion:
–
–
–
–
Gerhardus Mercator
Gerhardus Mercator-16th century
Shape—may appear elongated
Flemish Cartographer
Distance—may become shorter or longer responsible for the Mercator
Projection and the 1st Atlas.
Relative size—one area may appear
The Mercator Projection Map
larger than another on a map but it may enabled navigators to plot an
not be in reality.
accurate course at sea, since the
compass directions were true.
Direction
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Township and Range
System
• Created by the US Land Ordinance of
1785 to facilitate Western settlement.
• The Homestead Act of 1863
encouraged the settlement of the West
by giving each settler a quarter section
or 160 acres of land.
• Each township is 6 x 6 square miles
and is divided into 36 sections. Each
section is 1 mile by 1 mile and
numbered 1 in the NE and 36 in the
SE. Each section is dvidied into four
quarter-sections, which is 5 x 5 miles
(or roughly 160 acres).
• Principal meridians—The NorthSouth lines separating townships.
• Base lines—East-West lines
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785
• Township and range system
– Township = 6 sq. miles on each side
• North–south lines = principal meridians
• East–west lines = base lines
– Range
– Sections
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Each township has a number
corresponding to its distance
north or south of a particular
base line. Townships in fhte
first row north of a base line
are called T1N (Township 1
North)
Each township has a second
number, known as the range,
corresponding to its location
east or west of a principle
meridian. Example: R1E
(Range 1 East).
Figure 1-5
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Contemporary Tools
• GPS (Global Positioning System)
– Made possible by satellites that orbit the Earth.
– Most commonly used for navigation
– Geographers find GPS to be useful in coding the precise location of
objects collected in fieldwork.
– Remote sensing—Acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a
satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods. These
satellites scan the Earth’s surface in thin images much like a TV camera.
These images are transmitted in digital form to a receiving station.
• GIS (Geographic Information System)
– A computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze and display
geographic data is a GIS.
– The key to GIS is geocoding: The position of any object on Earth can be
measured and recorded with mathematical precision and then stored in a
computer. GIS can produce maps more accurately than those drawn by
hand, and they are much easier to correct when mistakes are made.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Contemporary Tools
• Geographic Information Science
– Involve storing information about a
location in layers.
– Each layer represents a different
piece of human or environmental
information.
– The layers can be viewed
individually or in combination.
– Enables geographers to calculate
whether relationships between
objects on a map or significant or
merely coincidental.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Mash-up—refers to the practice of overlaying data from one source on top of
one of the mapping services (comes from hip-hop practice of mixing songs).
• Chicago Transit Authority mash-up shows location of buses and bus stops
along three routes.
Figure 1-8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Place: Unique Location of a Feature
• Location
– The position that something occupies on Earth’s surface.
– Describing the features of a place is essential for geographers to
explain similarities, differences, and changes across Earth.
– 4 Ways to Identify Location
•
•
•
•
Place names—A toponym is the name given to a place on Earth.
Site—The physical character of a place (climate, water sources, soil, etc.)
Situation—Location of a place relative to other locations.
Mathematical location—Can be described precisely by longitude and latitude
– Meridians (lines of longitude)
• Prime meridian—Arc between North and South Poles. Passes through Royal
Observatory in Greenwich, England, which is at 0 degrees longitude. All
meridians have numbers between 0 and 180 degrees longitude.
– Parallels (lines of latitude)
• Equator is at 0 degrees latitude. All parallels have numbers between 0 and
90 degrees latitude. Latitudes are scientifically derived by Earth’s shape and
its rotation around the Sun.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Time Zones: Earth is divided into 360 degrees of longitude (0-180 W, 0180E). As the Earth rotates daily, these 360 lines of longitude pass beneath
cascading sunshine. Every 15th degree represents 1 time zone, which is the
reason why we have 24 time zones (Do the Math: 360 / 15 = 24).
When you cross the Int’l Date Line, you move the clock back 24 hour if you
are eastward toward American and move it ahead 24 hours if heading west.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cultural Landscape
• A unique combination of cultural features such as language and
religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry,
and physical features such as climate and vegetation.
• Regional studies—Cultural landscape approach in geography
• Each region has a distinctive landscape by a combination of
human and environmental characteristics.
• People are the most important agents of change to Earth’s
surface.
– People can fashion a landscape by superimposing new forms.
– Ex: Cotton textile factory—The most important factor isn’t its proximity to
where cotton is grown, rather it is location to low-cost labor.
– Geographers conclude that political unrest in sub-Saharan African & SW
Asia derive in large measure from the fact that distributions of important
features, such as ethnicity and resources, do not match the political
boundaries of individual countries.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Regions
• Designation of “region” can be applied to any area larger than a
point and small than the Earth.
