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Dr. Jing Qian, Ph.D Associate Professor of medicine Institute of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Research building C817, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University email [email protected] Self-control questions_part I 01_General Properties of Viruses 1. Briefly describe the properties for viruses 2. Briefly describe the structure of a virus and the related chemical components 3. Please describe the steps for viral replication and the feature for each step 4. How does a virus replicate? 5. Term explanation: virus, viroid, prion 02_Pathogenesis & Control of Viral Diseases 1. Please describe the Sites of virus entry. 2. Please describe the mechanisms of virus transmission from person-person. 3. How does the virus spread throughout the host? 4. What determines the cell/tissue tropism for a virus? 5. Please describe the patterns in acute and persistent viral infections. 6. What are the mechanisms for the anti-viral activities of interferon? 7. Term explanation: Horizontal Transmission & Vertical Transmission; 03_Viruses Associated with Respiratory Infections 1. Please explain the molecular reasons related to sporadic outbreaks, limited epidemics or pandemic of “flu”. 2. Where do where do “new” hemagglutinin & neuraminidase of influenza virus come from? 3. Please explain sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) as an example of persistent slow infection for measles virus. 4. Term explanation: Antigenic drift and antigenic shift 04_Viruses Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Infections 1. Please describe the general properties of picornaviruses. 2. What are the clinical findings as a result of rotavirus infection versus Norwalk virus infection? 3. What causes poliomyelitis? What is the route of infection? What is the global situation of the disease? How about the vaccine? 05-06_Hepatitis Virus 1. Please summarize the similarities and differences of hepatitis viruses (Viral structure; Modes of spread; Pathogenesis; Diagnosis; Prevention) 2. What is the structure of a complete HBV particle (Dane particle)? 3. What is the antigenic composition of a Dane particle? 4. How many ORFs (open reading frame) does a HBV gene (long form) have? What are the gene products from each ORF? 5. What kinds of antigen and antibody can be detected in the sera of HBV infected patients? What is the diagnostic value of each item? 6. Term explanation: Dane particle 07_Retrovirus and HIV 1. Please draw a schematic picture for the genome of retroviruses. 2. What are the receptor and co-receptor for HIV attachment? 3. Please describe the clinical course for a typical HIV infection. 4. What are risk factors for HIV infection? How can one be protected? 5. Why can’t HIV infection be cured? 08_Herpes virus 1. Please explain viral replication cycle of HSV and related clinical outcome. 09_prion and other viruses 1. How does BSE happen? Is infectious? Why? 2. What is the postexposure rabies prophylaxis regimen? 3. Please describe the relationship of HPV infection and cervix carcinoma. What types of HPV are highly cancer related? How to prevent? 4. Term explanation: Negri body; Prion; PrPc ; PrPsc Self-control questions: part II 01_General Properties of Viruses Bacteria differ from viruses in several structural and chemical characteristics. Which one of the following is LEAST accurate? A. Bacteria are cells, whereas viruses are not B. Most bacteria have mitochondria, whereas viruses do not C. Bacteria have ribosomes, whereas viruses do not D. Most bacteria contain peptidoglycan, whereas viruses do not Viruses enter cells by adsorbing to specific sites on the outer membrane of cells. Each of the following statements regarding this event is correct EXCEPT: A. The interaction determines the specific target organs for infection B. The interaction determines whether the purified genome of a virus is infectious C. The interaction can be prevented by neutralizing antibody D. If the sizes are occupied, interference with virus infection occurs Many viruses mature by budding through the out membrane of the host cell. Each of the following statements regarding these viruses is correct EXCEPT: A. Some of these viruses cause multinucleated giant cell formation B. Some new viral antigens appear on the surface of the host cells C. Some of these viruses contain host cell lipids D. Some of these viruses do not have an envelope Each of the following statements concerning viral surface proteins is correct EXCEPT: A. They elicit antibody that neutralizes infectivity of the virus B. They determine the species specificity of the virus-cell interaction C. They participate in active transport of nutrients across the viral envelope membrane D. They protect the genetic material against nucleases Viroids A. are defective viruses that are missing the DNA coding for the matrix protein B. consist of RNA without a protein or lipoprotein outer membrane C. cause tumors in experimental animals D. require an RNA polymerase in the particle for replication to