Download Summer Vacation HW_CHEMISTRY_12

LEARN AND WIRTE THE FOLLOWING CONTENTS
NAME REACTIONS (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
1. Finkelstein -
CH3Br + NaI
CH3-I + NaBr
2. Swarts -
CH3Br + AgF
CH3F + AgBr
CH3
3. FriedelCrafts-
+
Anhydrous AlCl3
H3C
Cl
Alkylation
COCH 3
4. FriedelCrafts-
CH3COCl
Anhydrous AlCl3
Acylation
5. Wurtz -
H3C
Cl
+
Cl
Cl
CH3
H3C
CH3
+
Na Cl
Cl
2Na
+
6. Fittig
2Na
+
Dry ether
Na Cl
Cl
+
7. Wurtz-Fittig
2Na
Cl
CH3
OH
8. Kolbe’s
reaction
Na Cl
OH
ON a
Na OH
+
CH3
Dry ether
i) CO2
ii) H+
COOH
OH
OH
ON a
CH3Cl + Na OH
CHO
H+
CHO
9. ReimerTiemann
10. Williamson’s
11. Stephen
CH3-Br + CH3-ONa
H3C
CN
+
CH3-O- CH3 + NaBr
SnCl2 + HCl
H3C
CH
NH
CH3
H3O+
H3C
CHO
CHO
CrO2Cl2
12. Etard
H3O+
CHO
CO / HCl
13. Gatterman –
Anhydrous AlCl3
Koch
O
14. Rosenmund
reduction
C
C
H3C
Cl
O
15.Clemmensen
reduction
H3C
CH3
reduction
17. Tollens’ test
18. Fehling’s
test
C
H3C
H3C
Pd / BaSO4
H
Zn - Hg
C
O
16. Wolff-Kishner
O
H2
Conc. HCl
H3C
CH2 CH3
H3C
CH2 CH3
i) NH2-NH2
CH3 ii) KOH / Ethylene glycol / 
R-CHO + 2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3 OH-
R-COO- + 2Ag
NH3
R-CHO + 2 Cu2+ + 5 OH-
+ 2H2O + 4
Silver mirror
R-COO- + Cu2O
+ 3H2O
O
19.Iodoform
Reaction
I2 / NaOH
C
H3C
CHI3 + CH3COONa
OR, NaOI
CH3
Yellow ppt.
OH
20. Aldol
Condensation
21. Cannizzaro
dil NaOH
2 H3C
CHO
HCHO
22. Hell-Volhard-
+
Conc. NaOH
COOH
ii) H2O
bromamide
degradation
H3C
+
H3C
CHO
OH
i) Cl2 / Red Phosphorus
O
23.Hoffmann
H3C CH CH
HCOON a
HCHO
H3C
Zelinsky
(HVZ)

H3C CH CH2 CHO
H2C
COOH
Cl
Br2
C
H3C
NH2
NH2
NaOH

24. Carbylamine
R-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3 KOH
+
N2 Cl
R-NC + 3 KCl + 3 H2O
-
Cl
CuCl / HCl
+ N2
25. Sandmeyer.
+
N2 Cl
-
Cl
Cu / HCl
+ N2
26. Gatterman
27.Coupling
Reaction
+
N2 Cl
-
+
OHH
OH
N
N
OH
ELECTRON DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS
+ I : O- , COO- , (CH3)3C , (CH3)2CH , CH3CH2 , CH3
(electron donating)
- I : NR3+ , SR2+ , NH3+, NO2 , SO2R , CN , COOH , F , Cl , Br , I , OR , OH, NH2 (ewithdrawing)
+R (+M)
:
OH , NH2 , OR , NHR , X
(electron donating)
-R (-M)
: NO2 , CN , CHO , COOH , COCH3
(electron withdrawing)
DIRECTIVE INFLUENCE OF SUBSTITUENTS IN BENZENE RING
(for electrophilic substitution reactions)
EFFECT OF THE GROUP
DIRECTING
ACTIVATING / DEACTIVATING
+I
Ortho / Para
Activating
+I,+R
Ortho / Para
Activating
-I<+R
Ortho / Para
Activating
-I>+R
Ortho / Para
Deactivating
-I
Meta
Deactivating
-I, -R
Meta
Deactivating
Example:
-I > +R
: - X , - CH=CH2 , -CH=CH-COOH , -CH2-Cl
These groups are deactivating but exceptionally o / p directing due to +E effect by the
attacking
reagents electron density increases at -ortho and -para position .
If two groups are present initially
1.When both the groups present in benzene ring are o/p directing than the order of influence :
O- > NH2 > NR2 > OH > OCH3 > NHCOCH3 > CH3 > X
2.When both the groups present in benzene ring are meta directing than the order of influence
:
(CH3)3N+ > NO2 > CN > SO3H > CHO > COCH3 > COOH
3.When one group is o/p and another is m – directing than o/p directing group takes priority
Distinction By Single Chemical Test
1. All aldehydes ( R-CHO) give Tollens’ Test and produce silver mirror.
RCHO + 2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3 OH-  RCOO- + 2 Ag
Tollens’ Reagent
+ 2H2O + 4 NH3
silver ppt
Note: HCOOH(methanoic acid ) also gives this test, ketones(RCOR) do not give this test
2. All aldehydes (R-CHO) and ketones(RCOR) give 2,4-DNP test
RCOR + 2,4-DNP  Orange ppt
R-CHO + 2,4-DNP  Orange ppt
3. Aldehydes and ketones having CH3CO- (keto methyl) group give Iodoform Test.
Alcohols having
CH3CH- group also give Iodoform Test.
|
OH
CH3CHO + 3I2 + 4 NaOH  CHI3
+ HCOONa + 3 NaI + 3H2O
Yellow ppt
The following compounds give Iodoform Test: ethanol (C2H5OH), propan-2-ol
(CH3CH(OH)CH3),ethanal(CH3CHO), propanone(CH3COCH3),butanone (
CH3COCH2CH3), pentan-2-one (CH3COCH2 CH2CH3) , acetophenone ( PhCOCH3 )
4. All carboxylic acids ( R-COOH) give Bicarbonate Test
RCOOH + NaHCO3  RCOONa + CO2
+ H2O
Brisk effervescence
5. Phenol gives FeCl3 Test
C6H5OH + FeCl3  (C6H5O)3Fe + 3 HCl
(neutral)
(violet color)
6. All primary amines (R/Ar -NH2) give Carbyl Amine Test
R-NH2 + CHCl3 + KOH(alc)  R-NC
+
KCl + H2O
offensive smell
7. Aniline gives Azo Dye Test ( Only for aromatic amines)
C6H5NH2 + NaNO2 + HCl  C6H5N2+Cl- ;
then add β-naphthol  orange
dye
8. All alcohols (ROH) give Sodium (Na) metal test
R-OH + Na  R-ONa + H2
(bubbles)
9. For esters (RCOOR) : Hydrolyses first. Then see the products ( acid & alcohol) and give a
test to
identify them
10. All alkenes (C=C) and alkynes (C≡C) decolorizes Br2 water from red to colorless
11. Lucas Test to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
Lucas reagent: ZnCl2/HCl
30-alcohol + Lucas reagent  immediate turbidity
20-alcohol + Lucas reagent  turbidity after sometime
10-alcohol + Lucas reagent  no turbidity