Download Unit 2: Support and Movement Chapter 6: Integumentary System

Unit 2: Support and Movement
Integumentary System
1. Functions
a. All of the functions of the Integumentary system are for maintaining
__________________
i. Forms a protective covering
ii. Regulates body temperature
iii. Retards water loss
iv. Houses sensory receptors
v. Synthesizes biochemicals
vi. Excretes wastes
2. Structure
a. __________________ is the major organ
i. Composed of three tissue layers
1. __________________
a. Outer layer of the skin
b. Composed of __________________ epithelium
i. Lacks blood vessels
c. Made up of two layers of epidermal cells
i. Stratum __________________
1. deepest layer
2. nourished by dermal blood vessels
3. cells readily grow and divide
4. new cells push older cells upwards
a. die as they move farther from the blood
and nutrient supply
ii. Stratum __________________
1. composed of many layers of hardened, dead cells
a. __________________ protein fills the
cells and makes them tough and
waterproof
2. top layer of dead cells is constantly being
sloughed off
d. Primary function is protection
i. Shield against water loss
ii. Protects from injury and chemicals
iii. Keeps microorganisms out
iv. Protects from the sun
1. __________________ are cells that produce the
pigment __________________
a. absorbs the suns energy
b. primary factor in determining skin color
2. __________________
a. Primarily made up of __________________ connective tissue
i. Both __________________ and __________________
fibers
ii. Provides toughness and elasticity
b. Has many blood vessels which supply nutrients and regulate
body temperature
Chapter 6: Integumentary System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
c. Contains many sensory receptors and nerve fibers to gather
information about the environment and send it to the brain
3. __________________ (__________________)
a. Composed of __________________ connective tissue and
__________________ tissue
b. Not easily differentiated from the dermis
c. Adipose serves to insulate and pad the skin
d. Contains many blood vessels
b. Accessory Organs
i. __________________
1. Present on the majority of skin surfaces
2. Hair develops in the __________________
a. Made up of a group of epidermal cells
3. Follicle contains the __________________
a. Nourished by dermal blood vessels
b. Cells divide and grow pushing up old cells that die and become
__________________ to for the __________________
4. The __________________ muscle attaches to the hair follicle and
allows it to stand on end (causes goose bumps)
5. Hair color is genetic and depends on levels of __________________
produced
a. Dark hair has high levels of a brownish black
__________________
b. White blond and red have the reddish-yellow
__________________
c. True red hair also has the pigment __________________
ii. __________________ glands
1. Glands associated with the hair follicles
2. Secrete __________________ into the hair follicles
a. Oily mixture of fats and cellular debris
b. Keeps hair and skin soft, pliable, and waterproof
iii. __________________
1. Protective coverings made up of __________________ stratified
squamous epithelium
2. Produced by an actively dividing region of cells called the
__________________
a. The white __________________ is the most actively growing
region
iv. __________________ glands
1. Lined with sweat secreting __________________ that secrete the sweat
through __________________
2. Two major types of sweat glands
a. __________________ Sweat Glands
i. Respond to changes in environmental temperatures
ii. Respond to exercise
b. __________________ Sweat Glands
i. Respond to emotions and pain
1. fear, anger
3. Two examples of modified sweat glands
a. __________________ glands in the ear secrete earwax
Chapter 6: Integumentary System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
b. __________________ glands secrete milk
Chapter 6: Integumentary System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
Bone Structure
1. Most bones in the body are similar in __________________, __________________, and
__________________
2. There are __________________ types of bones in the body and they are classified by their
shape
a. __________________ bones
i. Long longitudinal axes ad expanded ends
ii. Arm, forearm, thigh, and shin
b. __________________ bones
i. Somewhat cube-like
ii. Wrist and ankles
c. __________________ bones
i. Plate-like structures with broad surfaces
ii. Ribs, scapula, some of the skull bones
d. __________________ bones
i. Variety of shapes and often connected to several other bones
ii. Vertebrae, facial bones
e. __________________ (round) bones
i. Small and nodular and often found embedded in tendons
ii. Patella
3. The most recognizable type of bones in the body are the __________________ bones
a. Parts of a long bone
i. __________________ (epiphysis is singular)
1. Refers to the __________________ of the bone
2. __________________ with other bones to form __________________
(articular cartilage)
ii. __________________
1. Refers to the __________________ of the bone
iii. __________________
1. ________________ tissue covering that surrounds and encloses the bone
2. Helps __________________ and __________________ bone tissue
iv. __________________ Bone (__________________ bone)
1. Makes up the wall of the __________________
2. Has a __________________ matrix with no gaps
v. __________________ Bone (__________________ bone)
1. Makes up the interior of the __________________
2. Has __________________ spaces to make the bone