occur Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Each of the following statements concerning this fact is correct EXCEPT: A. Viruses cannot generate energy outside of cells B. Viruses cannot synthesize proteins outside of cells C. Viruses must degrade host cell DNA in order to obtain nucleotides D. Enveloped viruses require host cell membranes to obtain their envelopes Each of the following statements concerning viruses is correct EXCEPT: A. Viruses can reproduce only within cells B. The proteins on the surface of the virus mediate the entry of the virus into host cells C. Neutralization antibody is directed against proteins on the surface of the virus D. Viruses replicate by binary fission 02_Pathogenesis & Control of Viral Diseases Which one of the following statements concerning interferons is LEAST accurate? A. Interferons are proteins influence host defenses in many ways, one of which is the induction of an antiviral state B. Interferons are synthesized only by virus-infected cells C. Interferons inhibit a broad range of viruses, not just the virus that induced the interferon D. Synthesis of several host enzymes is induced by interferon in target cells Each of the following statements concerning interferon is correct EXCEPT: A. Interferon inhibits the growth of both DNA and RNA viruses B. Interferon is induced by double-stranded RNA C. Interferon made by cells of one species acts more effectively in the cells of that species than in the cells of other species D. Interferon acts by preventing viruses from entering the cell 03_Viruses Associated with Respiratory Infections The principal reservoir for the antigenic shift variants of influenza virus appears to be: A. B. C. D. People in isolated communities such as the Arctic Animals, specifically pigs, horses, and fowl Soil, especially in the tropics Sewage Each of the following statements regarding influenza virus is correct EXCEPT: A. Influenza A virus causes more epidemics and more serious disease than influenza B and C viruses do B. Influenza viruses cannot be grown in cell cultures; hence, the diagnosis can only be made serologically C. Influenza A virus undergoes major antigenic changes in its hemagglutinin (antigenic shift), which allow the virus to evade existing immunity D. Influenza viruses are transmitted primarily by aerosol and primarily affects the lower respiratory tract Each of the following statements concerning the antigenicity of influenza A virus is correct EXCEPT A. Antigenic shifts, which represent major changes in antigenicity, occur infrequently and are due to the recombination (reassortment) of segments of the viral genome B. Antigenic shifts affect both the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase C. The worldwide epidemics causes by influenza A virus are due to antigenic shifts D. The protein involved in antigenic drift is primarily the internal ribonucleoprotein Each of the following statements concerning influenza is correct EXCEPT: A. Major epidemics of the disease are caused by influenza A viruses rather than influenza B and C viruses B. Likely sources of new antigens for influenza A viruses are the viruses that cause influenza in animals C. Major antigenic changes (shifts) of viral surface proteins are seen primarily in influenza A viruses rather than in influenza B and C viruses D. The antigenic changes that occur with antigenic drift are due to reassortment of the multiple pieces of the influenza virus genome Biochemical analysis of a virus reveals the genome to be composed of eight unequally sized pieces of single-stranded RNA, each of which is complementary to viral mRNA in infected cells. Which one of the following statements is UNLIKELY to be correct? A. Different proteins are encoded by each segment of the viral genome B. The virus particle contains a virus-encoded enzyme that can copy the genome into its complement C. Purified RNA extracted from the virus particle is infectious D. The virus can undergo high-frequency recombination via reassortment of its RNA segments 04_Viruses Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Infections Each of the following statements regarding rotavirus is correct EXCEPT: A. the infection mainly affects children younger than 3 years B. it is a major cause of death in children in developing countries C. a high viral concentration is necessary for a efficient transfer of the virus D. in the northern hemisphere the virus is transmitted during the winter/spring season Each of the following statements regarding norovirus is correct EXCEPT: A. the infection mainly affects younger children and older people as well B. epidemics occur every 2 to 3 years C. the first line diagnostics is the detection of the virus by PCR from fecal samples D. a vaccine is available that protects people from norovirus infection Each of the following statements regarding the infectious dose of the viruses/bacteria is correct EXCEPT: A. noroviruses have an infectious dose lower than 100 particles B. rotaviruses have an infectious dose higher than 1000 particles C. campylobacter requires 1000 to 