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Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research
ISSN:2349-8498
Performance Evaluation of Different Varieties of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus)
under Hi-Tech Polyhouse in Sub-Tropical Zone of West Bengal
Dr. Tapas Kumar Chowdhuri, Associate Professor
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to study the performance of eleven
varieties of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) under natural ventilated hi-Tech
polyhouse at Mondari farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia,
West Bengal, during 2014-15 and 2015-16. All characteristics were significantly varied
among the varieties during investigation (Balance, Brilliance, Dana Ellen, Pree-Intezz,
Wahalla, Jaffana, Paradiso, Galiath, Rosalin, Stanza and Inferno). After studying of two
consecutive years(2014-15 and 2015-16), it has been found that healthy vegetative
growth in terms of plant height (54.0cm), leaf length(52.0cm), leaf width(10.80cm), leaf
area(570 sq.cm), no. of suckers/plant(7.0), no. of roots/plant(118.30)and root
length(47.7cm)was found maximum in ‘Dana Ellen’ variety, whereas leaf production was
better in ‘Rosalin” variety(10/plant/year). The chlorophyll content of leaf studied in all
varieties in this experiment and variety ‘Balance’ content maximum chlorophyll a
(17.0mg/gm) and chlorophyll b (10.0mg/gm). Regarding flower emergence of gerbera,
early flowering was recorded in varieties of ‘Pree Intezz’ and ‘Rosalin’ by 75 and 77 days
respectively. In view of the flower production, very promising result was obtained from the
variety ‘Pree Intezz’(29.5/plant/year) followed by ‘Rosalin’ (28.5/plant/year) and Dana
Ellen varieties(28.0/plant/year). In case of quality of flower production, large flower
diameter was observed in ‘Rosalin’(10.20cm) and Galiath’(10.0cm) varieties, whereas
highest stalk length recorded in the varieties of ‘Balance’(71.50cm) and
‘Wahalla’(70.50cm), but flower stalk diameter(2.70cm) and vase life of flower (13
days)was markedly improved in ‘Dana Ellen’ variety. Overall, gerbera variety of ‘Dana
Ellen’ (Yellow colour flower) expressed best performance on vegetative growth and
flower characters for this zone under polyhouse condition followed by Rosalin(Light pink)
and Pree-Intezz(deep pink).
Key Wards: Gerbera, Varieties, Polyhouse, flower production.
Introduction: The genus Gerbera native in South Africa and Asiatic region, belong to the
family Asteraceae commonly known as Transvaal Daisy, Barbeton daisy or African daisy
having excellent unparallel distinguish attractive colour used for cut flower and garden
decoration. It ranks fourth in the international market (Alsmer, Holland) and popularity
gaining in Holland, Germany, UK and USA. In India gerbera occupied approximately 820
ha area and obtained17.84 MT of cut flower in few states like Assam, Maharastra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Mijoram. There
are so many entrepreneurs invest huge quantity of fund for gerbera flower production in
India around Pune, Bangalore and Chennai. In West Bengal situation, gerbera flower has
a great demand in local market and previously it was imported, but presently flowers are
producing in the farmers field in polyhouse, but quality is not up to the mark as desired by
the customers due to lacking of selection of varieties as well as improper use of agrotechniques . This university was undertaken a programme on above cited problem with
emphasis on selection of suitable varieties of gerbera based on performance evaluation
for this zone under hi-tech polyhouse.
Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research
ISSN:2349-8498
Materials and methods: The experiment was carried out under naturally ventilated
polyhouse at Mondari farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia,
West Bengal, during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Experiment was set up in well equipped three
number of Hi-tech polyhouse (each area is 1000 sq.mt). The experiment laid out in
Randimized Block Design with eleven varieties replicated thrice and the statistical
analysis of the data was carried out following Fisher’s analysis of Variance Technique as
described by Gomez and Gomez (1984). The details of treatments consists with varieties
were summarizing under mentioned.