• Formal Region
– A uniform or homogenous area where all share a common attribute such
as language, climate or political system.
– Some are easy, like Tennessee. TN has clearly drawn and recognized
boundaries, and everybody in TN is subject to a common set of laws.
– We can distinguish formal regions in US characterized by predominant
voting for Republican candidates, although they do not get 100% of vote.
– Geographers typically identify formal regions to help explain broad global
or national patters, such as variations in religions and levels of economic
development.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Regions
• Functional or Nodal Region
– An area organized around a center, node, or focal point that is organized
to function politically, socially or economically.
– Region is tied to a central point by transportation or communications
systems or by economic or functional associations.
– Ex: The reception area of a Local News TV station. The signal is the
strongest at the center of its service area, becomes weaker at the edge,
then it can no longer be distinguished. People who no longer can hear
the local news from Middle TN in Kentucky will watch a local station in
Kentucky that gets better signal.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Functional Region Map—This map shows the distribution of
television markets in the US, which are groups of counties served
by a collection of TV stations. Many of these functional regions
cross state lines.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Regions
• Vernacular or Perceptual
– How people think about or perceive a region-such as Midwest or the
South. Some of these regions emerge from people’s informal sense of
place rather than from scientific models developed by geographers.
– A useful way to identify a perceptual region is to get someone to draw a
mental map, which is an internal representation of a portion of Earth.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Blank Map of the US
• How would you divide the United
States into different perceptual
regions. Use a different color for
each region and indicate on a key
what each color represents.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spatial Association
• To explain why regions possess distinctive features, such as
high cancer rates, geographers try to identify cultural,
economic, and environmental factors, that display similar
spatial distributions.
– By integrating spatial information about people, activities, and
environments, we can begin to see factors that may be associated with
regional differences in cancer.
– Great Lakes region may have higher cancer rates in part b/c the
distribution of cancer is spatially associated with the distribution of
factories.
Why do you think people from the South would have higher cancer
rates?????
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The South may have higher cancer rates b/c with lower
levels of education and income, they may be less aware
of the risks associated with activites such as smoking
and less able to afford medical care to minimize the risk
of dying from cancer.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spatial
Association
Baltimore City may have
higher cancer rates b/c of a
concentration of people w/
lower levels of income and
education.
People living in the rural
Eastern shore may be
exposed to runoff of
chemicals from farms into
nearby Chesapeake Bay.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Culture
• It is the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social
forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group.
• Origin from the Latin cultus, meaning “to care for”
• “To care for” has two different meanings:
– What people care about
• Adore or worship something, as in the modern word cult
• Language, Religion, Ethnicity
– What people take care of
• To nurse or look after something, as in modern word cultivate
• Geographers divide the world into regions of More Developed
Countries (MDCs) and Less Developed Countries (LDCs).
• Per capita income, literacy rates, TVs per capita, and hospital beds
per capita can distinguish regions of MDCs and LDCs.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cultural Ecology
• The geographic study of human–environment relationships
• Two perspectives:
– Environmental determinism
• Describes how the physical environment caused social development
• Ex: Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947) argued that climate was a
major determinant of civilization and stated the temperate climate of
maritime NW Europe produced greater human efficiency, as
measured by better health conditions and higher standards of living.
– Possibilism
• The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people
have the ability to adjust to their environment.
• Modern geographers generally reject environmental determinism in
favor of possibilism.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physical Processes
• Climate
– The long-term average weather condition at a particular
location
– Geographers frequently classify climates according to a
system developed by German climatologist Vladimir
Koppen, which divides the world into five main climate
regions: Tropical, Dry, Warm Mid-Latitude, Cold MidLatitude, and Polar climates.
– Humans have limited tolerance for extreme temperature and
precipitation levels and thus avoid living in places that are
too hot, cold, wet, or dry.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physical Processes
• Vegetation
– Plant life covers nearly the entire land surface of Earth.
– Vegetation includes four major forms of plant communities, called
biomes:
• Forest biome—Many trees, shrubs grow beneath cover
• Savanna biome—Lack of shade allows grass to grow
• Grassland biome—Land is covered by grass rather than trees. Few
trees grow b/c of low precipitation. Early US Settlers thought the
American prairies were uninhabitable b/c of the lack of trees. With
modern cultivation of wheat, the area has turned out to be productive.
• Desert biome—Essentially no vegetation, region contains dispersed
patches of plants adapted to dry conditions. Only a small number of
animals are fit for survival.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physical Processes
• Soil
– The thin interface between air and the rocks
– Human geographers are concerned with the destruction of soil that
results from a combination of natural processes and human actions.
– 2 basic problems contribute to the destruction of soil—erosion and
depletion of nutrients.
– Erosion occurs when soil washes away in the rain or blows away in the
wind. To reduce this problem, farmers reduce the amount of plowing and
plant crops whose roots help bind the soil.