__________________
vi. __________________ Cavity
1. Hollow __________________ through the diaphysis
vii. Marrow
1. __________________ bone marrow
a. Site of blood cell __________________ in adults
b. Found in the spaces of __________________ bone
2. __________________ bone marrow
a. Stores __________________ in adults
b. Found in the __________________ cavity
Chapter 7: Skeletal System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
Chapter 7: Skeletal System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
4. __________________ structure of bones
a. Bone cells are called __________________ and are found in chambers called
__________________
b. The lacunae form __________________ circles around central (or
__________________) canals
c. Small connections between osteocytes are called __________________ and these are
how osteocytes __________________ with each other
Bone Growth and Development
1. Bone development begins during the first couple weeks of __________________ development
and continues through __________________
2. Bone is formed by replacing existing __________________ tissues
a. __________________ Ossification
i. Usually occurs in __________________ bones
ii. Bone forms within a __________________ which becomes the
__________________
b. __________________ Ossification
i. Used to form __________________ bones in the body
Chapter 7: Skeletal System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
ii. Bone develops from masses of __________________ cartilage in the shape of
the future bone
iii. Cartilage begins to break down and __________________ and the
__________________ __________________ center near the middle of what
will become the __________________
iv. The __________________ forms and __________________ begin producing
__________________ bone in place of the cartilage
v. Bone formation extends __________________ towards the epiphyses and a
layer of __________________ bone is added between the __________________
bone and the __________________
vi. The __________________ __________________ centers are at the
__________________ of the bone and begin to replace the cartilage there with
__________________ bone
vii. The __________________ ring between the primary and secondary ossification
centers is called the __________________ disk
Bone Function
1. __________________ and __________________
a. Bones protect internal __________________
b. __________________ Bones act as __________________
c. Bones allow muscles to __________________ and then are moved by muscle
contractions
2. __________________ Cell Formation
a. Blood cells are formed in the __________________ bone marrow of
__________________ bone in adults
b. Process of blood cell formation is called __________________
3. Storage of __________________ Salts
a. Bones store __________________ salts that can be released into the blood stream if
calcium levels in the blood become too low
Chapter 7: Skeletal System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
Skeletal Organization
1. There are __________________ total bones in the human body and they are organized into two
classification groups based on location
a. __________________ Skeleton (80 bones)
i. __________________ (22 bones)
ii. Inner __________________ bones (6 bones)
iii. __________________ Bone (1 bone)
iv. __________________ column (26 bones)
1. Includes sacrum and coccyx
v. __________________ cage (25 bones)
1. Includes ribs and sternum
b. __________________ Skeleton (126 bones)
i. __________________ girdle (4 bones)
1. Includes scapula and clavicle
ii. __________________ limbs (60 bones)
1. Includes radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
iii. __________________ girdle (2 bones)
1. Includes coxal bones
iv. __________________ limbs (60 bones)
1. Includes femur, tibia, fibula, patellas, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Skeletal Structures
Chapter 7: Skeletal System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
Joints
1. Joints are __________________ junctions between bones
2. Joints are also called __________________
Structural Classification of Joints (know Table 7.4 on page 165)
1. __________________ Joints
a. Two closely contacting bones connected by a layer of __________________
connective tissue
b. Typically allow little to no __________________
c. Examples: __________________ in the skull, distal end of __________________
and __________________
2. __________________ Joints
a. Bones connected by disks of either __________________ cartilage or
__________________
b. Allow __________________ movement
c. Examples: __________________ disks, pubic __________________
3. __________________ Joints
a. Allow __________________ movement
b. Ends of the articulating bones have a layer of __________________ cartilage
c. Joint is surrounded by a joint __________________
i. Made up of __________________ tissue (__________________)
ii. Lines with a __________________ membrane which produces synovial
fluid
iii. Some have a fibrocartilage disk called a __________________
iv. Some have fluid filled sacs called __________________
d. Classifications of synovial joints and examples
i. __________________ Joints
1. Ball shaped __________________ of one bone attaches to the cup
shaped __________________ of the other
2. Movement in __________________ planes
3. Examples: shoulder and hip
ii. __________________ Joints
1. Allows movement in __________________ planes but not
__________________ movement
2. Example: between metacarpals and phalanges
iii. __________________ Joints
1. Nearly __________________ or slightly __________________
