Download Te Urewera National Park Management Plan

1.0 Introduction
1.1
PURPOSE OF THE PLAN
Te Urewera National Park consists of a total land area of 212, 673 hectares and is
situated in the East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Map 1 illustrates Te
Urewera National Park. A description of the natural and historic resources and other
features associated with the park is located in section 2. The purpose of this
management plan is to guide the Department of Conservation1 in the administration
and management of Te Urewera National Park in accordance with legislation.
In accordance with the National Parks Act 1980, every national park must have a
national park management plan that provides for the management of the park.
National park plans must be reviewed at least every ten years, or sooner should
circumstances dictate. This plan is produced as the result of the 10 year review of the
1989 – 1999 Te Urewera National Park Management Plan.
This plan is developed within the confines of legislation as outlined above, and
addresses management issues only. Aspects of the status of land ownership in relation
to Te Urewera National Park land is outside the scope of this plan. The Crown is
addressing land ownership claims through the Waitangi Tribunal Claims process and
the Office of Treaty Settlements. It is not the role of the Department to address these
issues and this plan is focused on management aspects of the park.
1.2
HISTORY OF TE UREWERA AND THE NATIONAL
PARK
The history of land tenure and classification in Te Urewera, and the establishment of Te
Urewera National Park is extremely complex and goes back as far as the signing of the
Treaty of Waitangi. Prior to this, the right to occupy and utilise land was determined
between Maori by a number of factors including occupation, whakapapa, gifting and
the outcome of conflicts.
On 28 July 1954, the catchment areas of Lake Waikaremoana, Lake Waikareiti and
other Crown reserves were gazetted as national park. By 1957 proposals were well
underway to add the rest of the Crown land in Te Urewera north of Ruatahuna to the
park. This proposal was formalised in November 1957 when an additional 135,000 ha
were added to the park. Further additions were made in 1962, 1975 and 1979, with
smaller acquisitions and boundary alterations in the intervening period. It should be
noted that the lakebed and Maori enclaves were not included in the park gazetting.
The Crown has leased the lakebed of Lake Waikaremoana. The lakebed is managed by
the Department under the provisions of the National Parks Act 1980 and the public has
the right of access in accordance with statute and the provisions of the management
plan.
1
Department of Conservation will be referred to as the Department.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
5
Tangata whenua still retain land enclaves surrounded by national park. This is
reflected in the boundaries of the area and is a unique feature of the park. (See Map 2
which illustrates the boundaries of Te Urewera National Park). The Department is the
government agency which on behalf of the Crown is responsible for managing and
administering the park and implementing the management plan.
Crown ownership of lands within Te Urewera National Park has been disputed by
tangata whenua on the basis of the legality of the means by which land was acquired by
the Crown. Formal proceedings have been initiated through the Waitangi Tribunal
There is an extensive history of Te Urewera region which is unable to be fully
documented in Te Urewera National Park Management Plan. Other forums such as the
Waitangi Tribunal will research and record the history of this area as a component of
establishing findings resulting from Treaty of Waitangi claims.
1.3
PLAN FORMAT AND USE
The plan is divided into five sections as follows:
One
This section outlines a brief history of Te Urewera region and the establishment and
management of the national park. The statutory context for management of the park
is described in brief and the purpose of the plan outlined.
Two
Te Urewera National Park is described in terms of the natural and historic features of
the park. This includes a description of indigenous flora and fauna, park waters,
landform, geology and historic features. A description of introduced plants and
animals (including sports fish and game birds) is also included. Climatic trends are also
outlined.
Three
The primary objectives/management philosophy for Te Urewera National Park are
described. There are many management objectives for an area as large and diverse as
a national park. Natural, historic, cultural, ecological and recreational values must all
be considered and this section outlines the overall hierarchy which will be used when
managing the park.
Four- Nine
The management directives outline the objectives and policies (followed by an
explanation) for Te Urewera National Park. This section implements the primary
objectives and states how the Department will manage and administer the park. This
section is divided into:
6
4.
Community Relations;
5.
Ecological and Natural Values;
6.
Historic Resources;
7.
Non-indigenous Species;
8.