V1: Balance
Treatments
V5: Rosalin
V9: Wahalla
V2: Paradiso
V6: Pree Intezz
V10: Stanza
V3: Brillance
V7: Galiath
V11: Jaffana
V4: Dana Ellen
V8: Inferno
The following agro-techniques were adopted during carried out of experiment: At the time
of planting, day and night temperature was 25 and 20oC respectively, whereas rest of the
time of temperature was maintained minimum(15 oC) and maximum(35 oC). Side
ventilation was opened from 6.0 am to 6.00 pm and closed in rest of the time in a day.
When outside temperature rises above 35 oC, then foggers, fans and garnets were kept
in functioning stage from 10am to 2.0 pm. The relative humidity was maintained up to 8085% and provided 14 hours (35,000-40,000 lux) day length. Light intensity during
summer was reduced by providing additional shade (30-35% green shade net) inside
polyhouse. The basic growing media was sandy loam soil along with organic matter
(Coco-peat and Vermi-compost) in the ratio of 70:30 and then enriched with neem cake
1kg/sq.mt. After mixing of growing media, beds were prepared with proper spacing like
bed height (45cm), width of bed (upper surface: 60cm and lower base: 67cm) and
between the bed (30cm) followed by treatment of growing media with Formaline (@
100ml/lit. of water) through drenching on the beds (one sq.mt area) and then mulching
with plastic cover for 7 days and then thoroughly flush the beds by plan water ( @
100lit./sq.mt) and wait for two weeks for planting. Upper surface of the growing media up
to a depth of 15cm again enriched by adding with some others nutrients (SSP @
250gm/sq.mt + MgSO4 @ 5gm/sq.mt. + Biozyme granules @ 20gm/sq.mt + Humic
granules @ 20gm/sq.mt.). After bed preparation, tissue culture plants with root ball were
planted after rainy season, but during planting, plant to plant and row to row distance was
maintained with 30x30 and 37.5x37.5cm respectively followed irrigation. After planting
every day morning light irrigation was provided. It has been estimated that 7 nos. of
plants/sq.mt. and 6000 nos. of plants were accommodated in 1000 sq. mt .area under
polyhouse. Most of the water soluble fertilizers (NPK: 19-19-19, NPK: 13-0-45 and NPK:
12-61-0, ) and micronutrients(CAN, Borax, CuSO 4, MgSO4) were used in different growth
stage in this experiment. During vegetative growth up to three months after planting,
plants were fertigated with NPK: 19-19-19 @ 1gm/lit. of water weekly. When plants were
showed to start flower bud initiation, then fertigation schedule slightly change in first and
third weeks (NPK: 19-19-19 @ 1gm/lit. of water + NPK:12-61-0 @ ½ gm/lit. of water +
CAN @ ½ gm/lit. of water + MgSO4 @ 0.10gm/lit. of water) as well as second and fourth
weeks (NPK: 19-19-19 @ 1gm/lit.of water + NPK:13-0-45 @ ½ gm/lit. of water + Borax @
1gm/lit. of water + CuSO4 1gm/lit. of water). All fertilizers and micronutrients were applied
separately at alternate day. Quality of water in terms of PH (6.5-7) and EC (<0.7ms/cm),
Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research
ISSN:2349-8498
TDS (<450ppm) and hardiness (<200ppm) were maintained. All diseases and pest were
management based on prescribed recommendations by this university.
Results and Discussion: The effect of vegetative growth of different varieties of gerbera
in terms of plant height, number leaves, leaf length, leaf breath, leaf area, number of
suckers, number of roots, root length and chlorophyll content in fresh leaves revealed
significantly variance among the varieties reflected in table-1. The plant height was
obtained maximum in V4: Dana Ellen (54.0cm), whereas lowest was in V2: Paradiso
(36.0cm) over others varieties. Variety “Rosalin”( V5)showed better performance in leaf
production(10.0/plant) and very poor performance was recorded in V8: Inferno (5.0)
followed by V10: Stanza(5.10) incompariosion to others treatments and Sridhar and
Biradar (2016) reported that Stanza cultivar was the tallest plant (41.20cm) under
polyhouse condition. Variety “Dana Ellen” markedly influences on others vegetative
growth parameters like leaf length (52.0cm), leaf breath(10.80cm), leaf area(570 sq.cm),
number of suckers production per year(7.0), number of roots(118.3), and root length
(47.7cm) under polyhouse over others varieties and regarding this aspect Shruti Wan
Khede and Gajbhiye(2013) observed that under polyhouse condition ‘Savannah’ variety
improved significantly leaf area and number of leaves per plant. Under this experiment,
very worst performance on vegetative growth was observed in “Paradiso”, “Inferno”,
“Wahalla” and “Galiath’ varieties. Regarding Cholorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ content of in fresh
leaves recorded highest in variety “Balance” 17.0 mg/gm and 10.0mg/gm respectively,
whereas lowest in Paradiso (5.30mg/gm and 2.30mg/gm) and Pree Intezz(5.30mg/gm
and 2.70mg/gm).