bones
2. Allows __________________ and __________________ movement
3. Examples: most joints in the wrist
iv. __________________ Joints
1. __________________ surface connecting with a
__________________ surface
2. Movement in __________________ plane only
3. Examples: elbow, knee, phalanges
v. __________________ Joints
Chapter 7: Skeletal System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
1. Movement is a __________________ around an axis
2. Example: proximal end of radius and humerus
vi. __________________ Joints
1. __________________ of movements
2. Example: between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb
Joint Movements
1. __________________
a. Moving a part towards the midline
2. __________________
a. Moving a part away from the midline
3. __________________
a. Bending the foot at the ankle towards the shin
4. __________________ Flexion
a. Bending the foot at the ankle towards the sole
5. __________________
a. Straightening parts at a joint so the angle increases and they move farther apart
6. __________________
a. Excess extension beyond anatomical position
7. __________________
a. Bending parts at a joint so the angle decreases and they move closer together
8. __________________
a. Moving a part around an axis
9. __________________
a. Moving a part so its end follows a circular path
10. __________________
a. Moving the hand so the palm is upward
11. __________________
a. Moving the hand so the palm is downward
12. __________________
a. Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally
13. __________________
a. Turning the foot so the sole faces medially
14. __________________
a. Moving a part forward
15. __________________
a. Moving a part backward
16. __________________
a. Raising a part
17. __________________
a. Lowering a part
Chapter 7: Skeletal System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
Functions of the Muscular System
1.
2.
3.
4.
__________________
__________________
Aid in __________________, __________________, and __________________
Regulation of body __________________
Composition of Skeletal Muscle
1. Skeletal muscle is an __________________ composed of several tissue types
a. __________________ muscle tissue
b. __________________ tissue
c. __________________ vessels
d. __________________ tissues
Skeletal Muscle Structure
1. __________________
a. Connective tissue coverings around __________________ muscles
b. Surround each muscle and separates them from __________________
muscles
c. Some intertwine with the __________________ of bones and become
__________________
d. Some form sheets called __________________ and connect to other muscles
2. __________________
a. __________________ within a muscle
b. Contain muscle __________________
3. Muscle __________________
a. Individual muscle __________________
b. Often extend the __________________ of a muscle
c. Cell membrane is called the __________________
d. Cytoplasm is called the __________________
i. Contains may __________________ and __________________
e. Contains a __________________ reticulum that activates muscle
__________________
i. This connects to the membrane of the muscle fiber with structures
called __________________ tubules
4. __________________
a. Long thin components of muscle fibers that contain __________________
i. Thick (__________________) filaments
1. A myosin molecule consists of two __________________
protein strands with parts called __________________
2. Many myosin molecules together form a myosin
__________________
ii. Thin (__________________) Filaments
Chapter 8: Muscular System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
1. An actin molecule is a __________________ structure with a
__________________ site to which the myosin cross bridges
can __________________
2. Many actin molecules twist into a __________________
forming an actin __________________
3. The proteins __________________ and __________________
are also associated with an actin filament
iii. Organization of filaments leads to __________________
1. __________________ contain only actin filaments connected
to a __________________ structure (light color regions)
2. __________________ contain overlapping actin and myosin
filament regions along with a central __________________
which only contains myosin filaments
3. The portion of a myofibril from Z line to Z line is called a
__________________
Chapter 8: Muscular System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
Neuromuscular Junction
1. Every skeletal muscle fiber is connected to a __________________ cell called a motor
__________________
2. The connection point is called the __________________ junction
3. The muscle fiber forms a motor__________________ which allows the connection
4. The motor neuron stores chemicals called __________________ that are released when
the motor neuron is stimulated by the brain
5. The motor endplate picks up the neurotransmitters and they __________________ a
muscle to __________________
Motor Units
1. Each muscle fiber has one neuromuscular junction but motor neurons are
__________________ and connect to __________________ muscle fibers
2. All of the muscle fibers connected to one motor neuron is called a motor
__________________
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
1. The process of skeletal muscle contraction involves the __________________ of a
muscle fiber by moving the actin filaments into the center of the __________________
(reducing the size of the H zone)
Chapter 8: Muscular System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
2.