– Nutrients are depleted when plants withdraw more nutrients than natural
processes can replace. Repeated harvesting of the same type of crop
every year can remove certain nutrients and reduce soil’s productivity.
Farmers also restore nutrients to the soil by adding fertilizers.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physical Processes
• Landforms
– Vary from relatively flat to mountainous
– Geomorphology, study of Earth’s landforms, helps to explain the
distribution of people and the choice of economic activities at different
locations.
– People generally prefer to live on flat land, which is better suited for
agriculture. Concentrations of people on hilly areas may require
extensive effort to modify the landscape.
– Topographic maps—Show physical features such as bodies of water,
forests, mountains, valleys, and wetlands. They also show cultural
features such as buildings, roads, farms, etc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Modifying the Environment
• Modern technology allows humans to modify the physical
environment to a greater extent than it has in the past.
– Air conditioning has been a great modern invention, but it has increased
the amount of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere, damaging the
ozone layer that protects living things from harmful UV rays.
• Netherlands (Sensitive Environmental Modification)
– “God have made Earth, but the Dutch made Netherlands”
– Polder—Piece of land that is created by draining water from an area. The
Dutch gov’t has reserved most of the polders for agriculture to reduce
dependence on imported food.
– Dutch constructed massive dikes to prevent the North Sea from flooding
much of the country in two major locations: Zuider Zee and Delta Plan
– The Dutch are now deliberately breaking some dikes to flood fields. A
plan adopted in 1990 called for returning 650,000 acres of farms to
wetlands or forests. Dutch farms had contributed to contaminated
drinking water and acid rain.
Figure 1-21
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Modifying the Environment
• South Florida (Not-So-Sensitive Environmental Modification)
– To control flooding in central Florida, the US army Corps of Engineers
straightened the course of the Kissimee River, which was about 98 miles
from near Orlando to Lake Okeechobee.
– The water was rechanneled into a canal 90 meters wide and 9 meters
deep. After the canal opened in 1971, millions of gallons of polluted
water, mainly runoff from cattle grazing, began pouring into Lake
Okeechobee, which was the major source of freshwater for about half of
Florida’s population.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The US Army Corps of Engineers has returned the river from the
canal to its original course (look at right picture—they returned it to
the windy course).
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Globalization of Economy
• Globalization
– Means that the scale of the world is shrinking—not literally in size, but in
the ability of a person, object, or idea to interact with another person,
object or idea in another place.
– Global Economy is producing a world that is more uniform, integrated,
and interdependent.
– Most economic activities undertaken in one region are influenced by
interaction with decision makers located elsewhere (ex: int’l trade).
– Globalization of the economy has been led primarily by transnational
corporations—conduct research, operate facilities, and sell products in
many countries, not just where its headquarters are located.
– Globalization has led to more specialization at the local level.
Transnational corporations take this into account and assess the
economic assets of each place.
– Globalization has also caused heightened economic differences among
places. Some places have become centers for technological research
while others become centers for low-level tasks.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Yazaki, a transnational corporation that makes parts for cars has factories
primarily in Asia and Latin America, where labor costs are relatively low, and
offices primarily in Europe, North America, and Japan, where most of the
customers (carmakers) are located.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Globalization
• The spread of economic
activities from one country to
many other regions.
• The establishment of
integrated industrial and
service sectors world-wide.
• Primarily an economic factor,
it has enormous social and
political consequences.
• Wal-Mart earns more income
than most Central American
nations.
• Picture of containers awaiting
loading at Shenzen Harbor in
south China-inset of WalMart-destination for many of
those products.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Globalization of Culture
• Fast-food restaurants, service stations, and retail chains
deliberately create a visual appearance that varies among
locations as little as possible.
– Customers all over the world will know what to expect at these places.
• Underlying the uniform cultural landscape is globalization of
cultural beliefs and forms, especially religion and language.
– Generally, Africans have moved away from traditional religions and have
adopted Islam or Christianity.
• The communications revolution that promotes globalization also
permits preservation of cultural diversity.
– Ex: TVs now have hundreds of programs in many different languages.
• Opposition to globalization has led to some unrest
– Ex: Al-Qaeda terrorist attacks on 9/11
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Space: Distribution of Features
• Spatial thinking is the most fundamental skill that geographers
possess to understand the arrangement of objects.
– Immanuel Kant: Geography is to space and History is to time
– Historians identify why events follow one another chronologically
– Geographers think about arrangement of activities found in space and try
to understand why those activities are distributed as they are.
– Geographers ask where and why
– Historians cannot travel back in time to experience events firsthand
– Geographers can enter a car or airplane to study other spaces.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Space: Distribution of Features
• Distribution
– Each building and community occupies a unique space on Earth, and
geographers explain how these are arranged across Earth.
