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Caesarian Civil War 49 BC - 45 BC The main fighting ends in 48 with the battle of Pharsalus, but insurgents remain until 45. Social War 91 BC - 88 BC Second Sullan Civil War Rome defeats her former Italian allies and solidifies her hold on Italy. 83 BC - 82 BC Caesar crosses the Rubicon River January 10, 0049 BC Cicero suppresses Lucius Sergius Catilina’s attempted revolution. Caesar invades Italy, beginning a civil war against Gnaeus Pomepeius Magnus Sulla's Dictatorship 60 BC - 53 BC First Sullan Civil War 82 BC - 81 BC 88 BC - 87 BC Bloody period known for “proscriptions” Sulla dies 78 BC Consulship of Caesar and Pompey 70 BC Gaius Julius Caesar, Gnaus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus share rule of Rome Milo's slaves kill Publius Clodius Pulcher 52 BC March 15, 0044 BC - October 23, 0042 BC Antony and Octavian defeat Brutus, Cassius and the Republican faction Catilinarian Conspiracy 63 BC First Triumvirate Liberators' Civil War Gaius Julius Caesar Assassinated March 15, 0044 BC Battle of Pharsalus 48 BC Second Triumvirate Gaius Julius Caesar defeats the forces of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and becomes de facto ruler of Rome Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, Marcus Antonius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus share rule of Rome Battle of Actium September 31 BC 43 BC - 33 BC Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra; becomes de facto ruler of Rome and thus first emperor. The end of the Roman Republic. Roman History 102 BC 97 BC 92 BC 87 BC 82 BC 77 BC 72 BC 67 BC 62 BC 57 BC 52 BC 47 BC 42 BC 37 BC 32 BC Cicero defends Sextus Roscius Amerinus 80 BC Sulla supports the prosecution. Cicero’s victory puts him at risk. Cicero studies in Athens Marcus Tullius Cicero Born January 3, 0106 BC Highest government post 79 BC - 77 BC Cicero prosecutes Verres 70 BC Cicero leaves Rome, partly because Sulla is ill-disposed towards him. Verres had been an unusually corrupt and brutal governor in Sicily Catilinarian Conspiracy 63 BC Cicero marries Terentia 79 BC Quintus Tullius Cicero Born 104 BC Cicero serves in Social War M. Tullius’ Younger Brother Cicero serves under Strabo and Sulla. 90 BC - 88 BC Cicero divorces Terentia 46 BC Cicero elected Consul 63 BC Cicero's daughter Tullia born 78 BC Cicero elected Praetor 66 BC Cicero elected Quaestor 75 BC He serves in Sicily and is noted by its inhabitants for his honesty. Cicero elected Curule Aedile 69 BC Cicero's son Marcus born 65 BC Cicero testifies against Clodius 62 BC In the same year, he marries Publilia, a young girl who had been his ward. Publius Clodius Pulcher exiles Cicero 58 BC - 57 BC Cicero defends Caelius 56 BC Clodius was accused of violating the rites of the Bona Dea, a major scandal involving Julius Caesar’s wife. Cicero’s testimony against Clodius made him a permanent enemy. Cicero opposes Antony 43 BC Cicero defends Titus Annius Milo 52 BC Cicero delivers the “Philippics,” speeches against Antony, and backs Octavian. Milo had killed Clodius, Cicero’s enemy Clodia, Clodius’ sister, was behind the prosecution; Cicero attacks her and her brother in the speech. Cicero appointed Proconsul of Cilicia Tullia dies 45 BC 51 BC - 50 BC Marcus Tullius Cicero Executed December 7, 0043 BC Marcus Tullius Cicero 102 BC 97 BC 92 BC 87 BC 82 BC 77 BC 72 BC 67 BC 62 BC 57 BC 52 BC 47 BC 42 BC 37 BC 32 BC