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Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research ISSN:2349-8498 Performance Evaluation of Different Varieties of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) under Hi-Tech Polyhouse in Sub-Tropical Zone of West Bengal Dr. Tapas Kumar Chowdhuri, Associate Professor Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to study the performance of eleven varieties of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) under natural ventilated hi-Tech polyhouse at Mondari farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, during 2014-15 and 2015-16. All characteristics were significantly varied among the varieties during investigation (Balance, Brilliance, Dana Ellen, Pree-Intezz, Wahalla, Jaffana, Paradiso, Galiath, Rosalin, Stanza and Inferno). After studying of two consecutive years(2014-15 and 2015-16), it has been found that healthy vegetative growth in terms of plant height (54.0cm), leaf length(52.0cm), leaf width(10.80cm), leaf area(570 sq.cm), no. of suckers/plant(7.0), no. of roots/plant(118.30)and root length(47.7cm)was found maximum in ‘Dana Ellen’ variety, whereas leaf production was better in ‘Rosalin” variety(10/plant/year). The chlorophyll content of leaf studied in all varieties in this experiment and variety ‘Balance’ content maximum chlorophyll a (17.0mg/gm) and chlorophyll b (10.0mg/gm). Regarding flower emergence of gerbera, early flowering was recorded in varieties of ‘Pree Intezz’ and ‘Rosalin’ by 75 and 77 days respectively. In view of the flower production, very promising result was obtained from the variety ‘Pree Intezz’(29.5/plant/year) followed by ‘Rosalin’ (28.5/plant/year) and Dana Ellen varieties(28.0/plant/year). In case of quality of flower production, large flower diameter was observed in ‘Rosalin’(10.20cm) and Galiath’(10.0cm) varieties, whereas highest stalk length recorded in the varieties of ‘Balance’(71.50cm) and ‘Wahalla’(70.50cm), but flower stalk diameter(2.70cm) and vase life of flower (13 days)was markedly improved in ‘Dana Ellen’ variety. Overall, gerbera variety of ‘Dana Ellen’ (Yellow colour flower) expressed best performance on vegetative growth and flower characters for this zone under polyhouse condition followed by Rosalin(Light pink) and Pree-Intezz(deep pink). Key Wards: Gerbera, Varieties, Polyhouse, flower production. Introduction: The genus Gerbera native in South Africa and Asiatic region, belong to the family Asteraceae commonly known as Transvaal Daisy, Barbeton daisy or African daisy having excellent unparallel distinguish attractive colour used for cut flower and garden decoration. It ranks fourth in the international market (Alsmer, Holland) and popularity gaining in Holland, Germany, UK and USA. In India gerbera occupied approximately 820 ha area and obtained17.84 MT of cut flower in few states like Assam, Maharastra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Mijoram. There are so many entrepreneurs invest huge quantity of fund for gerbera flower production in India around Pune, Bangalore and Chennai. In West Bengal situation, gerbera flower has a great demand in local market and previously it was imported, but presently flowers are producing in the farmers field in polyhouse, but quality is not up to the mark as desired by the customers due to lacking of selection of varieties as well as improper use of agrotechniques . This university was undertaken a programme on above cited problem with emphasis on selection of suitable varieties of gerbera based on performance evaluation for this zone under hi-tech polyhouse. Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research ISSN:2349-8498 Materials and methods: The experiment was carried out under naturally ventilated polyhouse at Mondari farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Experiment was set up in well equipped three number of Hi-tech polyhouse (each area is 1000 sq.mt). The experiment laid out in Randimized Block Design with eleven varieties replicated thrice and the statistical analysis of the data was carried out following Fisher’s analysis of Variance Technique as described by Gomez and Gomez (1984). The details of treatments consists with varieties were summarizing under mentioned. V1: Balance Treatments V5: Rosalin V9: Wahalla V2: Paradiso V6: Pree Intezz V10: Stanza V3: Brillance V7: Galiath V11: Jaffana V4: Dana Ellen V8: Inferno The following agro-techniques were adopted during carried out of experiment: At the time of planting, day and night temperature was 25 and 20oC respectively, whereas rest of the time of temperature was maintained minimum(15 oC) and maximum(35 oC). Side ventilation was opened from 6.0 am to 6.00 pm and closed in rest of the time in a day. When outside temperature rises above 35 oC, then foggers, fans and garnets were kept in functioning stage from 10am to 2.0 pm. The relative humidity was maintained up to 8085% and provided 14 hours (35,000-40,000 lux) day length. Light intensity during summer was reduced by providing additional shade (30-35% green shade net) inside polyhouse. The basic growing media was sandy loam soil along with organic matter (Coco-peat and Vermi-compost) in the ratio of 70:30 and then enriched with neem cake 1kg/sq.mt. After mixing of growing media, beds were prepared with proper spacing like bed height (45cm), width of bed (upper surface: 60cm and lower base: 67cm) and between the bed (30cm) followed by treatment of growing media with Formaline (@ 100ml/lit. of water) through drenching on the beds (one sq.mt area) and then mulching with plastic cover for 7 days and then thoroughly flush the beds by plan water ( @ 100lit./sq.mt) and wait for two weeks for planting. Upper surface of the growing media up to a depth of 15cm again enriched by adding with some others nutrients (SSP @ 250gm/sq.mt + MgSO4 @ 5gm/sq.mt. + Biozyme granules @ 20gm/sq.mt + Humic granules @ 20gm/sq.mt.). After bed preparation, tissue culture plants with root ball were planted after rainy season, but during planting, plant to plant and row to row distance was maintained with 30x30 and 37.5x37.5cm respectively followed irrigation. After planting every day morning light irrigation was provided. It has been estimated that 7 nos. of plants/sq.mt. and 6000 nos. of plants were accommodated in 1000 sq. mt .area under polyhouse. Most of the water soluble fertilizers (NPK: 19-19-19, NPK: 13-0-45 and NPK: 12-61-0, ) and micronutrients(CAN, Borax, CuSO 4, MgSO4) were used in different growth stage in this experiment. During vegetative growth up to three months after planting, plants were fertigated with NPK: 19-19-19 @ 1gm/lit. of water weekly. When plants were showed to start flower bud initiation, then fertigation schedule slightly change in first and third weeks (NPK: 19-19-19 @ 1gm/lit. of water + NPK:12-61-0 @ ½ gm/lit. of water + CAN @ ½ gm/lit. of water + MgSO4 @ 0.10gm/lit. of water) as well as second and fourth weeks (NPK: 19-19-19 @ 1gm/lit.of water + NPK:13-0-45 @ ½ gm/lit. of water + Borax @ 1gm/lit. of water + CuSO4 1gm/lit. of water). All fertilizers and micronutrients were applied separately at alternate day. Quality of water in terms of PH (6.5-7) and EC (<0.7ms/cm), Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research ISSN:2349-8498 TDS (<450ppm) and hardiness (<200ppm) were maintained. All diseases and pest were management based on prescribed recommendations by this university. Results and Discussion: The effect