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PART II PAPER 20: World population, development and environment since 1750: comparative history and policy Simon Szreter [email protected] Problems of population, development and the environment have been major preoccupations of governments and the humanities throughout the last two centuries. There is a wealth of historical research and knowledge available, yet these topics are often considered to be the exclusive province of the contemporary social sciences. Students taking this paper will be able to develop their historical and comparative understanding of these problems as a critical perspective on today‘s urgent public policy issues. Comparative study will focus on the modern history of four major contrasting regions, Britain, India, China, and South and East Africa. The selection comprises a set of countries whose economic and demographic fortunes have been closely linked with that of Britain’s and its empire throughout the modern era, but representing very different degrees and kinds of relationship. The principal comparative topics studied in these regions’ histories will be: famines, epidemics, endemic diseases, health and nutrition, welfare, social security, civil society and government, fertility, marriage and reproduction, migration, urbanisation and the environment as well as questions of how populations are constructed through state activities of census and registration. The regions selected deliberately break with the conventional subject-area divisions of the Faculty, offering students the chance to engage in comparative studies, which are not available elsewhere in the Tripos. The paper will seek to relate the diverse population histories of all four areas studied across both their pre-industrial and postindustrial periods. It will also seek to examine the way in which the fates of these different countries’ populations and economies have been inter-linked both before and during the contemporary era of ‘globalisation’. The course comprises a set of 24 lectures from an inter-Faculty team of experts in the history of each of the four regions, supplemented by comparative discussion classes and individual comparative essays, with supervision led by Prof Simon Szreter (St John’s), the course convenor. The first 4 lectures introduce students to the intellectual history of the field, focusing especially on the dominant models and policy debates from the mid-twentieth to the present day. There are 20 further lectures covering each of the 4 regions studied, addressing population and economic change, mortality, health and welfare, reproduction, marriage, sexuality and fertility, migration, urbanisation and the environment. Through classes and their supervised essays students will be encouraged to explore the comparative histories of these 4 regions and to reflect critically on the relationship between social science, policy and history. It is strongly recommended that students taking this course undertake their comparative supervised essays in the Lent Term 24 lectures, 3 Revision Classes, 5 Supervisions. Cap: 14. 1 History Tripos Part II Paper 20 World Population, development and environment since 1750: comparative history and policy Course Reading List Dec 2014 * Core Reading in each section (where * appears at beginning of a section, all items are core reading) PDR = Population and Development Review EcHR = Economic History Review General Introductory Course Reading M. Woolcock, S. Szreter and V.Rao, ‘How and why History Matters for development policy’ ch.1 in C.A. Bayly, et al, eds History, Historians and Development Policy (Manchester 2011). Szreter, S., 'The idea of demographic transition: a critical intellectual history' Population and Development Review 19,4 (1993), 659-701; (and ch.3 in Szreter, Health & Wealth 2005) Greenhalgh, S., (1995), ed, Situating Fertility. Anthropology and demographic inquiry (Cambridge: C.U.P.), chs.1-3 Scott, J.C., Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed (1998) McNeill, J., Something new under the sun; and environmental history of the twentieth century world (2000) Gilman, Nils, Mandarins of the Future. Modernization Theory in Cold War America (2003) Harrison, M., Disease and the Modern World (2004) McKeown, A., 'Global Migration, 1846-1940' Journal of World History 15 (2004), 155-89. Davis, M., Planet of Slums (2006) J.M. Hodge, Triumph of the Expert. Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism (2007) Adam McKeown, Melancholy Order: Asian Migration and the Globalization of Borders, 1834-1937 (2008) 2 Matthew J. Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (2008) C. O Grada, Famine. A Short History (2009) A. Bashford, Life on Earth. Geopolitics and the World Population Problem. New York: Columbia University Press (2014) General Histories of the four regions: China: Philip Kuhn, Origins of the Modern Chinese State (Stanford U.P. 2003) - for 18th and 19th centuries Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford UP 2004) - for 20th century India: Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (2nd Edn Oxford UP 2001) Thomas Metcalf and Barbara Metcalf, A Concise History of Modern India (2nd edn, Cambridge 2006). T. Dyson and N. Crook, eds, India’s Demography (1984) B.R. Tomlinson, The economy of modern India from 1860 to the twenty-first century (2nd edn Cambridge 2013) Africa: R. Oliver and A. Atmore, Africa since 1800 (5th Edn, Cambridge UP 2005) – basic but informative John Iliffe, Africans: The History of a Continent (2nd edn, Cambridge UP 2007), esp chs.8-13. J. Parker and R, Rathbone, African History: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford UP 2007) - survey of historiography Frederick Cooper, Africa Since 1940 (Cambridge U.P. 2002) Britain: Daunton, M.J., Progress and poverty: an economic and social history of Britain17001850 (1995) 3 R. Floud & P. Johnson (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, vol. I, 1700- 1860 (2004) M. Daunton, Wealth and Welfare: An Economic and Social History of Britain 18511951 (2007) B. Harris, The origins of the welfare state (2004) F. Carnevali and J-M. Strange (eds.) Twentieth-Century Britain. Economic, Cultural and Social Change (2nd Edition 2007) C. Cook and J. Stevenson, Longman Handbook of Modern British History 1714-2001 (2001)- handy facts and figures reference book for the outline political history 4 A. Population, Development and Environment: Intellectual and Policy History since c.1940 1. Social Science and Policy Orthodoxies 2. Historical and Critical Perspectives on the post-war orthodoxies : 3. Alternative theories of development, population health and environment B. Population, Development and Environment in History: Britain, India, China and E.