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Increasing population density and industrialization are creating a high strain on the natural environment and resources of many countries. Therefore, precautionary measures to protect humans and their environment, as well as remedial action to repair the damages of the past, have high priority. To analyze and solve such problems are important tasks of applied geology. Investigation targets range from waste disposal sites, mine and mill tailings and their impact on the environment, landslides, volcanoes, and earthquakes to hazards caused by unstable ground due to collapsing natural cavities and underground mines. This international series, Methods in Environmental Geology, demonstrates geological, geophysical, and geochemical methods for environmental investigation. Due to the practical nature of this series, all explanations of methods and approaches refer to case studies. This handbook is designed to provide geoscientific methods to investigate landfills and mining and industrial sites. An interdisciplinary geoscientific program is required for a site investigation. Therefore, a broad spectrum of investigation methods in the fields of remote sensing, geophysics, geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, and microbiology is treated in one book. Most of the methods described in this volume are also available and used in developing countries. The descriptions provide information about the principle of the method, possible applications, fundamentals, instruments, survey practice, processing and interpretation of the data, quality assurance, personnel, equipment, time needed, examples, as well as references and sources for further reading. Besides geoscientific methods the stepwise procedure to investigate sites and common problems faced in efficient implementation of field operations are treated. This handbook is not intended to be used as a textbook, but instead to provide insights into the fundamentals, application and limits of methods, as well as interdisciplinary case studies from different parts of the Earth, selected as examples for extrapolation to other geoenvironmental concerns. In this way it can be used as a practical guide for training students. The method descriptions and case studies in this volume also illustrate the advantages of interdisciplinary geoscientific site investigations to decision-makers faced with their own environmental investigations. The consistent and knowledgeable application of methods will improve the timeliness, cost-effectiveness, and thoroughness of environmental site assessment.