– Geographers identify three main properties of distribution: Density,
Concentration, and Pattern.
• Density
– The frequency with which something occurs in space.
– Arithmetic density—total number of objects in an area, commonly used
to compare the distribution of population in different countries. This
involves number of people and land area.
• Which country do you think has a higher population density: China or Belgium?
– Physiological density—Number of persons per unit of area suitable for
agriculture. This may indicate if a country has difficulty growing enough
food to sustain its population.
– Agricultural density—Number of farmers per unit area of farmland. A
high agricultural density may mean a country has inefficient farmland.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Distribution
• Concentration
– The extent of a feature’s spread over space.
– If objects in an area are close, they are clustered. If they are far apart,
they are considered dispersed.
– Ex: The distribution of people across the US is increasingly dispersed.
– Concentration and Density are not the same! Two neighborhoods could
have the same density of housing but different concentrations. In a
dispersed neighborhood, each house has a large private yard, whereas
in a clustered neighborhood, the houses are close together and the open
area is shared as a community park.
• Pattern
– Geometric arrangement of objects in space. Some objects are organized
geometrically while others are organized irregularly.
– Many US cities contain a regular pattern of streets, known as the grid
pattern, which intersect at right angles to form square blocks.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From 1952 to 2010, the
density of teams increased
and the concentration of
teams became more
dispersed.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Density-In A we see 6
houses on 1 acre of land.
And in B we see 12
houses per acre.
Concentration-in A we
see the houses dispersed
and in B we see them
clustered.
Pattern-in A the houses
are in a single linear
arrangement, in B the
arrangement is irregular.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Connections Between Places
• Space-time compression
– Describes the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another
place. Today, distant places seem less remote and more accessible.
• Spatial Interactions
– With better connections between places, people are more exposed to a
barrage of cultural traits and economic initiatives in other regions, and
they may adopt some of these cultural and economic elements.
– Typically, the farther away one group is from another the less likely the
two groups are to interact. Contact diminishes with increasing distance,
this phenomenon is known as distance decay.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Space–Time Compression
1492—Columbus took 37 days to sail
across the Atlantic from Canary Islands to
San Salvador Island.
1912—Titanic was scheduled to sail from
Queenstown, Ireland to New York in about
5 days.
1927—Charles Lindbergh was the first
person to fly nonstop across the Atlantic,
taking 33.5 hours to go from New York to
Paris.
1962—John Glenn, the first American to
orbit space, crossed the Atlantic in about
15 minutes and circled the globe three
times in 5 hours.
Figure 1-29
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spatial Interaction
• Continental Airlines Network
• Like most US airlines, it has
configured its route network in
a system known as “hub and
spokes.”
• Lines connect each airport to
which it sends the most
nonstop flights.
• Most flights originate or end at
one of the company’s hubs,
especially at Houston,
Newark, and Cleveland.
Figure 1-30
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Diffusion
• The process by which a characteristic spreads across space
from one place to another over time.
• Hearth—the place from which innovation originates.
– To develop a hearth, a group of people must also have the technical
ability to achieve the desired idea & the ability to facilitate the innovation.
– Geographers can trace dominant cultural, economic, and political
features of the US primarily to hearths in Europe and Middle East.
• Two types of diffusion
– Relocation diffusion—Spread of an idea through the physical
movement of people from one place to another
– Ex: AIDS in US—Nodes were in New York, California, and Florida. In
1981, virtually all people with AIDS were found in these nodes. During
the 1980s, the number of cases increased everywhere, but the incidence
remained the highest in the 3 original nodes. The number of cases
declined rapidly in the original nodes during the 1990s.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Cultural Hearth-centers of innovation and
invention, the center or cradle of a culture.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Top Right Picture
is of the AIDS
Memorial Quilt on
display in
Washington DC
as a memorial to
people who died
of AIDS.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Diffusion
• The other main type of diffusion is Expansion Diffusion
– In the process it remains and often strengthens in the origin
area.
• Contagious diffusion-rapid widespread diffusion by direct
contact. Affects all areas uniformly as it spreads outward.
Examples: Spread of Islam, People becoming aware of AIDS
prevention methods and medicines.
• Hierarchical diffusion—AKA cascade diffusion—The process of
spreading ideas from persons or nodes of authority then to people
with less authority. Ex: Hip hop music originated from low-income
African Americans, but it originated in large urban areas.
• Stimulus diffusion-the spread of an underlying principle even
though the main idea is not spread. Ex: In 1990s, IBMs were
spreading much more rapidly than Apple computers, but Apple
pioneered the process of making selections by pointing a mouse
at an icon, instead of typing a string of words.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A—Contagious Diffusion
B—Hierarchical Diffusion
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The End.
Up next: Population
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.