Table 1: Effect of Hi-tech polyhouse on vegetative growth of different varieties of
gerbera.
Treatments
Plant
height
(cm)
No. of
leaves
/plant
Leaf
length
(cm)
Leaf
breath
(cm)
Leaf
area
(sq.cm)
V1: Balance
48.0
7.30
47.00
9.50
V2: Paradiso
36.0
6.60
35.00
V3: Brillance
42.0
7.60
V4: Danealen
54.0
V5: Rosalin
No. of
roots
/plant
Root
length
(cm)
Chlorophyll
‘a’(gm/mg)
Chlorophyll
‘b’(gm/mg)
450.0
No. of
sucker
s
/plant
/year
2.7
50.67
35.7
17.0
10.0
7.10
245.0
2.3
56.33
37.3
5.3
2.3
40.00
8.10
343.3
2.0
49.00
34.7
9.3
7.3
7.60
52.00
10.80
570.0
7.0
118.3
47.7
5.7
5.0
50.0
10.00
45.00
9.00
403.3
3.7
45.00
35.3
11.0
5.3
V6: Pree Intezz
46.0
6.00
44.00
10.80
473.3
4.7
75.67
42.0
5.3
2.7
V7: Galiath
40.0
8.30
35.00
7.00
248.3
2.3
52.00
23.7
15.3
8.7
V8: Inferno
42.0
5.00
39.00
7.50
290.7
2.0
51.00
40.7
6.7
3.3
V9: Wahalla
49.0
7.50
47.00
5.00
241.0
3.7
61.33
34.3
11.0
6.3
V10: Stanza
47.0
5.10
46.00
8.40
376.0
3.0
60.67
38.3
9.3
5.3
V11: Jaffana
48.0
7.60
45.00
6.80
323.3
2.7
54.33
42.0
15.7
6.0
SE m(±)
0.934
0.327
0.835
0.216
8.66
0.29
3.09
1.44
0.42
0.37
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CD at 5%
2.775
0.972
2.480
0.641
ISSN:2349-8498
25.71
0.88
9.18
4.27
1.25
1.11
The effect of polyhouse on commencement of flowering behavior in different varieties of
gerbera was found appreciable and significant (Table-2). Generally tissue culture planting
materials of gerbera produce flower within 80-90 days after planting, here Preen
Intezz(75 days) and Rosalin(77 days) showed early flowering over others varieties,
whereas delayed flowering was observed in Balance variety(92 days).
Table 2:
gerbera.