& S.Africa since c.1750 4. Populations 5. Famines 6. Epidemics 7. Endemics 8. Health 9. Reproduction 10. Migration 11. Environment 5 Reading Lists: 1. Social Science and Policy Orthodoxies i) Demographic and Epidemiological Transition Theory Davis,K., 'The world demographic transition' Annals of the American academy of political and social science 237 (1945), 1-11. * Notestein, F.W., 'Population- the long view' in T.W. Schultz (ed) Food for the world (Chicago 1945), 36-57. Notestein, F.W., “Economic problems of population change” in Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Agricultural Economists, London: Oxford University Press (1953), 3–31 United Nations, The Determinants and Consequences of Population Trends, UN Population Studies 17 (1953), reporting the discovery that many LDCs were experiencing popn growth rates of 3% pa and not 1% as supposed. * K. Davis, ‘The population specter: rapidly declining death rate in densely populated countries. The amazing decline of mortality in underdeveloped areas’ American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 46,2 (1956), Supplement, 305-16. W.S. Thompson, Population Problems (4th edition 1953), pp.77-82 T. McKeown, ‘Medical issues in historical demography’, in E. Clarke, ed, Modern Methods in the History of Medicine (1971), 57-74. (reprinted in International Jnl Epidemiology 2005, 515-20. Omran, A.R., ‘The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change’ Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 49 (1971), 509-38. * Abbreviated version edited by J.C.Caldwell in Bulletin of WHO 79, (2001), 159-170. T. McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population (1976) P. Demeny and G. McNicoll, eds, The Political Economy of Global Populations Change 1950-2000 Supplement to Popn Dment Rev vol.32 (2000), essays by Demeny and McNicoll, Clapham, Vermeer, Deepak Lal, NcNeill, Zolberg *T. Dyson Population and Development: the Demographic Transition (2010), ch.1 R. Lee and D. Reher, eds Demographic Transition and its Consequences Supplement to Popn Dment Rev vol.37 (2011), Introduction and essays by Reher, Dyson, Murphy, Feng, Demeny. * M. Das Gupta, J. Bongaarts and J.Cleland, ‘Population, Poverty and Sustainable Development’ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper WPS 5719 (June 2011) ii) Public health policies and growth Soper, F.L., Building the Health Bridge. Selections from the works of Fred L. Soper 1924-67 (Indiana University Press 1970) Balfour, M.C., R. F. Evans, F.W. Notestein and I.B. Taeuber, Public Health and Demography in the Far East (Rockefeller Foundation, 1950) Balfour, Marshall C., ‘Problems in Health Promotion in the Far East’, in Modernization Programs in Relation to Human Resources and Population Problems (New York: Millbank Memorial Fund, 1950) 6 Chand, Gyan, India’s Teeming Millions: A Contribution to the Study of the Indian Population Problem (London: Allen & Unwin, 1939) Chand, Gyan, The Problem of Population (Oxford Pamphlets on Indian Affairs, number 19: Oxford University Press, 1944) Lewis, W. Arthur, "On Planning in Backward Countries", an appendix to: The Principles of Economic Planning: A Study Prepared for the Fabian Society, London: Dennis Dobson, and Allen & Unwin, 1949 Lewis, W. Arthur, ‘Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour’, The Manchester School, pp. 139-191 Myrdal, Gunnar, ‘Economic Aspects of Health’, Chronicle of the WHO (1952) UN, Technical Assistance for Economic Development: Plan for an Expanded Cooperative Programme Through the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies (New York, 1949) UN, Measures for the Economic Development of Under-Developed Countries, Report by a Group of Experts appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations (United Nations: Department of Economic Affairs, May 1951) Winslow, C.-E. A., Cost of Sickness, Price of Health (1952) World Health Organization, Malaria Eradication: A Plea for Health (1955) * Nancy Leys Stepan, Eradication. Ridding the World of Diseases Forever? (2011) , ch.1,7. iii) Modernisation theory *M. Watnick, ‘The appeal of communism to the underdeveloped peoples’ Ec. Dment and Cultural Change 1 (1952), 22-36. B.F. Hoselitz and W.E. Moore, Industrialisation and Society (1963), chs.1 (Hoselitz), 12 (Goode) T. Parsons, The Social System (1951), pp.58-67 (on the ‘pattern’ variables) D. Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (1958), extract reprinted in T. Roberts & A. Hite, From Modernisation to Globalisation (2000), pp.119-33. *T. Parsons, ‘Evolutionary universals in Society’ Am. Sociolog. Rev. 29 (1964), reprinted in T. Roberts & A. Hite, From Modernisation to Globalisation (2000), 83-99. Isaac J. ‘The human sciences in Cold War America’. The Historical Journal 2007;50:725–46 iv) Post-war liberal economic theory of growth and development Lewis, W.A., Theory of Economic Growth (1955) Solow, RM, ‘A contribution to the theory of economic growth’ Q.Jnl Ecs 70, (1956), 531-8. *Coale, A.J., and Hoover, E.M., Population growth and economic development in low-income countries (Oxford 1958), esp. chs.I,II,II,XXII,XXIII. *Rostow, W.W., The stages of economic growth: a non-Communist manifesto (Cambridge 1960; 2nd edition 1971 with response to critics in Appendix B). Coale, AJ, ‘Population and Economic Development’ in P.M. Hauser, The Population Dilemma (1964), 46-69. H.W. Singer, The