Access, Recreation and Use;
9.
Concession Assessment.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Ten
Provisions for implementation, monitoring and review are outlined.
Appendices
The Appendices contain supporting information referred to in the text of the plan.
1.4
LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT
The statutes relevant to the management of Te Urewera National Park are as follows:
The National Parks Act 1980
The Department has a responsibility to manage and administer Te Urewera National
Park in accordance with S. 43 of the National Parks Act 1980. This legislation outlines
the principles to be applied in national parks in S. 4 (Parks to be maintained in a natural
state, and the public to have right of entry), S. 5 (Indigenous plants and animals to be
preserved) and S. 5A (introduction of biological organisms).
Under the National Parks Act 1980, a national park management plan must be
prepared (S. 45). The Act outlines the procedures for preparation, amendment,
review and approval of management plans (S. 45 – 48). The review of this plan is
undertaken in accordance with these provisions. The Act sets out the functions of the
Department, New Zealand Conservation Authority, conservation boards and the
Minister of Conservation in relation to national parks.
General Policy for National Parks
A General Policy for National Parks was originally prepared in 1983 by the then New
Zealand National Parks and Reserves Authority (NPRA) under S. 44 of the National
Parks Act 1980. This General Policy has been adopted by the New Zealand
Conservation Authority (NZCA) which succeeded the NPRA.
The General Policy for National Parks is provided to guide the interpretation and
exercise of discretion contained in the National Parks Act 1980. The NZCA is currently
reviewing the policy and from time to time may approve additional statements of
General Policy for National Parks. Management of national parks must be in
accordance with General Policy, and these provisions are reflected in policies in this
plan. Cross-references to General Policy are provided where appropriate.
Conservation Act 1987
This Act brought about the establishment of the Department, the New Zealand
Conservation Authority (NZCA) and conservation boards, and directs the
administration and management of land and resources within the jurisdiction of the
Act. The Conservation Act 1987 also contains new provisions regarding concessions
(leases, licences, permits and easements) on land administered by the Department.
Section 4 of the Conservation Act provides that the Act shall be so interpreted and
administered as to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. This
responsibility applies to the administration of the Acts in the First Schedule of the
Conservation Act , including the National Parks Act, to the extent that the principles of
the Treaty are not inconsistent with the provisions of the Acts.1 The principles of the
Treaty are outlined in Appendix 1.
1
Ngai Tahu Maori Trust Board the Director General of Conservation [1995] 3 NZLR 553
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
7
Conservation Management Strategies
Conservation management strategies must be prepared in accordance with the
Conservation Act 1987 and apply to all land administered by the Department.
The purpose of a conservation management strategy is “to implement general
policies and establish objectives for the integrated management of natural and
historic resources, including any species, managed by the Department under the:
Wildlife Act 1953,
Marine Reserves Act 1971,
Reserves Act 1977,
Wild Animal Control Act 1977,
Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978,
National Parks Act 1980,
New Zealand Walkways Act 1990, or
Conservation Act 1987,
or any of them, and for recreation, tourism, and other conservation purposes”
(Conservation Act 1987, S. 17).
The conservation management strategy is a strategic document which sets the general
direction for management of all land and other resources administered by the
Department, including Te Urewera National Park. This management plan must
therefore not be inconsistent with the East Coast Conservation Management Strategy
1998-2008. Cross-references to policies contained in the conservation management
strategy will be provided in this plan where appropriate.
Resource Management Act 1991
The Resource Management Act 1991 has been established with the purpose to
“promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources” (S. 5
(1)). This Act is administered by local government which develop regional policy
statements, regional and district plans in accordance with the Act and national policy
statements. These plans cover land within the territorial authority or regional councils’
jurisdiction, and includes land administered by the Department.
Regional policy statements and regional plans bind the Department. However, under
S. 4 of the Resource Management Act 1991, the Department is granted a limited
exemption to the provisions of district plans, provided land use is consistent with the
management plan or strategy developed by the Department and where the activity
does not have an adverse effect beyond the boundary. This exemption does not extend
to activities in river beds, discharge of contaminants, or the taking or diversion of
water.