of vegetative growth of different varieties of gerbera in terms of plant height, number leaves, leaf length, leaf breath, leaf area, number of suckers, number of roots, root length and chlorophyll content in fresh leaves revealed significantly variance among the varieties reflected in table-1. The plant height was obtained maximum in V4: Dana Ellen (54.0cm), whereas lowest was in V2: Paradiso (36.0cm) over others varieties. Variety “Rosalin”( V5)showed better performance in leaf production(10.0/plant) and very poor performance was recorded in V8: Inferno (5.0) followed by V10: Stanza(5.10) incompariosion to others treatments and Sridhar and Biradar (2016) reported that Stanza cultivar was the tallest plant (41.20cm) under polyhouse condition. Variety “Dana Ellen” markedly influences on others vegetative growth parameters like leaf length (52.0cm), leaf breath(10.80cm), leaf area(570 sq.cm), number of suckers production per year(7.0), number of roots(118.3), and root length (47.7cm) under polyhouse over others varieties and regarding this aspect Shruti Wan Khede and Gajbhiye(2013) observed that under polyhouse condition ‘Savannah’ variety improved significantly leaf area and number of leaves per plant. Under this experiment, very worst performance on vegetative growth was observed in “Paradiso”, “Inferno”, “Wahalla” and “Galiath’ varieties. Regarding Cholorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ content of in fresh leaves recorded highest in variety “Balance” 17.0 mg/gm and 10.0mg/gm respectively, whereas lowest in Paradiso (5.30mg/gm and 2.30mg/gm) and Pree Intezz(5.30mg/gm and 2.70mg/gm). Table 1: Effect of Hi-tech polyhouse on vegetative growth of different varieties of gerbera. Treatments Plant height (cm) No. of leaves /plant Leaf length (cm) Leaf breath (cm) Leaf area (sq.cm) V1: Balance 48.0 7.30 47.00 9.50 V2: Paradiso 36.0 6.60 35.00 V3: Brillance 42.0 7.60 V4: Danealen 54.0 V5: Rosalin No. of roots /plant Root length (cm) Chlorophyll ‘a’(gm/mg) Chlorophyll ‘b’(gm/mg) 450.0 No. of sucker s /plant /year 2.7 50.67 35.7 17.0 10.0 7.10 245.0 2.3 56.33 37.3 5.3 2.3 40.00 8.10 343.3 2.0 49.00 34.7 9.3 7.3 7.60 52.00 10.80 570.0 7.0 118.3 47.7 5.7 5.0 50.0 10.00 45.00 9.00 403.3 3.7 45.00 35.3 11.0 5.3 V6: Pree Intezz 46.0 6.00 44.00 10.80 473.3 4.7 75.67 42.0 5.3 2.7 V7: Galiath 40.0 8.30 35.00 7.00 248.3 2.3 52.00 23.7 15.3 8.7 V8: Inferno 42.0 5.00 39.00 7.50 290.7 2.0 51.00 40.7 6.7 3.3 V9: Wahalla 49.0 7.50 47.00 5.00 241.0 3.7 61.33 34.3 11.0 6.3 V10: Stanza 47.0 5.10 46.00 8.40 376.0 3.0 60.67 38.3 9.3 5.3 V11: Jaffana 48.0 7.60 45.00 6.80 323.3 2.7 54.33 42.0 15.7 6.0 SE m(±) 0.934 0.327 0.835 0.216 8.66 0.29 3.09 1.44 0.42 0.37 Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research CD at 5% 2.775 0.972 2.480 0.641 ISSN:2349-8498 25.71 0.88 9.18 4.27 1.25 1.11 The effect of polyhouse on commencement of flowering behavior in different varieties of gerbera was found appreciable and significant (Table-2). Generally tissue culture planting materials of gerbera produce flower within 80-90 days after planting, here Preen Intezz(75 days) and Rosalin(77 days) showed early flowering over others varieties, whereas delayed flowering was observed in Balance variety(92 days). Table 2: gerbera. Treatments Effect of Hi-tech polyhouse on flowering behavior of different varieties of V1: Balance Days required for flower bud initiation (days) 92.0 Days to flower bud burst (Summer season) 12.0 Days to flower bud burst (rainy season) 15.0 Days to flower bud burst (Winter season) 19.0 V2: Paradiso 89.0 10.0 13.0 V3: Brillance 88.0 12.0 V4: Dana Ellen 87.0 V5: Rosalin No. of flowers /plant /year Flower diameter (cm) Flower stalk length (cm) Flower stalk diameter (cm) Vase life (days) 18.50 9.20 71.50 2.20 12.0 17.0 15.00 9.50 47.50 1.90 10.0 15.0 19.0 14.50 8.00 60.00 1.90 11.0 12.0 15.0 19.0 28.00 9.60 55.60 2.70 13.0 77.0 10.0 13.0 17.0 28.50 10.20 65.40 2.10 10.0 V6: Pree Intezz 75.0 12.0 15.0 17.0 29.50 9.00 62.60 2.10 11.0 V7: Galiath 81.0 10.0 13.0 17.0 16.50 10.00 61.60 2.20 11.0 V8: Inferno 80.0 12.0 15.0 19.0 15.50 9.10 52.50 2.10 12.0 V9: Wahalla 86.0 12.0 15.0 19.0 12.50 9.20 70.50 1.90 10.0 V10: Stanza 83.0 10.0 13.0 19.0 14.20 7.80 51.50 2.50 7.00 V11: Jaffana 83.0 12.0 15.0 19.0 20.50 9.70 61.80 2.00 11.0 SE m(±) 1.022 0.462 0.598 0.666 0.577 0.188 0.862 0.101 0.454 CD at 5% 3.038 1.371 1.776 1.544 1.714 0.558 2.559 0.299 1.349 No. of flowers/plant/year Regarding days taken for flower bud burst of gerbera, it depends on season of flowering, under this experiment it has been found that one group of varieties (Paradiso, Rosalin, Galiath, Stanza) showed early flower burst by 10, 13 and 17 days during summer, rainy and winter season respectively, whereas Fig.1 Effect of polyhouse on yield of flowers/plant/year others group of varieties of different varieties of gerbera (Balance, Brillance, Dana 30 Ellen, Pree Intezz, Inferno, Wahalla and 20 Jaffana) delayed by 2 28 28.5 29.5 10 18.5 15 14.5 16.5 15.5 12.5 14.2 20.5 0 Treatments Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research ISSN:2349-8498 days, that is 12, 15 and 19 days in aforesaid consequent seasons. In this aspect, Sridhar and Biradar (2016) reported that cultivar “Dana Ellen’ was early to bud initiation and full bloom (54.32 and 68.00 days, respectively). Data presented under mentioned that flower production per plant per year of gerbera markedly improved (Fig.1) in Pree Intezz(29.5) followed by Rosalin(28.5) and Dana Ellen (28.0) and very poor performance was observed in Wahalla(12.50) followed by Stanza(14.20) as well as Brillance(14.50) over others varieties and Malik et al (2013) reported that maximum number of flowers 135 per square meter was recorded in cv. ‘Avemaria’ followed by ‘Alberino’(125) under protected cultivation. The average size of flower diameter up to 10cm is most acceptable, but here out of eleven varieties, only two of them were showed successfully achieved (Rosalin, 10.20 cm and Galiath,10.0cm) and also some other varieties namely Balance, Paradiso, Dana Ellen, Pree Intezz, Inferno, Wahalla and Jaffana were found better in this aspect incompariosion to remaining varieties. The quality of flower (Fig.2) in terms of flower stalks length and diameter to be considered in cut flower production of gerbera, because it is related to post harvest life and marketing. Regarding stalk length, variety of Balance (71.50cm) and Wahalla(70.50cm) are almost at par and showed maximum flower stalk length. There are some varieties recorded more than 60cm of flower stalk are also suitable for cut flower production(Dana Ellen, Brilliance, Rosalin, Pree Intezz, Galiath, and Jaffana) over others varieties. Sometimes the plant of gerbera produced unhealthy flower stalk created a problem of harvesting, Fig. 2 Effect of polyhouse on quality improvement of transportation and different varieties of gerbera marketing, here Flower diameter(cm) diameter of flower Flower stalk length(cm) stalk was best in 71.5 70.5 80 Dana Ellen (2.70cm) 61.8 60 55.6 65.4 62.6 61.6 52.5 51.5 followed by 60 47.5 Stanza(2.50cm), 40 whereas very worst performance like thin 10 9.1 9.2 7.8 9.7 20 9.2 9.5 8 9.6 10.2 9 flower stalk(1.90cm) 0 was found in Paradiso, Brillance and Wahalla and even these flower stalks are difficult to harvest. The vase life of flower was also Treatments influenced by season of flower growing, here study was undertaken during winter season that variety ‘Dana Ellen’ recorded maximum vase life up to 13 days followed by ‘Balance’ (12) and ‘Inferno’ (12) over others varieties and very negative response was found in ‘Stanza’ (7.0 days) and Anop Kumari et al (2010) reported that maximum shelf life of gerbera flowers(10.11 days) was recorded in ‘Balance’cultivar under green house condition. Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research ISSN:2349-8498 Conclusion: Data reflected in Table-1 & 2 and studies of eleven varieties during two consecutive years for cut flower production of gerbera in this belt under polyhouse by considering all constraints responsible, it was found that the best varieties of gerbera are ‘Dana Ellen’ (Yellow colour flower ,centre light green), ‘Rosalin’ (Light pink) and ‘Pree Intezz’(Dark Pink, centre black). The second best groups are ‘Balance’ (white), ‘Galiath’ (Orange) and ‘Jaffana’ (Red, centre black). So, after studies of two years, it may be concluded that out of eleven varieties of gerbera mentioned above, six varieties can be recommended for this belt for cut flower production under polyhouse round the year. Prasad et al (2016) reported that at Kalimpong of West Bengal, gerbera cultivars recommended for commercial cultivation for cut flower purpose include Intense, Balance, Goliath, Sangria and Dana Ellen, but at Kahikuchi of Assam, Variety of Elite was found superior in terms of number of leaves per plant (12.25), whereas variety Tecta was found superior in terms of days to first flowering (104.75days), flower diameter (10.32cm) and stalk length (48.78cm). They also reported that at Ranchi of Jharkhand Cvs, Salvador, Quote and Julia are very popular varieties of this state having more numbers of flowers, good stalk length, stalk diameter, large flower diameter and long vase life. References: Anop Kumari, K.S. Patel and Nayee, D.D. (2010). Evaluation of different cultivars of gerbera(Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex hooker F) for growth, yield and quality grown under fan and Pad cooled green house conditions. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, Vol.5, No.2, pp.309-310. Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A.1984. Statistical Procedures Research(Second edition).John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA. for agricultural Kannan, M; Jawaharlal, M; Ganga, M; Singh, K.P; Saha T.N; Thamaraisevi and Ranchana, P. 2015. Present Status and Prospect of floriculture in Tamil Nadu. DFR Technical Bulletin No.20, pp.2-3. Malik Abid Mahmood, Naveed Ahmad and Muhammad Saleen Akhtar Khan (2013 Comparative Evaluation of growth, yield and quality characteristics of various gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) cultivars under protected cultivation, Journal of Ornamental plants, Vol.3, No.4, pp.235-241. Prasad, K.V; Prashant G. K; Saha, T.N; Prasanna H; Prabha, K; Ganesh B. K; Girish, K. S; Shephalika A; Rahul Yadav; Gupta N and Shilpashree, K. G.2016 .Annual report 2015-16, AICRP-Floriculture, ICAR, pp.ix. Sridhar G.K and Biradar, M. S. (2016). Evaluation of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) varieties under naturally ventilated polyhouse, J. Farm Sci, 29(2), pp.238-240. Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research ISSN:2349-8498 Shruti Wan Khede and Gajbhiye, R.P.(2013). Evaluation of gerbera varieties for growth and flowering under shade net, International Journal of Horticulture, Vol.3, No.9, pp.4245. Photographs showing different treatments (Varieties) of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) T1: Balance T2: Paradiso T3: Brilliance T4: Daneallen T5: Rosalin T6: Pree Inteez T7: Galiath T8: Inferno T9: Wahalla Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research T10: Stanza T11: Jaffana ISSN:2349-8498