strategy of international development. Essays in the economics of backwardness (1975) C. Jones, Introduction to Economic Growth (2nd edn 2002), ch.2 ‘The Solow Model’ 7 v) The neo-liberal Washington consensus and globalization theory P.T. Bauer, Dissent on development : studies and debates in development economics (1971) Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to choose : a personal statement (1980) P.T. Bauer, Reality and rhetoric: studies in the economics of development (1984) *J. Bhagwati, Protectionism (1985), ch.2 J. Sachs and A. Warner (1995), ‘Economic Reform and the process of globalization’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Number 1, pp.1-21. P.T. Bauer, From subsistence to exchange and other essays (2000), with an Introduction by Amartya Sen Milton Friedman, ‘Preface’ to Cato Institute, Economic Freedom of the World: 2002 Annual Report (http://www.cato.org/special/friedman/friedman4.html) J Bhagwati In defence of Globalisation (2004) *Julian L. Simon, The Ultimate Resource (1981); and Review Symposium by C.Timmer, I. Serageldin, J. Kantner, S.Preston Popn Dment Review (1982), 163-77. National Research Council, Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions (Washington DC: National Academy Press 1986) *World Bank, World Development Report 1993, ch.3 World Bank Adjustment in Africa: Reform, Results and the Road Ahead (1994) *L. Pritchett and L.H. Summers, ‘Wealthier is healthier’ Jnl Human Resources 31 (1996), 841-868. *P.T. Bauer, ‘Population Growth: Disaster or Blessing?’ The Independent Review 3 (1998), 67-76. 2. Historical and Critical Perspectives on the post-war liberal orthodoxies : i) Economic historians on growth models and theories Habakkuk, H.J., Population Growth and Economic Development (1971) C. Trebilcock, The industrialization of the Continental Powers 1780-1914 (1981), chs.1,6. J.L. Anderson, Explaining Long-Term Economic Change (1991) *E L Jones “Introduction to the second edition”, chs.1-2, 10-11, and “Conclusions” to E L Jones, The European Miracle (2nd ed 1987) *T. Bengtsson and O. Saito, eds, Population and Economy. From hunger to Economic Growth (2000), ‘Introduction’. *Engerman, D.C., ‘The Romance of Economic Development and New Histories of the Cold War’, Diplomatic History, 28, 1 (2004), pp. 23-54 ii) Historical perspectives on Demographic Transition and Demography: 8 Hodgson, D., 'Demography as social science and policy science' P.D.R. IX (1983), 134. Caldwell, J.C., and Caldwell, P., Limiting population growth and the Ford foundation contribution (1986). Johnson, S.P., World population and the United Nations: challenge and response (1987) Hodgson, D., 'Orthodoxy and revisionism in American demography' P.D.R. XIV (1988), 541-69. Demeny, P., 'Social science and population policy' P.D.R. XIV, (1988), 451-769 Hodgson, D, (1991) “The ideological origins of the Population Association of America” PDR 17, 1–34. P. Wagner et al, eds, Social Sciences and Modern States (1991), esp, chs.1-6,14-16 * Szreter, S.R.S., 'The idea of demographic transition: a critical intellectual history' P.D.R. 19,4 (1993), 659-701; or H&W, ch.3. O. Harkavy, Curbing Population growth: an insider’s perspective on the population movement (1995) * Greenhalgh, S., ‘The social construction of population science: an intellectual, institutional and political history’ CSSH 1996, 26-66. S. Grimes, ‘From Population control to “reproductive rights”: ideological influences in population policy’ Third World Quarterly 19 (1998), 375-93. E. Ramsden, ‘Social demography and eugenics in the interwar United States’ Popn Dment Rev 29 (2003), 547-93. * Connelly, Matthew ‘Population Control is History: New Perspectives on the International Campaign to Limit Population Growth’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 45 (2003), p. 122-47 N. Riley and J. McCarthy, Demography in the Age of the Postmodern (Cambridge 2003) S.Szreter, H. Sholkamy and A. Dharmalingam, eds, Categories and contexts: anthropological and historical studies in critical demography (2004), Part I (chs by Szreter, Kreager, Briggs) * G. McNicoll, ‘Policy Lessons of the East Asian demographic transitions’ PDR 32 (2006), 1-25. K.Ittman, ‘Demography as Policy Science in the British Empire 1918-69’ Jnl Policy History 15 (2003), 417-48. Matthew J. Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (2008) iii) International Health Policies and Development *F.Cooper and R. Packard (eds), International Development and the social sciences (1997), Introduction and Chs. 3, 4, 9. *Anderson, Warwick, ‘Introduction: Postcolonial Technoscience’, Social Studies of Science 32, 5-6 (2002), pp. 643-57 Bardhan, P. The Political Economy of Development in India (1984) Caldwell, J.C. ‘Malthus and the Less-Developed World: The Pivotal Role of India’, PDR 24,4 (1998) Cleaver, H. ‘Malaria and the Political Economy of Public Health’, International Journal of Health Services, 7, 4 (1977), pp. 557-79 P. Weindling, ed, International Health Organisations and Movements 1918-39 (1995), chs.1,4,5,6,7,10,11,12. 9 *E. Rodriguez-Ocana, ed, The politics of Healthy life: an international perspective (Sheffield: European Assn for History of Medicine and Health 2002), chs by Muruard and Zylberman (on the French interwar ‘socialist’ medicine project); Weindling on ‘the New Public Health 1918-45’; Hutchinson on ‘Promoting child health in the 1920s’; Gillespie on ‘Social medicine, social security and international health, 1940-60’ * S. Amrith, : Decolonising International Health: India and South-East Asia 1830-65 (2006) * S. Kunitz, The Health of Populations: General Theories and Particular Realities (Oxford 2006). C.C. Hughes and J.M. Hunter, ‘Disease and “development” in Africa’ Social Science & Medicine 3 (1970), 443-93. R. Stock, ‘Disease and development or the Underdevelopment of health’ Social Science Medicine 23, 7 (1986), 689-700. P. Farmer, ‘Social inequalities and emerging infectious diseases’ Emerging Infectious Diseases 2 (1996), 259-69 *P. Farmer, Infections and inequalities: the modern plagues. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1999 Gillespie, James, ‘International Organizations and the Problem of Child Health, 19451960’ Dynamis, 23, (2003), pp. 115-42 *Litsios, Socrates, ‘Malaria Control, Rural Development and the Post-War Reordering of International Organizations’, Medical Anthropology, vol. 14, pp. 255-78 *Packard, Randall, ‘Malaria Dreams: Postwar Visions of Health and Development in the Third World’, Medical Anthropology, 17, pp. 279-96 Siddiqi, J., World Health and World Politics (1995) J. Boli and G.M Thomas, eds, Constructing world culture. International Nongovernmental organisations since 1875 (Stanford U.Press 1999), Intro, chs.1,3, 7,8,9,10. Amy L.S.Staples, The Birth of Development: How the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and the World Health Organization Changed the World, 1945-1965 (Kent State University Press,2006). UL: 220:1.c.200.913 * Nancy Leys Stepan, Eradication. Ridding the World of Diseases Forever? (2011), chs.1,7. iv) Critiques of modernisation as a political theory of development *C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (1959), ch.2. P. Burke, History and Social Theory (1992), ch.5 J. Ferguson, The anti-politics machine: development, depoliticisation and bureaucratisation in Lesotho (1990) *J Crush (ed), Power of Development (1995) essays by Cowen/Shenton, and Mitchell. A Escobar, Encountering Development: the Making and Unmaking of the Third World (1995) F. Furedi, Population and Development. A Critical Introduction (1997) *Nils Gilman Mandarins of the Future. Modernization Theory in Cold War America (2003), chs.1-2, 6. D.C Engerman et al, Staging Growth. Modernization, Development and the Global Cold War (2003) 10 v) The ‘Underdevelopment’ critique from ‘the periphery’ *T. Roberts & A. Hite, From Modernisation to Globalisation (2000), Part III: six key readings including Andre Gunder Frank (1969), Fernando Cardoso (1972), Immanuel Wallerstein (1979) vi) Critiques of the concept of development * A.O. Hirschman, ‘The rise and decline of development economics’, ch.1 in Hirschman, Essays in Trespassing * Arndt, H.W., ‘Economic development: a semantic history’ Ec Dment and Cult Change 29,3 (1981) PW. Preston, Theories of Development (1982) Arndt, H.W., Economic development. The history of an idea (Chicago 1987) *M.P. Cowen and R.W. Shelton, Doctrines of development (1996) Davis, Mike ‘Planet of Slums’, New Left Review (2004) A. Nandy (ed.), Science, Hegemony and Violence: A Requiem for Modernity (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988) Sivaramakrishnan, K. and A. Agrawal (eds.), Regional Modernities: The Cultural Politics of Development in India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003) vii) Historical and critical perspectives on globalisation: *AG Hopkins (ed) Globalisation in World History (2002) esp chs by Hopkins, Lonsdale and van der Ven * C.A. Bayly, The birth of the modern World 1780-1914 (2004) B Eichengreen Globalising Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (1996) S George Faith and Credit: the World Bank's Secular Empire (1994) JJ McMurty Unequal Freedoms: The Global Market as an Ethical system (1998) *H-J Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder- Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (2002) J Stiglitz Globalisation and its Discontents (2002) D Held and A McGrew Globalisation and Anti-Globalisation (2002) 3) Alternative theories of development, population health and environment i) Economic growth and population health *R.A.Easterlin, ‘How beneficient is the market? A look at the modern history of mortality European Review of Ec History 3 (1999), 257-94. T. Rice, Can markets give us the health we want? Journal of Politics, Policy and Law 1997: 22: 383-426 11 *S. Arora, ‘Health, human productivity and long-term economic growth’ Jnl.Ec.History 61 (2001), 699-749. I Ahmed and M Lipton 'The impact of structural adjustment on sustainable rural livelihoods – a review of the literature' available at http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp62.pdf Scrimshaw, N., C. Taylor, J. Gordon, Interaction of Nutrition and Infection (Geneva: WHO, 1968) WHO Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (Chair Jeffrey D. Sachs) (Geneva 2001). *G. Lopez-Casanova, B. Rivera and L. Currais, eds, Health and Economic Growth (2005) ii) Endogenous/’new’ growth theory *M Abramowitz Thinking about Growth (1989). A Maddison Dynamic Forces of Capitalist Development (1991) pp 5-29 *R. Solow, ‘New perspectives on growth theory’ Jnl Ec Perspectives 8 (1994) *Romer, P. M. (1994) “The origins of endogenous growth” Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, 3–22. N. Crafts, ‘Exogenous or endogenous growth? The Industrial Revolution Reconsidered’ Jnl Ec Hist (1995) Temple, J. (1999) “The new growth evidence” Jnl Economic Literature 37, 112–56. C. Jones, Introduction to Economic Growth (2nd edn 2002), ch.8 ‘Alternative theories of endogenous growth’ iii) Institutionalist approaches to economic development * North, D.C., Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: Norton 1981). * De Soto, H. (2000) The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, New York: Basic Books. * Acemoglu D, Johnson S and Robinson J (2001) ‘The colonial origins of comparative development: an empirical investigation’ American Economic Review 91, 1369-1401. P.H. Lindert, Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols, Cambridge University Press, 2004. H-J Chang, ed, Re-thinking Development Economics (2004) * C.A., Bayly et al, eds, History, Historians and Development Policy (2011), cs.1-4. iv) The state, government and development * P. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer and T. Skocpol, (eds), Bringing the state back in. (1985), esp.chs.2-4,6 Johansson, S. R. (1991) “‘Implicit’ policy and fertility during development” PDR 17, 377–414. * M. Mann, The Sources of social power, vol II (1993), ch.3. Robertson, A.F. (1984) People and the State: An Anthropology of Planned Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. J.C. Scott, Seeing like a state (1998) 12 R. Wade, Governing the market. Economic Theory and the role of government in East Asian industrialisation (1990) H-J Chang, Globalization, Economic Development and the Role of the State (2003) * World Development 23, 6 (June 1996), special section pp.1033-1132- five empirical studies of ‘co-production’, social capital and development (Intro.Peter Evans). Woolcock, M., (1998), ‘Social capital and economic development: toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework’ Theory and Society 27,1, pp.151208. A. Bebbington, ‘Capitals and capabilities: a framework for analysing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty’ World D’ment 27 (1999), 2021-44. J. Tendler, Good government in the Tropics (1997) * R. Abers, ‘From clientalism to cooperation: local government, participatory policy, and civic organising in Porto Alegre, Brazil’ Politics and Society 1998; 26: 511-37 S.E. Chaplin, ‘Cities, sewers and poverty: India’s politics of sanitation’ Environment and Urbanisation 1999; 11: 145-58. v) Entitlements, functionings and capabilities A. Sen, Poverty and famines. An essay on entitlement and deprivation (Oxford 1981) * J. Dreze and A. Sen, Hunger and public action (Oxford 1989), pp.9-19. * A. Sen, Development as Freedom (Oxford 1999), chs.1-2. U.N. Human Development Report 1997 vi) Environment, ecology, health and sustainability *Ryle, John, Changing Disciplines: Lectures on the History, Method, and Motives of Social Pathology (1948) Canguilhem, Georges, The Normal and the Pathological (New York: Zone Books, 1989) tr. Carolyn R. Fawcett (with an introduction by Michel Foucault) *Dubos, R., Mirage of Health (1959) *Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring (1963) *Dubos, R. Man Adapting (1965) *Ehrlich, P., The population bomb (New York 1968). Dubos, R Only One Earth (1972) Schumacher, Small is Beautiful. (1973) *Illich, Ivan, Limits to Medicine (London: Marion Boyars, 1976) Shiva, V. Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development (1988) Ehrlich, P., and Ehrlich, A., The population explosion (1990). Scrimshaw, N., C. Taylor, J. Gordon, Interaction of Nutrition and Infection (Geneva: WHO, 1968) Shiva, V. (ed.) Biopolitics: A Feminist and Ecological Reader on Biotechnology (1995) Roy, A. The Cost of Living: The greater common good and the end of the imagination (1999) 13 Nandy, A. ‘The Beautiful, Expanding Future of Poverty: Popular Economics as a Psychological Defence’, Economic and Political Weekly (Jan 2004) K. Davies and M.S. Bernstam, eds, Resources, Environment and Population (Population and Development Review Supplement 1991) K. L. Kiessling and H. Landberg, eds, Population, Development and the Environment. The making of our common future (1994), including chapters by Dasgupta, Sen, McNicholl, Fogel Samet, J. M., and T. A. Burke (2001) “The Bush administration, the environment and public health: warnings from the first 100 days” Int J Epidemiol. 30, 658–60. *P. Dasgupta, Human Well-Being and the Natural Environment (2001) *A. McMichael, Human Frontiers, environments and diseases (2001), esp. Preface, chs.1, 4-7. 14 4. Populations General Szreter, S, (1984), 'The Genesis of the Registrar-General's Social Classification of Occupations', British Journal of Sociology 35, 522-46 Porter, T.M.,(1986), The rise of statistical thinking (Princeton), Intro, Part I. *Hacking, I., (1986) ‘Making up people’, in T. Heller, M.Sosna, and D. Wellberry, (eds) Reconstructing individualism (Stanford), 222-36. W. Kula, Measures and Men (1986) Alonso, W., and Starr, P., (1987), editors, The politics of numbers. New York: Russell Sage *Cohn, B., (1987) ‘The census, social structure and objectification in South Asia’, in B.S. Cohn, An anthropologist among the historians and other essays, 224-54. Hacking, I., The taming of chance (1990) *B.Anderson, Imagined communities (revised edition 1991), ch.10, ’Census, map and museum’ *Foucault, ‘Governmentality’, in G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller, eds, The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (1991), 87-104. A. Desrosieres, ‘How to make things which hold together: social science, statistics and the state’, in P. Wittrock et al, eds, Discourses on Society (1991), 195-218. *Asad, T., (1994), ‘Ethnographic representation, statistics and modern power’ Social Research 61,1 55-88. Porter, T.M. (1995), Trust in numbers: pursuit of objectivity in science and public life (Princeton) *J.C. Scott, Seeing like a State (1998), Introduction and Part I. Bowker, G.C., and Star, S.L., (1999) Sorting things out. Classification and its consequences (Cambridge Mass.: M.I.T. Press), chs. *J. Caplan and J. Torpey, eds, Documenting Individual Identity. The Development of State Practices in the Modern World (2001). Introduction and chs.6,14,19. Social Research 68,2 (Summer 2001), Special issue ‘Numbers’, esp articles by Desrosieres, (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_2_68/ai_77187766/print) Miller, (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_2_68/ai_77187768/print) Schweber, (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_2_68/ai_77187774/print) Seltzer and Anderson (http://www.uwm.edu/~margo/govstat/4897395.pdf) B. Curtis, The politics of population (2002), ch.1 ‘Making up Population’ and ‘Conclusion’. D. Kertzer and D. Arel, eds, Census and identity. The politics of race, ethnicity and lanaguage in national censuses (2002), ch.1 *J.Scott et al, ‘The production of legal identities proper to states’: the case of the permanent family surname’ CSSH 2002, 4-44. Szreter et al, eds, Categories and Contexts (2004), chs.1,2.. * Szreter, S., 'The right of registration: development, identity registration and social security-an historical perspective' World Development, 35, 1 (2007), pp.67-86 * P.Kreager, ’Aristotle and Open Population Thinking’ Population and Development Review 34,4, (2008), 599-629 C. Bennett and D. Lyon, Playing the Identity Card (2008), chs.1, 3, 4, 7 15 *K. Breckenridge and S. Szreter (2012). eds, Registration and Recognition. Documenting the Person in World History (2012), Editors’ Introduction a) Britain Glass, D.V., (1973) Numbering the people. 