Any concessionaires operating in the park are required to fully comply with any
Resource Management Act 1991 plan provisions.
The regional policy statement, regional plans and district plans prepared by local
government must have regard to any management strategies or plans developed by
the Department including this National Park Management Plan.
8
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Crown Minerals Act 1991
The Crown Minerals Act 1991 is an Act "to restate and reform the law relating to
the management of Crown-owned minerals".
The Crown Minerals Amendment Act (No 2) 1997 has restricted mining for Crown
owned minerals in national parks. Only limited and low impact mining activities may
still be permitted in certain circumstances, as described in S. 61 (1A)(a-e) of the Act.
The Amendment Act only applies to national parks established before October 1991.
Bylaws
The National Parks Act 1980 (S. 56) provides for the gazettal of bylaws provided that
they are not inconsistent with the management plan of the park. Te Urewera National
Park bylaws were established under this provision in 1981.
Non-Statutory Planning
The Department produces plans and strategies for particular issues both at a local and
national level. These include documents that address issues such as recreation,
recovery plans for threatened native species, animal and plant pest control plans,
management of historic resources and the Department's responsibilities under the
Treaty of Waitangi.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan is a means of implementing these
documents and strategies. However as a statutory plan, the management plan may
override the provisions of non-statutory plans and strategies in the event that variances
between documents arise.
Other bodies with Administrative Responsibilities
Bay of Plenty Regional Council (Environment BOP), Gisborne District Council (unitary
authority), Hawke’s Bay Regional Council, Whakatane District Council, Opotiki
District Council and Wairoa District Council - all have responsibilities under the
Resource Management Act 1991 in Te Urewera National Park. District Councils also
have responsibilities under the Building Act 1991.
The New Zealand Police – responsible for law, order, search and rescue.
Ministry of Health (Public Health Unit) – responsible for public health.
National Rural Fire Authority – responsible for determining standards of fire
prevention, safety, control and overseeing procedures and payment for significant fire
fighting costs.
Civil Aviation Authority – responsible for aviation movement, safety and regulation.
Transit New Zealand – responsible for those parts of State Highway 38 within or along
the boundary of the various portions of the park.
Fish and Game New Zealand (Eastern Region) - has functions and responsibilities
under S. 26 (Q and R) of the Conservation Act 1987 in relation to the sports fish and
game bird resource in the park.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
9
10
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
map 1
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
11
map 2
12
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
2.0 Resource Description
2.1
INDIGENOUS FLORA AND VEGETATION
Indigenous Terrestrial Flora and Vegetation
The following broad vegetation classes occur in the park: lowland forest, submontane
forest, montane forest, subalpine forest, lowland mire, montane mire, subalpine mire,
lowland fernland, exotic grassland, aquatic communities, riverbed communities,
subalpine scrub and shrubland, and scrub and regenerating shrubland on recent slip
sites.
Lowland forest, characterised by the occurrence of trees such as kohekohe and nikau,
and shrubs such as kawakawa occur near the northern margins of the park. (See
Appendix 2 for the scientific equivalents of common names used throughout the text).
Lowland forest covers most of the catchments of the Whakatane, Waimana and
Rangitaiki Rivers with smaller areas in the Waioeka, Ruakituri, Waiau and
Waikaremoana catchments. The main forest type is rimu-northern rata/tawa-kamahi.
Other types represented include: rimu-matai-kahikatea/tawa-kamahi (primarily on
narrow valley floor terraces and lower valley sides, particularly in the Waiau
catchment), rimu-northern rata/matai-tawa-kamahi; mahoe (limited areas and old slip
sites); kamahi; and mixtures of tawa and hard beech and/or red beech.
