Download INTERNATIONAL FISH TRADE

INTERNATIONAL FISH TRADE
by Ferique Shortte
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CONTENTS
• Overview of International Fish Trade
and its Benefits
• Past and Present Trend in Fish Trade
• Legislative Framework
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International Fish Trade
& Food Security
• Fish is a good source of animal protein, micronutrients & essential fatty acids. (Omega-3)
• Socio-economic and cultural role linking to longestablished traditions and food habits.
• In developed states approx. 80% of the population
obtain < 20% of their animal protein from fish.
• Approx. 60% of people in developing countries
rely on fish for over 30% of their animal protein.
• Fishing industry provides job opportunities &
generate significant revenue for states. (55mil ppl)
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Benefits of Fish Trade
to Developing States
NATIONALLY - Revenue from fishery products
exports, such as lobster, conch or shrimps that
procure high value in developed countries, can
be used to purchase alternative & relatively
inexpensive food, which can then becomes
available to nutritionally susceptible regions of
the population.
HOUSEHOLD – Increases in fish exports provide
new jobs and increase income levels along with
purchasing power.
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HIGH VALUE
FISHERY
SPECIES
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Fish Trade at Present
• Global population estimated 6 billion people.
• Global Fish trade is worth USD $109 bil. 2010
• 50% total catch originate from developing
states.
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Contributing Factors to
Recent Upsurge in
International Fish Trade
• Increased awareness of the health benefits of fish
as food.
• The sanitary problems confronting beef and poultry.
• Increase income and urbanization.
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FUELING THE TRADE IN FISH
& FISHERY PRODUCTS
• Aquaculture is helping to ease the stress
on wild fishery.
• 62.7 million tonnes traded in 2011 = USD
$130 billion (China > 60% production).
• Capture fisheries is declining.
• Aquaculture is contributing to any increase
there is to global fish trade.
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RATIONALE:
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL
FRAMEWORK FOR FISH
TRADE
As a product of international trade fish is governed
under
general
international
trade
law
rules;
conversely, as a commodity, fish trade displays some
distinct features (e.g. askew geographical distribution,
their exhaustibility, high natural-resource dependency
in some economies, and tendencies towards high price
instability) that require some special rules (e.g. rules
or origin; product certification; catch & trade
documentation)
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Legal framework
governing international
trade in fish
• NONE SPECIFICALLY
Governed by:
• International
• International
• International
• International
fisheries law
environmental law
trade law
health standards
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Framework Under
Fisheries Treaties
LOSC
UN Fish Stocks Agreement
FAO Compliance Agreement
FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries (art 6.14)
• IPOA-IUU (art 66)
• FAO Port State Measures Agreement
• Regional Fisheries Management
Organizations
•
•
•
•
• Specific instruments on trade measures are
found only in the FAO Code of Conduct and the
IPOA-IUU
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The Functions of the
GATT/WTO
• Administering trade agreements
•
Acting as a forum for trade negotiations
•
Settling disputes
•
Reviewing national trade policies
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Key Principles of
International Trade law
• The Most Favoured Nation (MFN)
• Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
• Rules of Origin (RoO)
• National Treatment Principle
• Quantitative Restrictions
• Transparency
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GATT Article XX –
exceptions to Principles
Subject to the requirements that such measures are
not applied in a manner which would constitute a
means of arbitrary or unjustified discrimination …
nothing in this agreement shall be construed to
prevent the adoption or enforcement of measures….
(b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life
or health… ((SANITARY and PHYTOSANITARY
MEASURES (SPS))Sanitary
(g) relating to the conservation of exhaustible
natural resources if such measures are made
effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic
production or consumption.
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Criteria for adopting
trade measures
• Be applied in harmony with the principles, rights and
obligations of the WTO
• Fair, transparent, and non-discriminatory
• Based on scientific principles
• Avoid unilateral trade measures
• Should not directly or indirectly create unnecessary or
hidden barriers to trade
• Should not condition access to markets to access to
resources
- Possible exception is bilateral fisheries agreements
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CONCLUSION
• Fish trade is necessary as an important
contribution to the economy, livelihood and
food security of developing states.
• Trade is necessary to provide a high source
of protein to an ever increasing global
population.
• Just like all other products, fish and fishery
products are govern by the same set of laws.
• It is important that trade policies be
regulated.
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THANK YOU!!!
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