10.000 particles to become infective D. Vibrio cholerae requires > 1.000.000 particles to become infective 05-06_Hepatitis Virus Each of the following statements concerning hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) is correct EXCEPT: A. HCV is an important cause of post-transfusion hepatitis B. Delta virus is a defective virus with an RNA genome and a capsid composed of hepatitis B surface antigen C. HDV is transmitted primary by the fecal-oral route D. People infected with HCV commonly become chronic carriers of HCV and are predisposed to hepatocellular carcinoma A 35-year-old man addicted to intravenous drugs has been a carrier of HBs antigen for 10 years. He suddenly develops acute fulminant hepatitis and dies within 10 days. Which one of the following laboratory tests would contribute MOST to a diagnosis: A. Anti-HBs antibody B. HBe antigen C. Anti-HBc antibody D. Anti-delta virus antibody The routine screening of transfused blood for HBs antigen has not eliminated the problem of post-transfusion hepatitis. For which one of the following viruses has screening eliminated a large number of cases of post-transfusion hepatitis? A. Hepatitis A virus B. Hepatitis C virus C. D. Cytomegalovirus Epstein-Barr virus 07_Retrovirus and HIV Each of the following statements concerning human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is correct EXCEPT: A. Screening tests for antibodies are useful to prevent transmission of HIV through transfused blood. B. The opportunistic infections seen in AIDS are primary the result of a loss of cell-mediated immunity C. Zidovudine (azidothymidine) inhibits the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase D. The presence of circulating antibodies that neutralize HIV is evidence that individual is protected against HIV-induced disease Each of the following statements concerning human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is correct EXCEPT: A. Patients infected with HIV typically form antibodies against both the envelope glycoproteins (gp120 and gp 41) and the internal group-specific antigen (p24) B. HIV probably arose as an endogenous virus of humans since HIV proviral DNA is found in the DNA of certain normal human cells C. Transmission of HIV occurs primarily by the transfer of blood or semen in adults, but neonates are primarily infected transplacentally D. The western blot test is more specific for HIV infection than the ELISA Each of the following statements about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is correct EXCEPT: A. HIV is an enveloped RNA virus B. The virion contains an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase C. A DNA copy of the HIV genome integrates into host cell DNA D. Acyclovir inhibits HIV replication AIDS is caused by a human retrovirus that kills A. B lymphocytes B. Lymphocyte stem cells C. CD4-positive T lymphocytes D. CD8-positive T lymphocytes Each of the following statements about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is correct EXCEPT: A. HIV is transmitted from mother to child B. HIV is transmitted by kissing C. HIV is transmitted by sexual intercourse D. HIV is transmitted by intravenous drug abuse Each of the following statements concerning human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is correct EXCEPT: A. Genotyping is the easiest way to predict drug resistance in patients treated with HAART B. Monotherapy is superior to multiple drug therapy C. The target enzyme for therapy is the RNA dependant DNA polymerase D. The target enzyme for therapy is a viral protease 08_Herpes virus Latency is an outcome particularly characteristic of which one of the following virus groups? A. Polioviruses B. Herpesviruses C. Rhinoviruses D. Influenza viruses Each of the following pathogens is likely to establish chronic or latent EXCEPT? A. cytomegalovirus B. hepatitis A virus C. hepatitis B virus D. herpes simplex virus Which one of the following outcomes is MOST common following a primary herpes simplex virus infection? A. complete eradication of virus and virus infected cells B. persistent asymptomatic viremia C. establishment of latent infections D. persistent cytopathic effect in infected cells HSV-2 establishes latency in A. B cells B. T cells C. Epithelial cells D. Neurons 09_prion and other viruses Scrapie and kuru possess all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: A. a histologic picture of spongioform encephalopathy B. transmissibility to animals associated with a long incubation period C. slowly progressive loss of brain function D. prominent intranuclear inclusions in oligodendrocytes A 40-year-old man was attacked by a street dog and bitten repeatedly about the face and neck. The dog could neither be captured nor shot. Once YOU decide to immunize against rabies virus, how would you proceed : A. Use hyperimmune serum only B. use active immunization only C. use hyperimmune serum plus active immunization D. use active immunization and follow this with hyperimmuneserum if adequate antibody titers (>10 IU/mL) are not obtained in the patient's serum