The upper limit of lowland forest varies from approximately 670 to 820 metres above
sea level (a.s.l.). Above this there is a band of submontane forest characterised by a
mixture of beech species (mainly red beech and silver beech), kamahi, (tawhero)
tawari, rimu and miro. The boundary between this and montane forest is demarcated
by the upper limit of tree-sized rimu at approximately 910 m a.s.l. There are extensive
areas of montane forest in the southern and eastern sectors of the park. At lower levels
the montane forests are dominated by red beech, silver beech, kamahi and tawari with
red beech extending to about 1120 m a.s.l. Above this silver beech predominates and
mountain beech occurs locally on well drained ridges. Forest above approximately
1190 m a.s.l. is subalpine in nature and is characterised by stunted silver beech trees
festooned with mosses. Composite and myrtaceous shrubs are prominent in the
understorey. On high points, above 1280 m a.s.l (Manuoha, Te Rake, Oharuru, Te
Rangaakapua and Maungataniwha) there is subalpine scrub and shrubland dominated
mainly by leatherwood but with significant amounts of haumakaroa, Coprosma
pseudocuneata, hupiro and pink pine. Scrub on Manuoha and Maungataniwha is
characterised by locally abundant Olearia capillaris and mountain beech
respectively.
More than 20 mires occur within the park. Lowland mires are limited to one small area
of severely modified raupo reedland in the Waimana catchment and the margins of
Lake Kiriopukae near Onepoto. A complex of montane mires occurs in the vicinity of
Lake Waikareiti. Vegetation cover on these includes sedgeland, herbfield, shrub-rushfernland, scrub, cushionfield and aquatic vegetation in small tarns and lakelets. The
largest mire, the Kaipo ‘tundra’ (approximately 1005 m a.s.l. and 70 ha in area), is a
poorly drained expanse, covered with tangle fern and wire rush.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
13
Bog forest dominated by kaikawaka, silver pine and stunted red beech and silver beech
occurs on the northern fringes of this mire. Small pockets of a similar forest type are
found in the Hopuruahine and Owhakarotu catchments. A small subalpine mire occurs
on Te Rangaakapua.
Varying assemblages of vegetation cover, including herbfield, scrub, shrubland,
treeland and flaxland grow on rocky outcrops and cliffs occurring throughout the
park, but most extensively on Te Rake and the Panekiri Range. River and stream bed
communities dominated mainly by grasses and herbs, occur in the beds of all larger
streams and rivers. Lowland fernland, which has developed following relatively recent
burning, occurs locally at Galatea and in the Waimana Valley. Slips are a common
feature in the park, especially on steep country. These sites are colonised by a range of
species depending on altitude and the surrounding vegetation. Exotic grassland is
restricted to relatively small areas cleared for farming in the Waikaremoana and
Waimana catchments, along with some very small areas adjacent to huts, and some
riverbeds.
The total native vascular flora exceeds 650 species, subspecies and varieties. Most of
the common North Island lowland and montane plants are found in the park, but
coastal plants are absent, as this bioclimatic zone is not represented in the park.
Five species reach their limits of distribution in the park and eight species are regarded
as nationally rare (see Appendix 3; Significant Plant Species Found in Te Urewera
National Park). More than 40 species are restricted to one or a few small colonies in the
park and are therefore vulnerable to local extinction.
Ecological Districts
The ecological district concept (McEwen, 1987) provides a useful framework in which
to discuss and assess the park’s physical and biological resources. Each ecological
district encompasses an area with a similar pattern of climate, geology, landform and
vegetation distinctive from other ecological districts in New Zealand.
The Waimana, Ikawhenua and Waikaremoana Ecological Districts in Te Urewera
Ecological Region make up the majority of land contained in the park. The Waioeka
Ecological District (Raukumara Ecological Region) and Taneatua Ecological District
(Whakatane Ecological Region) cover a proportionately smaller area of the park.
Margins of the Kaingaroa and Whirinaki Ecological Districts extend across the
boundary of the park in the north-west and south-west respectively.
The park is the largest protected natural area in the North Island. Large representative
examples of indigenous vegetation of five ecological districts are reserved within the
park, with a full range of bioclimatic zones represented for three ecological districts.
Several significant species (see Appendix 3) and communities are present, and other
scientifically important features such as threatened species also occur.
The ecological district model provides a useful assessment for ecosystem type,
although it is more useful as a tool for describing small remnants, and this is not the
case for Te Urewera National Park. A formal survey of each of the ecological districts
has not been undertaken as priority is given to surveying areas that are not currently
protected.