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Documenting the Person in World History (2012),, chs.9,10,14,15,18. c) India *Alborn, T, ‘Age and Empire in the Indian Census: 1871-1931’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 30, 1 (1999) *Appadurai, Arjun, ‘Number in the Colonial Imagination,’ in Carol Breckenridge and Peter Van Der Veer (eds), Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993) Basu, A. ‘The Politicisation of Fertility to Achieve Non-Demographic Objectives’, Population Studies 51, 1 (1997) C.A. Bayly, Empire and Information (1996) Bhatt, P.N.M. ‘Completeness of India’s Sample Registration System’, Population Studies, 56 2 (2002) *Bernard Cohn, 'The Census, Social Structure and Objectification in South Asia,' in his An Anthropologist Among the Historians and Other Essays (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987). *Davis, K., The Population of India and Pakistan (1950) *Dyson, T. India’s Historical Demography (1989) N. 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Documenting the Person in World History (2012), ch.11. d) China Aird, J., ‘Population Studies and Population Policies in China’, Population and Development Review (1982), pp. 267-297 18 * Bannister, J., China’s Changing Population (Stanford, 1987) Chadrasekhar, S., China’s Population Census and Vital Statistics (Hong Kong 1959) Chiao, C., Warren S, Thompson, and D.T, Chen, An Experiment in the Registration of Vital Statistics in China (Oxford, Ohio, 1938) Coale, A. J., Rapid Population Change in China, 1952-1982 (Washington, D.C. 1984) Durand, John D. ‘The Population Statistics of China A.D. 2-1953’, Population Studies 13 (1960), pp. 209-56. Li, C., Population Censuses in China (Beijing 1981) Li, C., The Statistical System of Communist China (Berkeley 1962) * Ho, P., Studies on the Population of China , 1368-1953 (Cambridge, Mass. 1959) Liu, T., ‘Chinese genealogies as a source for the study of historical demography’ in Studies and Essays in Commemoration of the Golden Jubilee of the Academia Sinica (Academia Sinica), pp. 849-870 * Greenhalgh, Susan, ‘Science, modernity and the making of China’s one-child policy’, Population and Development Review 29 (2003), pp. 163-196 Merli, M. G., ‘Underreporting of births and infant deaths in rural China: Evidence from field research in one county in northern China’, The China Quarterly (1998). Pp. 637-655 Merli, M. G., ‘Are births underreported in rural China: Manipulation of statistical records in response to China’s population policies’, Demography 37 (2000), pp. 557-572. * Riskin, C., China’s Political Economy (New York, 1986) Stacey, J., Patriarchy and Socialist Revolution in China (Berkeley, California, (1983) Taeuber, I. B. ‘Colonial Demography : Formosa’, Population Index 10 (1944), pp. 147-57 *Richard von Glahn, ‘Household Registration, Property Rights and Social Obligraitons in Imperial China’, ch.1 in K. Breckenridge and S. Szreter (2012). eds, Registration and Recognition. Documenting the Person in World History (2012). 19 5. Famines General and Comparative * Cormac O’Grada, Famine: A short history (2009) Devereux, S., Theories of famine (1993) *Arnold, D., Famine: social crisis and historical change (1988) Solar, P., ‘The Great Famine was no ordinary subsistence crisis’, in E.M. Crawford (ed.), Famine: the Irish experience (1989) Solar, P., ‘The potato famine in Europe’, in Cormac Ó Gráda (ed.), Famine 150 (1997 Cormac Ó Gráda, ‘The Great Famine and other famines’, in Cormac Ó Gráda (ed.), Famine 150 (1997) Sen A 1981 Poverty and Famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation Oxford: Oxford University Press. *A. Sen, ‘Ingredients of famine analysis: availability and entitlements’, Quarterly Review of Economics, 96/3 (1981) *Amitra Rangasami, ‘"Failure of exchange entitlements" theory of famine: a response’, Economic and Political Weekly, 20 (Oct. 1985) Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts (2001) *S.C. Watkins and J. Menken, ‘Famine in historical perspective’, Population and Development Review, 11 (1985) M. Livi-Bacci, Population and Nutrition (1991), ch.3 *Drèze J. and A. Sen. Hunger and Public Action part 2 (esp. ch. 8). Oxford: Clarendon Press (1990) Drèze J., and A. Sen (eds), The political economy of hunger: vol. 2: famine prevention (1990) Amartya Sen, ‘Public action to remedy hunger’ (1990 Arturo Tanco Memorial Lecture lecture), http://www.thp.org/reports/sen/sen890.htm Dyson, T. and O’Grada, C., eds, Famine demography: perspectives from the past and present (Oxford 2002) * De Waal, A and A Whiteside 2003. New variant famine The Lancet 362: 1234-7. * S. Devereux, The new Famines. Why Famines persist in an era of globalization (2006), chs.1, 4,5. Peter Gray, ‘Famine and Land in Ireland and India, 1845-80: James Caird and the Political Economy of Hunger’ Hist Jnl 49,1 (2006) *C. O’Grada, ‘The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history’, in ’Feeding the Masses’. Special Issue of The Economic History Review 61, S1 (2008), 5-37. a) Britain: The Irish Famine i) Introductory and context: James S. Donnelly, The Great Irish Potato Famine (Sutton, 2001) P. Gray, The Irish Famine (1995) *Cormac Ó Gráda, The Great Irish Famine (Cambridge UP, 1989) C.Woodham Smith, The Great Hunger (1962) L. Kennedy, P.S. Ell and L.A. Clarkson, Mapping the Great Irish Famine: an atlas of the Famine years (Four Courts Press, 2000) 20 *W.E. Vaughan, A New History of Ireland V: Ireland under the Union 1801-70 (Oxford 1989), chapters by J.S. Donnelly, O. MacDonagh and C.O’Grada W.E. Vaughan, Landlords and Tenants in mid-Victorian Ireland (1994) ii) Economic and Health aspects *Joel Mokyr, Why Ireland starved: a quantitative and analytical history of the Irish economy 1800-50 (1983) *L.A. Clarkson and E.Margaret Crawford, Feast and famine. A History of food and nutrition in Ireland 1500-1920 (2001), chs.6, 10. *Cormac Ó Gráda, ‘Malthus and the pre-famine