3.
4.
5.
a. This process is known as the __________________ because the actin and myosin
filaments slide against each other
The sliding filament model
a. The cross bridges of the myosin filaments are in a “__________________”
position due to the breakdown of __________________
i. An enzyme called __________________ inside the myosin cross bridges
break ATP into ADP
ii. This releases energy that puts the cross bridge into a
“__________________” position
b. When a cocked cross bridge binds to __________________, it pulls on the thin
filament
c. A new __________________ then binds to the cross bridge causing it to
__________________ the actin filament
d. This new ATP is then broken down and the cross bridge is __________________
and the cycle continues as long as the muscle is __________________ to contract
e. This continuous pulling __________________ the H-zone and ultimately the
__________________ which causes __________________ of the muscle fiber
At __________________, the binding sites of actin filaments are blocked by the proteins
__________________ and __________________ so the cross bridges are unable to
connect to the actin filament
a. This is only undone when the muscle is __________________ to contract
__________________ for Contraction
a. Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract when the neurotransmitter
__________________ is released from a motor neuron
b. Acetylcholine __________________ across the cleft and binds to
__________________ receptors on the motor endplate which stimulates a muscle
__________________
c. A muscle impulse passes across the entire __________________ of the muscle
fiber and also travels through the __________________ tubules to the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
d. The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains a high concentration of
__________________ (Ca2+) ions and the muscle impulse makes the membrane
more __________________ to the calcium ions
e. Calcium ions __________________ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the
sarcoplasm and bind to the __________________ molecules
f. When calcium is bound to troponin, the troponin and tropomyosin
__________________ and __________________ the binding sites on the actin
filament
g. This allows the myosin cross bridges to __________________ and the muscle
__________________
h. Contraction continues as long as there is __________________ available and the
muscle is being __________________
Muscle __________________
a. Muscle relaxation requires two events which occur when the nerve impulse
__________________
Chapter 8: Muscular System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
i. Acetylcholine is rapidly __________________ by the enzyme
__________________
1. This ends the muscle impulse and returns normal
__________________ to the membrane
ii. Calcium ions are __________________ transported back into the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
1. This causes the troponin and tropomyosin to shift back and
__________________ the actin binding sites again
2. A muscle __________________ is caused by the lack of ATP
necessary to remove the calcium ions and stop the contraction
Energy For Contraction
1. Muscle contractions require __________________, however, muscle fibers only have
enough ATP to contract for a very __________________ time
2. ATP must be __________________ within the muscle fibers
3. The cycling of __________________ between __________________ and creatine
phosphate allows the muscles to convert used ADP back into useable ATP
Oxygen Supply
1. The supply of creatine __________________ in the muscle fibers can be used up quite
quickly by __________________ muscles
a. When this happens, the muscles again need to get a source of
__________________
b. The muscles rely on __________________ respiration (the breakdown of
__________________ in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide,
water, and ATP)
i. The __________________ that is necessary for cellular respiration comes
from two places
Chapter 8: Muscular System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
1. The blood – carried by __________________
2. The muscle tissue – stored in __________________
2. Oxygen __________________
a. During __________________ strenuous activity (more than a minute or two) the
oxygen level that is available to the muscles is __________________
i. This forces the muscles to rely on __________________
(__________________ respiration) alone for ATP production.
ii. In a low oxygen level environment, the __________________ acid created
during glycolysis is converted into __________________ acid
1. Lactic acid requires __________________ to be converted back
into glucose so the production of lactic acid creates an
“__________________” that often takes __________________ to
“repay”