14
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Indigenous Aquatic Flora and Vegetation
Aquatic communities occur in Lakes Waikaremoana and Waikareiti and several small
lakelets and tarns in the Waikaremoana catchment. Information on aquatic
macrophytes has been collected for Lake Waikaremoana, Lake Waikareiti and Te
Tamaiti o Waikareiti lakelet by Vincent et al., 1980; Howard-Williams et al., 1981,
1982, 1986; G. Leigh, 1978; and Clayton unpublished data. These water bodies differ
in size and each has a distinctive vegetation type.
In Lake Waikaremoana characean meadows are the main macrophyte community at
all depths to 14 m except the 4 m depth where the introduced Elodea canadensis is
the most common macrophyte. Characeans present include Chara urallina, C.
globularis and Nitella hyalina. Howard-Williams et al., (1986b) discusses some
aspects of particular scientific interest about macrophyte communities of Lake
Waikaremoana which distinguishes it from other New Zealand lakes, particularly
North Island ones. For example, the low spatial variability of the lake is considered
unusual and is almost certainly linked to the homogeneity of the environment. The
aquatic plant communities in the park are vulnerable to the threat of introduced
aquatic plants such as Lagarosiphon major.
In Lake Waikareiti the communities are different and more variable, with vegetation
types varying with depth. Te Tamaiti o Waikareiti lakelet also differs significantly with
a dense moss community of Drepanocladus adnuncus and Sphagnum sp. growing
to a depth of 3 m and a bed of Myriophyllum propinquum at the bottom (4.5 m) of
the lakelet.
The diversity of the aquatic plant communities within a relatively small area is valuable
for scientific study. Of particular significance is the fact that while some introduced
species occur in Lake Waikaremoana, the plants and plant communities in Lake
Waikareiti and Te Tamaiti o Waikareiti lakelet are comprised of native species only.
2.2
INDIGENOUS FAUNA
(Faunal information for the park is from D. Shaw (1986) unless otherwise referenced).
The park is ranked by Shaw as outstanding wildlife habitat in the Urewera/Raukumara
area. Because of its size the park supports a greater diversity of species and many of
these are rare, uncommon or otherwise ‘sensitive’ (restricted in range throughout New
Zealand) species.
Not all fauna in the park has been comprehensively surveyed, although comprehensive
surveys of selected species such as kiwi and kokako are being undertaken. An
information base, including species distribution and requirements for survival, is being
expanded and is important for determining management priorities.
Birds and Bats
There are at least 48 bird species in the park including common species such as tui,
bellbird and morepork. The more ‘sensitive’ species include North Island kokako, blue
duck, North Island fernbird, yellow-crowned parakeets, New Zealand scaup, North
Island brown kiwi, New Zealand falcon, North Island robin, North Island kaka and
North Island rifleman.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
15
Both bat species (long-tailed and short-tailed) are present in the park. Te Urewera
forest tract may be a stronghold for the vulnerable short-tailed bat as indicated by the
number of records in the area.
Reptiles and Amphibians
The distribution of reptiles and amphibians in the park is sparsely documented. The
lizard distribution recording scheme (held by the Department of Conservation,
Wellington) shows only one species of lizard recorded within the park boundary. The
more common geckos and skinks are likely to be present.
Invertebrates
The limited research on terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates has located some
significant species – that is species that are rare, or are at the limits of their distribution,
or occupy vulnerable habitats.
The bush dragonfly Antipodochlora braueri and the Ruakumura tusked weta,
Motuweta riparia (Gibbs – Vol.29: NZ Journal of Zoology) are notable species.
Kikihia subalpina (Hudson), K. cutora cumberi (Hudson) exist together on
summits of peaks in the park. This is the northernmost area that these two species
occur together. The geometrid butterfly (Declana toreuta) (Meyrick), (Lepidoptera
: Geometridae) which has its northern limit at Waikaremoana is known from two
specimens in the British Natural History Museum (J. S. Dugdale, pers. comm.).