economy’, in A.E. Murphy (ed.), Economists and the Irish economy from the eighteenth century to the present day. (1984) Joel Mokyr, ‘Irish history with the potato’, IESH, 8 (1981) Joel Mokyr, ‘Uncertainty and pre-Famine Irish agriculture’, in T.M. Devine and David Dickson (eds), Ireland and Scotland, 1600-1850: parallels and contrasts in economic and social development (1983) Kevin O’Rourke, ‘Did the Great Famine matter?’, JEcH, 51(1991) *O'Gráda, C., Ireland before and after the famine: explorations in economic history, 1800-1925 (Manchester 1988). O’Grada, Ireland. A New Economic History 1780-1939 (1995), Parts II, III, IV. Michael Turner, After the famine: Irish agriculture 1850-1914 (1996) T.P. O’Neill, ‘The persistence of famine in Ireland’, in Cathal Póirtéir (ed.), The Great Irish Famine (1995) *G. Moran, ‘Near famine: the crisis in the west of Ireland, 1879-82’, ISR, 18 (1997) *T.P. O’Neill, ‘The food crisis of the 1890s’, in E.M. Crawford (ed.), Famine: the Irish experience (1989)[ *E. M. Crawford, ‘Subsistence crises and famines in Ireland: a nutritionist’s view’, in E.M. Crawford (ed.), Famine: the Irish experience (1989) Laurence Geary, ‘Famine, fever and the bloody flux’, in C. Póirtéir (ed.), The Great Irish Famine (1995) iii) Demography and Emigration *Liam Kennedy and L.A. Clarkson, ‘Birth, death and exile: Irish population history 1700-1921’, in B.J. Graham and L.J. Proudfoot (eds), A historical geography of Ireland (1993) *Joel Mokyr, ‘Malthusian models and Irish history’, Journal of Economic History, 40/1 (1980) Terry Coleman, Passage to America (1972) E. Margaret Crawford (ed.), The hungry stream: essays on emigration and famine (1997) David Fitzpatrick, Irish emigration 1801-1921 (1984) *David Fitzpatrick, ‘Flight from Famine’, in Cathal Póirtéir (ed.), The Great Irish Famine (1995) T. Guinnane, The Vanishing Irish: Households, Migration and the Rural Economy in Ireland, 1850-1914 (1997). iv) Political and Administrative/Poor Law History F. Neal, Black '47: Britain and the Famine Irish (1998) 21 P. Gray, Famine, Land and Politics: British Government and Irish Society, 1843-50 (2001) * P. Gray, ‘The Triumph of dogma: the ideology of famine relief’ History Ireland 3 (1995) * James S. Donnelly, ‘"Irish property must pay for Irish poverty": British public opinion and the Great Irish Famine’, in Chris Morash and Richard Hayes (ed.), Fearful realities: new perspectives on the Famine (1996) * Peter Gray, ‘Ideology and the Famine’, in Cathal Póirtéir (ed.), The Great Irish Famine (1995) Jennifer Hart, ‘Sir Charles Trevelyan at the Treasury’, EHR, 75 (1960) Timothy Guinane and Cormac Ó Gráda, The workhouses and Irish Famine mortality (2000) * Mary Daly, ‘The operation of famine relief 1845-7’, in C. Póirtéir (ed.), The Great Irish Famine (1995) * Christine Kinealy, ‘The role of the poor law during the Famine’, in C. Póirtéir (ed.), The Great Irish Famine (1995) W.A. MacArthur, ‘Medical history of the Famine’, in R.D. Edwards and T.D. Williams (eds), The Great Famine (1956/1994) Gerard O’Brien, ‘State intervention and the medical relief of the Irish poor, 17871850’, in Elizabeth Malcolm and Greta Jones (eds), Medicine, disease and the state in Ireland 1650-1940 (1999) Joseph Robins, The miasma: epidemic and panic in 19th century Ireland (1995) * James S. Donnelly, ‘Mass eviction and the Great Famine’, in Cathal Póirtéir (ed.), The Great Irish Famine (1995) v) Social and Political responses: A. Eiriksson, ‘Food supply and food riots’, in Cathal Ó Gráda (ed.), Famine 150 (1997) *S.J. Connolly, ‘The Great Famine and Irish politics’, Cathal Póirtéir (ed.), The Great Irish Famine (1995) *Irene Whelan, ‘The stigma of souperism’, in Cathal Póirtéir (ed.), The Great Irish Famine (1995) D.W. Miller, ‘Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine’, JSH, 9 (1975) David W. Miller, ‘Irish Presbyterians and the great famine’, in J. Hill, Jacqueline and C. Lennon (eds), Luxury and austerity (1999) Robert J. Scally, The end of hidden Ireland: rebellion, famine and emigration (1995) D.A. Kerr, ‘A nation of beggars’? Priests, people and politics in Famine Ireland, 1846-1952 (1994) b) E.& S.Africa Blix G., Y. Hofvander, B. Vahiquist (eds). 1971 Famine: a symposium dealing with nutrition and relief operations in times of disaster. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksells/ Swedish Nutrition Foundation (on Biafra) *Curtis, Donald, Michael Hubbard and Andrew Shepherd (eds.) 1988. Preventing Famine part 1. London: Routledge. 22 Dalby David, R.J. Harrison Church, Fatima Bezzaz (eds.) 1977 Drought in Africa vol 2 ch. By Caldwell. London: International African Institute in association with the Environment Training Programme. Sen A 1981 Poverty and Famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation Oxford: Oxford University Press, chs. 7-8. *De Waal A. 1990. A re-assessment of entitlement theory Development and Change 21: 369-90; and 22 (1991): 587-608. De Waal A. 1989. Famine that kills: Darfur: Sudan, 1984-1985. Oxford: Clarendon. *De Waal A. 1997. Famine Crimes: politics and the disaster relief industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey. *Devereux S., and S Maxwell 2001. Food security in sub-Saharan Africa ch. 5. London: Intermediate Technology Development Group Publishing. *Iliffe J., 1987 The African Poor: a history Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, African Studies Series 58. pp. 12-13, 36-37, 156-63, 250-9. Moore P. S. 1993. Mortality rates in Somalia. The Lancet 341: 935-8. *Mortimore M 1998. Roots in the African Dust: sustaining the sub-Saharan drylands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.106-12. Scott E. (ed.) 1984. Life Before the Drought London: Allen and Unwin. Ch. By Watts. *Vaughan M. 1987. The Story of an African Famine: gender and famine in the Twentieth Century in Malawi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wolde Giorgis, Dawit 1989 Red tears: war, famine, and revolution in Ethiopia. Trenton (N.J.): Red Sea Press. (African Studies Centre). *House of Commons, International Development Committee, The Humanitarian Crisis in Southern Africa, 2 vols, especially Vol 1(Session 2001-2) *David Keen, The benefits of famine: a political economy of famine and relief in Southwest Sudan, 1983-1989 (Princeton, 1994) * S. Devereux, The new Famines. Why Famines persist in an era of globalization (2006), chs.1, 4,5. De Waal, A. 2008 ‘ On famine crimes and tragedies’ www.thelancet.com Vol 372 November 1, 2008 Elias Mandala, The End of Chidyerano: a History of Food and Everyday Life in Malawi, 1860-2004 (Heineman 2005) Diana Wylie, Starving in a Full Stomach: Hunger and the Triumph of Cultural Racism in Modern South Africa (U of Virginia Press 2001) c) India Ahuja, R. ‘State Formation and Famine Policy in early colonial South India’, IESHR, 39, 4 (2002) *Appadurai, Arjun, ‘How Moral is South Asia’s Economy: A review article’, Journal of Asian Studies, 43, 3 (1984) Arnold, D. Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988) *Bose, S., ‘Starvation Amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942-45’, Modern Asian Studies, 24, 4 (1990), pp. 699-727 [comparative with China topic] *Davis, M., Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World (1999) *Dyson, T. (ed) India’s Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society (Riverdale: The Riverdale Company, 1989). 23 Dyson, T. ‘On the Demography of South Asian Famines’, Population Studies, 45 (1991) [JSTOR] Goswami, O. ‘The Bengal Famine of 1943: Re-examining the Data’, IESHR, 37, 4,(1990) Greenough, P. Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943-1944 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982). Hall-Matthews, D. ‘Colonial Ideologies of the Market and Famine Policy in Ahmednagar District, 1870-1884’, IESHR, 36, 3 (1999) Hardiman, D. ‘Usury, Dearth and Famine in Western India’, Past and Present, 152 (1996) *Klein, I. ‘When the Rains Failed: Famine, Relief and Mortality in British India’, ISEHR, 21, 2 (1984) McAlpin, M., Subject to Famine: Food Crises and Economic Change in Western India, 1860-1920 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983) Rajasekhar, D. , ‘Famines and Peasant Mobility: Changing Agrarian Structure in Kurnool District of Andhra, 1870-1900’, IESHR, 28, 2 (1991) *Sen, A.K., Poverty and Famines: An Essay in Entitlement and Deprivation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981) d) China ** Cormac O’Grada ‘Great Leap, Great famine: A review Essay’ PDR 39 (June 2013), 333-60. *Wong, R. Bin, ‘Historical lessons about contemporary social welfare: Chinese puzzles and global challenges’ ch.4 in C.A. Bayly, et al, eds History, Historians and Development Policy (Manchester 2011). * Kane, P., Famine in China: Demographic and Social Implications (New York, 1988) * Will, P.E. and R B. Wong, Nourish the People: The State Civilian Granary System in China 1650-1850 (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1991) Ashton, B., K. Hill, A. Piazza and R. Zeitz, ‘Famine in China 1958-61’, Population and Development Review, 10 (1984), 613-645 Bernstein, T., ‘Stalinism, Famine and Chinese Peasants; Grain Production during the Great Leap Forward’, Theory and Society 13 (1984), pp. 339-377 Buck, J.L. ‘Food Grain Production in Mainland China before and during the Communist Regime, in J,L. Buck, O.L. Dawson and W. Yuan Li (eds.) Food and Agriculture in Communist China (New York 1966) pp. 3-72 Huang P., The Peasant Economy and Social Change in Northern China (Stanford 1986) Huang, P., The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta 13501988 (Stanford, 1990) * Lee, J. ‘Food supply and population growth in south-western China 1250-1850’, Journal of Asian Studies 41 (1982), pp. 709-746 * Li, L. ‘Introduction: Food, Famine and the Chinese State’, Journal of Asian Studies 41 (1982), pp. 687-707 Mallory, W.H. China: The Land of Famine (New York, 1926) Perdue, P. ‘The Qing State and the Gansu Grain Market’ in T. Rawski and L. Li (eds) Chinese Economy in Historical Perspective (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 100-125 24 Wong, R.B, ‘and P. Perdue, ‘Grain markets and food supplies in Eighteenth-Century Hunan’, in T. Rawski and L. Li (eds) Chinese Economy in Historical Perspective (Berkeley, 1992) pp. 126-144 Wong, R.B. China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of the European Experience (Ithaca, New York, 1997) * Li, L. ‘Integration and Disintegration of North China’s Grain markets 1738-1911’, Journal of Economic History (2000), , pp. 665-690 * Will, P.E. Bureaucracy and Famine in Eighteenth-Century China (Stanford, 1990) ‘Lee, J. and C. Campbell, ‘Living standards in Liaoning, 1749-1909’, Evidence from demographic outcomes’, in R.C. Allen, T. Bengtsson and M. Dribe (eds) Living Standards in the Past: New perspectives on well-being in Asia and Europe (Oxford, 2005), pp. 403-426 Paul Bohr, Famine in China and the Missionary: Timothy Richard as Relief Administrator and advocate of National Reform (Cambridg, Mass, HUP, 1972). China International Relief Commission, Her Raiffeisen Among Chinese Farmers (New York, Garland Pub, 1980). Monica Das Gupta and Li Shuzhuo, ‘Gender Bias in China, South Korea, and India, 1920-1990: Effects of War, Famine, and Fertility Decline’, Development and Change XXX:3 (1999), 619-652. *R. Bin Wong and Peter Perdue, ‘Famine’s Foes in Ch’ing China’, HJAS IVIII:1 (1983), 291-332. United International Relief Committee, North China Famine of 1920-1922 (Peking, 1922). Andrew Nathan, A History of the China International Relief Commission (Cambridge, Mass, Harvard UP, 1965). Charles Scott, Account of the Great Famine in North China, 1876-79 (Hull, 1885). *Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts (London, John Murray, 1996). Theodore White, Thunder out of China (New York, William Sloane, 1946), 166-79. Dali Yang, Calamity and Reform in China (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1996). * Li, L. Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s (Stanford 2007). * Frank Dikkotter, Mao’s Great Famine (2010) 25 6. 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