Download 2. Sternocostal joints

Section 2
The Joints of the bones of Trunk
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cervical curvature forward
thoracic curvature backward
lumbar curvature forward
sacral curvature backward
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6 ligaments:
（body )
(1,anterior longitudinal lig.
2, posterior longitudina
3, intervertibral disc )
ligaments flava
interspinal lig.
supraspinal lig.
intertransverse lig.
intervertibral disc
annulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus
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Lumbosacral joint
Synosteoses
Craniovertibral joints:
atlantooccipital joints
median atlantoaxial joint
lateral atlantoaxial joints
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Thoracic joints:
1. Costovertebral joints:
costocapital joint
costotransverse joint
2. Sternocostal joints:
1st rib by synchondrosis
2nd-7th by Sternocostal joints
7th-10th : costal arch
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The thoracic
cage
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Section 3
The Joints of the bones of limbs
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1. The joints of the upper limb
A. The joints of the girdle of the upper limb
1. The sternoclavicular joint
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2. acromioclavicular joint
3. coracoclavicular ligment
4. coracoacromial ligment
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B. The joints of the free upper limb
1. The shoulder joint
coracohumeral lig.
glenoid labrum
tendon of long head of biceps brachii
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2. The elbow joint
humeroulnar joint—
humeroradial joint
proximal radioulnar joint
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3. The joints between ulnar and radius
proximal radioulnar joint
interosseous membranes of forarm
proximal radioulnar joint
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4. The joints of the hand
The wrist joint
The intercarpal joints
The carpometacarpal joints
The intermetacarpal joint
The metacarpophalangeal joints
The interphalangeal joints
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2. The joints of the lower limb
A) The joints of the pelvic girdle of the lower
limb
1. The pubic symphsis
2. The sacroiliac joint
3. The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
4. The obturator membrane
obturator canal
5. The pelvis
terminal line
greater pelvis
lesser pelvis
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B) The joints of the free lower limb
1. The hip joint
acetabulum
head of femur
acetabular labrum
transverse acetabular ligamenr
ligament of head of femur
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2. The knee joint
patellar ligament
tibial collateral ligament
fibular collateral ligament
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anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
lateral meniscus
medial meniscus
alar folds
uprapatellar bursa
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3. The tibiofibular union
tibiofibular joint
crural interosseous membrane
tibiofibular syndesmosis
4. The joints of foot
The ankle joint
The intertarsal joints
The tarsometatarsal joints
The intermetatarsal joints
The metatarsophalangeal joints
The interphalangeal joints of foot
5. The arches of foot
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Section 4 The Joints of skull
most bones of the skull are connected together by suture,
synchodroseis, or synostosis.
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The temporomandibular joint
head of mandibular condyle
temporal articular tubercle
mandibular fossa of temporal bone
temporomandibular ligament
articular disc
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Chapter 3 Myology
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Section 1 The general description
A. Three variations of muscular tissue
1. According to the gross structure
1) skeletal muscle
2) smooth muscle
3) cardiac muscle
2. According to the microscopic structure
1) striped(striated) muscle (skeletal muscle and
cardiac muscle)
2) unstriated muscle (smooth muscle)
3. According to the function
1) voluntary muscle (skeletal muscle)
2) involuntary muscle (smooth and cardiac muscles)
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B. The morphology of
skeletal muscles
1. 4 kinds of skeletal muscles
long, short, broad, orbicular muscles.
2. The direction of muscular fibers
bipennate muscles
unipennate muscles
multipennate muscles
3. The tendinous number
digastric m., biceps m.,
triceps m., quadriceps m..
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bipennate muscles
unipennate muscles
multipennate muscles
digastric m.,
biceps m.,
triceps m.,
quadriceps m..
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bipennate muscles
unipennate muscles
multipennate muscles
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C.The gross structures of a skeletal muscle:
1. Belly and tendon :
aponeurosis,
tendinous intersection
intermediate tendon
digastric m.
triceps m.
biceps m.
quadriceps m.
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D.The origin, insertion of skeletal muscle:
1.The fixation of muscles: most muscles are
attached to bones, cartilages, ligaments, fasciae or
combination of them, some are attached to organs,
skin or mucous membrane.
2. Origin and insertion:
a) in general, when a muscle contracts or shortens,
fixed attachment is origin, the moveable one is
insertion, so in limbs, the distal parts of muscles
usually are insertion.
b) sometimes the flexion and movement parts of the
muscle may be exchanged each other.
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E . The action of the muscles:
1. Prime movers or agonists: contract actively
2. Antagonists: oppose the action of a prime mover
3. Synergist: cooperate in performing an action
4. Fixators
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F.The nomenclature of muscles:
The names of muscles indicated shape, location,
actions or their combination of muscles.
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The nomenclature of the muscle
The names of muscles indicated shape, location,
actions or their combination of muscles.
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G.The accessory structures of the muscles
1.The fascia:
a) superficial fascia (fat, the trunks of subcutaneous
vessels and nerves, the superficial lymph notes, the
mammary gland and cutaneous muscles.)
b) deep fascia (proper fascia)
---form some sheaths for each or group of muscles and
for vessels and nervous.
---intermuscular septa separating the groups of muscles
---retinaculum for its underlying tendons.
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G. The accessory structures
of the muscles
1. The fascia
1) The superficial fascia
--- immediately beneath the cutis,
covering almost the entire body.
--- to be composed of loose connective tissue
containing fat in varying quantity.
--- varies in thickness in different individuals and
different parts of the body.
--- contains the trunks of the subcutaneous vessels and
nerves, the superficial lymph nodes the mammary
gland and certain cutaneous muscles.
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2) The deep fascia (proper fascia)
--- forms some sheaths for each or group of muscles
and for vessels and nerves.
--- intermuscular septa separating the groups of
muscles.
--- retinaculum for its underlying tendons.
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retinaculum
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2.The synovial tendon sheath (or tendinous sheath):
2 layers
a) fibrous layer (or fibrous sheath of tendon)
b) synovial layer (or synovial sheath of tendon)
--- parietal layer and visceral layer (synovial fluid)
--- mesotendon (mesotendineum) carries blood vessels
to the tendon.
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3. The synovial bursa
4. The sesamoid bones
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The groups, layers of bodily muscles
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Section 2 The Muscles of Trunk
. The muscles of back
trapezius, latissimus,
levattor scapulae, rhomboid muscles
erector spinae (sacrospinelis)
thoracolumbar fascia
. The muscles of thorax
1) The extrinsic muscles
pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
2) The intrinsic muscles
intercostales extrerni, intercostales interni
 . The diaphragm
 . The muscles of abdomen
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Section 3 The Muscles of Head and Neck
. The muscles of head
1. The facial muscles
2. The masticatory muscles
. The muscles of neck
1. The superficial group
plytama, sternocleidomastoid
2. The hyoid muscle
1) The suprahyoid muscles
digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid
2) The infrahyoid muscles
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sternohyoid, omohyoid; sternothyoid, thyrohyoid
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Section 4 The Muscles of Upper
Limb
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Section 5 The Muscles of lower
Limb
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