Detailed surveys of caddisflies (Trichoptera) carried out by D. R. Cowley (Zoology
Department, University of Auckland) in 1963 and 1968 located three species,
Hydrochorema crassicaudatum, Zelandoptila mosleyi and Pycnocentria
sylvestris, which are regarded as being fairly rare. Some other species have
distributions close to their southern limit (Pycnocentrodes modesta, Hydrobiosis
styracine, Edpercivalia borealis) or northern limit (Pycnocentrella eurensis) of
their range. Te Urewera is the only region in the North Island that has so far shown
such a diversity of species belonging to the insect order Trichoptera (D. R. Cowley,
pers. comm.).
Land snails are probably numerous in the park (W. B. Shaw, pers. comm.) but few
identifications have been made. A significant species is Powelliphanta urewera:
(Meads et al., 1984). These peculiar red-tinged colour forms seem to be restricted to
Te Urewera (F. Climo, National Museum of New Zealand, Wellington, pers. comm.).
This record is the northern limit for the genus Powelliphanta (Meads et al., 1984).
The unusual terrestrial invertebrate velvet worm Peripatoides novaezelandiae has
been collected in Te Urewera at various times in the past (D. R. Cowley, pers. comm.).
Important habitat is rotting logs, especially podocarps.
There is a need for further management-oriented research, as the limited studies
undertaken to date have revealed a number of significant invertebrate species.
Management implications already recognised are the need for good forest structure to
provide a wide diversity of habitats for a wide range of organisms (J. S. Dugdale, pers.
comm.). Naturally occurring stagheaded or standing dead trees are an important part
of the forest structure.
16
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
The control of mammalian browsers and predators is essential in order to maintain a
well-structured forest. Mammalian browsers, eg possums reduce canopy leaf density
and therefore leaf litter, an important habitat for invertebrates. Rats, mice, hedgehogs
and mustelids are significant predators of invertebrates. The significance to
invertebrates of introduced parasites and predators such as the introduced social wasp
(Vespa germanica) needs to be assessed.
Indigenous Fisheries, Whitebait and Eels
The native freshwater fish known to be present in Te Urewera National Park include
koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis), short-jawed kokopu (Galaxias postvectis), banded
kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus), blue-gilled bully (Gobiomorphus hubbsi), red-finned
bully (Gobiomorphus huttoni), long-finned eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), shortfinned eel (Anguilla australis), common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus),
common smelt (Retropinna retropinna), Cran’s bully (Gobiomorphus basalis),
torrentfish (Cheimarrichthys fosteri) and dwarf galaxias (Galaxias divergens).
The New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database holds data for the national park area
recorded from the early 1960s. Fish surveys have been undertaken by various
organisations, including the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, the
Department of Conservation, consultants, interested individuals and New Zealand Fish
and Game Councils. Most of the records are for the two salmonid species, brown trout
(Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss), which were introduced to
establish a recreational fishery.
There are a number of threats to the native freshwater fish populations within Te
Urewera National Park. One of the primary threats is predation by introduced fish
species, about which there is limited information. Only a small proportion of park
waters remain free of trout. The other threat to native populations is the construction
of structures such as dams, culverts, weirs and the like, which pose a threat to fish
passage. Several of the fish species found within the park are diadromous, which
means that they normally undergo migrations to the sea at various life stages.
There is a paucity of data relating to the native freshwater fish fauna of Te Urewera
National Park. It is, however, known that significant populations of native fish do exist
within the park and that some of these are particularly distinct as a result of them being
landlocked. For example, there are landlocked populations of koaro (Galaxias
brevipinnis) in the small lakes near Lake Waikareiti, which may possibly be genetically
distinct from other koaro populations within the national park.
The native fish fauna of the national park has been modified through the introduction of
trout and smelt, but the extent to which other habitat modifications, such as barriers to fish
passage, changes in aquatic plant communities and sedimentation, have affected the native
fish fauna remains largely unknown.
Both species of eel are now found in only low densities within Lake Waikaremoana due to
the barriers to their migration formed by structures associated with hydroelectricity
production. It is possible that the harvesting of eels may have a significant impact on the
viability of these populations. Long-finned eels are particularly susceptible to intensive
harvesting, due to their longevity and age at reproduction.