Muscle Fatigue
1. After a long period of __________________ exercise, muscles may become fatigued.
Most often, this is a result of the build up of __________________ acid
a. Fatigue results in the __________________ of a muscle to contract
2. The reason muscles are unable to contract is that the lactic acid changes the ______ of the
environment and the muscle is then unable to respond to continued _________________
Heat Production
1. Less than __________________ the energy released in cellular respiration is available
for metabolic __________________, the rest becomes __________________
2. Muscle tissue is a __________________ source of heat for the body because muscle
tissue makes up such a large __________________ of the total body mass
Threshold Stimulus
1. In order for a muscle fiber to __________________, it must receive a
__________________ that is strong enough
2. It will not contract until it receives a stimulus that is above its __________________
All-or-None Response
1. Each individual muscle fiber either __________________ or it __________________
2. There are never any __________________ contractions
3. A contraction that requires more __________________ uses more
__________________ not more of each cell
Recording a Muscle Contraction
1. Muscle contractions can be recorded and graphed called a __________________
Chapter 8: Muscular System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
2. When a single muscle is stimulated, it undergoes a __________________ contraction and
__________________ that lasts a __________________ of a second
a. This is called a __________________
b. The time period between the stimulus and the twitch is called the
__________________ Muscle fibers are either __________________ twitch or
__________________ twitch
i. Slow twitch cells are fatigue __________________ and contain many
more __________________
ii. Fast twitch cells are __________________ and use more than 75% of
their __________________ tension
3. When __________________ stimuli are received by the muscle, the muscle is no longer
able to __________________ relax between contractions
a. This causes the forces of the individual contractions to be __________________
and is called __________________
4. If the multiple signals come too __________________ and there is not time for even
__________________ contraction, the muscle goes into a __________________
contraction
a. This is also known as __________________
b. This can be caused by __________________ of the muscle of by
__________________ problems
Recruitment of Motor Units
1. Because several __________________ muscle cells are controlled by a
__________________ motor neuron (a motor __________________), these motor units
must also follow the __________________ response
2. Each motor unit within a muscle has its own __________________
a. This allows the __________________ to control the number of motor units used
for a given __________________
i. As a higher threshold __________________ is received by a muscle, more
and more motor units are __________________
ii. This is called __________________
Sustained Contractions and Muscle Tone
1. Individual __________________ are not common within the body
2. More often, a muscle receives a __________________ of stimuli and is involved in a
__________________ contraction
3. Even while your body is at __________________, some smaller muscle fibers are
contracting in sustained contraction to help maintain your __________________
a. This is called __________________
Skeletal Muscle Actions
1. All skeletal muscles are attached to bones at __________________ ends
a. One end is typically attached to an __________________ part of a joint
Chapter 8: Muscular System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
i. This is called the __________________
b. The other end of the muscle is typically attached to a __________________
portion of the joint
i. This is called the __________________
c. Some muscles, like the biceps, have __________________ origins or insertions
2. Most skeletal muscles function in __________________ or __________________
a. One muscle __________________ while the other __________________ and
then they switch places
b. This is because muscles can only __________________, they can not
__________________
c. The muscle in the pair that provides the majority of the movement is called the
__________________ Other muscles that aid in the movement are called
__________________
d. The opposite muscle or muscles to the prime mover and the synergists are called
the __________________
i. These muscles provide the __________________ movement of the prime
movers
Muscle Type Comparison
1. __________________ Muscle
a. The contractile __________________ is essentially the same as for skeletal
muscle but there are __________________
i. Smooth muscle are triggered to contract by both __________________
and __________________ and they can be both __________________
and __________________
ii. Many __________________ can also stimulate contraction of smooth
muscles
iii. Smooth muscle cells contract and relax more __________________, but
can __________________ their contractions longer than skeletal muscles
iv. Smooth muscle cells can __________________ and still maintain their
ability to contract
b. The actin and myosin filaments in the myofibrils of smooth muscle are organized
more __________________
i. This is why smooth muscle cells do not have __________________
c. There are two major types of smooth muscles
i. __________________ smooth muscle
1. The individual muscle cells are __________________ from each
other
2. Found in the __________________ of the eye and in
__________________ vessels
ii. __________________ smooth muscle
1. This type of smooth muscle is made up of __________________
of spindle shaped cells in very close contact
2. Found lining the walls of __________________ organs (stomach,
intestines, bladder, uterus, etc)
Chapter 8: Muscular System
Unit 2: Support and Movement
3. Visceral smooth muscle is self __________________ meaning that
individual cells can __________________ each other
4. It can also be __________________ in its contraction
2. __________________ Muscle
a. Cardiac muscle is found only in the __________________
b. The contraction __________________ is again essentially the same as skeletal
and smooth muscle
i. The way __________________ is stored and released is different which
causes the twitches of cardiac muscle to be __________________
c. Cardiac muscle cells connect to each other at structures called
__________________ discs which allow for a elaborate pattern
d. Cardiac muscle cells are both __________________ and __________________
so as a group they follow the __________________ response
Chapter 8: Muscular System