Treatments
Effect of Hi-tech polyhouse on flowering behavior of different varieties of
V1: Balance
Days
required for
flower bud
initiation
(days)
92.0
Days to
flower
bud burst
(Summer
season)
12.0
Days to
flower
bud burst
(rainy
season)
15.0
Days to
flower
bud burst
(Winter
season)
19.0
V2: Paradiso
89.0
10.0
13.0
V3: Brillance
88.0
12.0
V4: Dana Ellen
87.0
V5: Rosalin
No. of
flowers
/plant
/year
Flower
diameter
(cm)
Flower
stalk
length
(cm)
Flower
stalk
diameter
(cm)
Vase
life
(days)
18.50
9.20
71.50
2.20
12.0
17.0
15.00
9.50
47.50
1.90
10.0
15.0
19.0
14.50
8.00
60.00
1.90
11.0
12.0
15.0
19.0
28.00
9.60
55.60
2.70
13.0
77.0
10.0
13.0
17.0
28.50
10.20
65.40
2.10
10.0
V6: Pree Intezz
75.0
12.0
15.0
17.0
29.50
9.00
62.60
2.10
11.0
V7: Galiath
81.0
10.0
13.0
17.0
16.50
10.00
61.60
2.20
11.0
V8: Inferno
80.0
12.0
15.0
19.0
15.50
9.10
52.50
2.10
12.0
V9: Wahalla
86.0
12.0
15.0
19.0
12.50
9.20
70.50
1.90
10.0
V10: Stanza
83.0
10.0
13.0
19.0
14.20
7.80
51.50
2.50
7.00
V11: Jaffana
83.0
12.0
15.0
19.0
20.50
9.70
61.80
2.00
11.0
SE m(±)
1.022
0.462
0.598
0.666
0.577
0.188
0.862
0.101
0.454
CD at 5%
3.038
1.371
1.776
1.544
1.714
0.558
2.559
0.299
1.349
No. of flowers/plant/year
Regarding days taken for flower bud burst of gerbera, it depends on season of flowering,
under this experiment it has been found that one group of varieties (Paradiso, Rosalin,
Galiath, Stanza) showed early flower burst by 10, 13 and 17 days during summer, rainy
and
winter
season
respectively,
whereas
Fig.1 Effect of polyhouse on yield of flowers/plant/year
others group of varieties
of different varieties of gerbera
(Balance, Brillance, Dana
30
Ellen,
Pree
Intezz,
Inferno, Wahalla and
20
Jaffana) delayed by 2
28 28.5 29.5
10
18.5 15 14.5
16.5 15.5 12.5 14.2 20.5
0
Treatments
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ISSN:2349-8498
days, that is 12, 15 and 19 days in aforesaid consequent seasons. In this aspect, Sridhar
and Biradar (2016) reported that cultivar “Dana Ellen’ was early to bud initiation and full
bloom (54.32 and 68.00 days, respectively). Data presented under mentioned that flower
production per plant per year of gerbera markedly improved (Fig.1) in Pree Intezz(29.5)
followed by Rosalin(28.5) and Dana Ellen (28.0) and very poor performance was
observed in Wahalla(12.50) followed by Stanza(14.20) as well as Brillance(14.50) over
others varieties and Malik et al (2013) reported that maximum number of flowers 135 per
square meter was recorded in cv. ‘Avemaria’ followed by ‘Alberino’(125) under protected
cultivation. The average size of flower diameter up to 10cm is most acceptable, but here
out of eleven varieties, only two of them were showed successfully achieved (Rosalin,
10.20 cm and Galiath,10.0cm) and also some other varieties namely Balance, Paradiso,
Dana Ellen, Pree Intezz, Inferno, Wahalla and Jaffana were found better in this aspect
incompariosion to remaining varieties. The quality of flower (Fig.2) in terms of flower
stalks length and diameter to be considered in cut flower production of gerbera, because
it is related to post harvest life and marketing. Regarding stalk length, variety of Balance
(71.50cm) and Wahalla(70.50cm) are almost at par and showed maximum flower stalk
length. There are some varieties recorded more than 60cm of flower stalk are also
suitable for cut flower production(Dana Ellen, Brilliance, Rosalin, Pree Intezz, Galiath,
and Jaffana) over others varieties. Sometimes the plant of gerbera produced unhealthy
flower stalk created a
problem of harvesting,
Fig. 2 Effect of polyhouse on quality improvement of
transportation
and
different varieties of gerbera
marketing,
here
Flower diameter(cm)
diameter of flower
Flower stalk length(cm)
stalk
was best in
71.5
70.5
80
Dana Ellen (2.70cm)
61.8
60 55.6 65.4 62.6 61.6
52.5
51.5
followed
by
60
47.5
Stanza(2.50cm),
40
whereas very worst
performance like thin
10 9.1 9.2 7.8 9.7
20 9.2 9.5 8 9.6 10.2 9
flower
stalk(1.90cm)
0
was found in Paradiso,
Brillance and Wahalla
and even these flower
stalks are difficult to
harvest. The vase life
of flower was also
Treatments
influenced by season
of flower growing, here study was undertaken during winter season that variety ‘Dana
Ellen’ recorded maximum vase life up to 13 days followed by ‘Balance’ (12) and ‘Inferno’
(12) over others varieties and very negative response was found in ‘Stanza’ (7.0 days)
and Anop Kumari et al (2010) reported that maximum shelf life of gerbera flowers(10.11
days) was recorded in ‘Balance’cultivar under green house condition.
Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research
ISSN:2349-8498
Conclusion: Data reflected in Table-1 & 2 and studies of eleven varieties during two
consecutive years for cut flower production of gerbera in this belt under polyhouse by
considering all constraints responsible, it was found that the best varieties of gerbera are
‘Dana Ellen’ (Yellow colour flower ,centre light green), ‘Rosalin’ (Light pink) and ‘Pree
Intezz’(Dark Pink, centre black).
The second best groups are ‘Balance’ (white), ‘Galiath’ (Orange) and ‘Jaffana’ (Red,
centre black). So, after studies of two years, it may be concluded that out of eleven
varieties of gerbera mentioned above, six varieties can be recommended for this belt for
cut flower production under polyhouse round the year. Prasad et al (2016) reported that
at Kalimpong of West Bengal, gerbera cultivars recommended for commercial cultivation
for cut flower purpose include Intense, Balance, Goliath, Sangria and Dana Ellen, but at
Kahikuchi of Assam, Variety of Elite was found superior in terms of number of leaves per
plant (12.25), whereas variety Tecta was found superior in terms of days to first flowering
(104.75days), flower diameter (10.32cm) and stalk length (48.78cm). They also reported
that at Ranchi of Jharkhand Cvs, Salvador, Quote and Julia are very popular varieties of
this state having more numbers of flowers, good stalk length, stalk diameter, large flower
diameter and long vase life.
References:
Anop Kumari, K.S. Patel and Nayee, D.D. (2010). Evaluation of different cultivars of
gerbera(Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex hooker F) for growth, yield and quality grown under
fan and Pad cooled green house conditions. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, Vol.5,
No.2, pp.309-310.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A.1984. Statistical Procedures
Research(Second edition).John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
for
agricultural
Kannan, M; Jawaharlal, M; Ganga, M; Singh, K.P; Saha T.N; Thamaraisevi and
Ranchana, P. 2015. Present Status and Prospect of floriculture in Tamil Nadu. DFR
Technical Bulletin No.20, pp.2-3.
Malik Abid Mahmood, Naveed Ahmad and Muhammad Saleen Akhtar Khan (2013
Comparative Evaluation of growth, yield and quality characteristics of various gerbera
(Gerbera jamesonii L.) cultivars under protected cultivation, Journal of Ornamental plants,
Vol.3, No.4, pp.235-241.
Prasad, K.V; Prashant G. K; Saha, T.N; Prasanna H; Prabha, K; Ganesh B. K; Girish, K.
S; Shephalika A; Rahul Yadav; Gupta N and Shilpashree, K. G.2016 .Annual report
2015-16, AICRP-Floriculture, ICAR, pp.ix.
Sridhar G.K and Biradar, M. S. (2016). Evaluation of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus)
varieties under naturally ventilated polyhouse, J. Farm Sci, 29(2), pp.238-240.
Glacier Journal Of Scientific Research
ISSN:2349-8498
Shruti Wan Khede and Gajbhiye, R.P.(2013). Evaluation of gerbera varieties for growth
and flowering under shade net, International Journal of Horticulture, Vol.3, No.9, pp.4245.
Photographs showing different treatments (Varieties) of gerbera (Gerbera
jamesonii Bolus)
T1: Balance
T2: Paradiso
T3: Brilliance
T4: Daneallen
T5: Rosalin
T6: Pree Inteez
T7: Galiath
T8: Inferno
T9: Wahalla
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T10: Stanza
T11: Jaffana
ISSN:2349-8498