Diadromous species occurring within the park include common smelt, banded kokopu,
shortjawed kokopu, koaro, torrentfish, red-finned bully, common bully, blue-gilled bully
and both eel species. Their requirement for passage to and from the sea has implications for
the future of native fish in this national park and is an important issue that shall be addressed
through the implementation of policies in this plan. (Refer to section 5.2 Park Waters and
Hydroelectric Power Generation).
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
17
2.3
PARK WATERS
The park with its high rainfall forms the major water catchment area for much of the
eastern Bay of Plenty and northern Hawke’s Bay and includes rivers, lakes, lakelets and
tarns. The headwaters of the Whakatane and Waimana/Tauranga Rivers, drain to the
north while tributaries of the Rangitaiki River, including the Horomanga Stream drain
the western side of the park. The Waioeka River has its headwaters in the park, and
drains to the east. To the south and east flow the Waiau, Waikaretaheke and Ruakituri
Rivers which meet to form the Wairoa River with its outlet at Wairoa.
Lake Waikaremoana is the second largest lake in the North Island (5, 400ha) and the
deepest at 248 metres. It is also one of the larger lakes in the North Island that is
oligotrophic. The lake was formed approximately 2, 200 years ago by a landslide that
created a massive rock and earth fill dam. The lake supports diverse, predominantly
native aquatic plant communities and is a significant freshwater habitat. There are
however three introduced aquatic plant species that are well established. Only one of
these, Elodea canadensis, ever dominates the aquatic vegetation and then only locally,
for example in Home Bay. In 1999 the first instance of transfer of the more vigorous
aquatic weed (Lagarosiphon major) to Waikaremoana was detected in Rosie Bay.
Control measures are being implemented.
Lake Waikaremoana provides important recreational opportunities including boating
and fishing. The Great Walk around the lake is a significant recreational attraction and
for many the lake is an icon for the park, attracting a large number of visitors.
Since 1929 the lake has provided water storage for hydroelectric power stations on the
Waikaretaheike River – initially at Tuai only, then at Piripaua and Kaitawa as well. Until
1946 the lake outlet was not controlled and the lake level fluctuated naturally. When
the lake level was about or below its average level, all outflow was underground
through leaks in the lakebed, emerging as springs. In 1946, the lake level was lowered
to increase the flow through the power station and reduce the natural leakage. The
majority of the lakebed leaks have been sealed, and most outflow from the lake is now
through the intake tunnel directly to the Kaitawa power station.
The lake is now operating at average levels five metres below the natural levels. Wavecut terraces formed by the natural lake and extensive areas of shallow littoral
(nearshore) zone of the stream deltas are exposed as a result of the lowered lake levels.
A new cycle of erosion and related shoreline processes has been initiated at the lowered
lake levels, closely related to the pattern of lake level fluctuation. Historically (1965 –
1978) a pattern of rising lake levels in summer-autumn, and falling levels in winter was
caused by lake control for electricity generation, reversing the natural seasonal
periodicity. Further sealing of the lakebed levels to reduce the amount of discharge
during spring flows from Waikaremoana is technically feasible. However, this work is
not being considered at this stage.
Genesis Power Limited (as successors to Electricity Corporation of New Zealand
Limited) are the current resource consent holders for the hydroelectric power
generation from Lake Waikaremoana. This consent was issued by the Hawke’s Bay
Regional Council under the Resource Management Act 1991. The resource consent
contains a number of conditions for the purposes of avoiding, remedying or mitigating
the adverse effects caused by hydro-generation on the lake environment. The
Department has been closely involved in Resource Management Act 1991 processes to
seek conditions on the resource consent for hydroelectric use of the lake water, that
18
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
minimise the frequency, extent and duration of lake level variations outside a three
metre range and require an avoidance/reversal of seasonal periodicity.
Lake Waikareiti has exceptionally high water quality and is by far the largest of the few
lakes in the North Island that remain free of introduced aquatic macrophytes. This
provides an important baseline for research on similar lakes. A number of lakelets and
tarns occur throughout the park. Those of particular interest include the tarns of Mt
Manuoha and Lake Ruapani and the lakelets on Rahui Island and others surrounded by
wetland vegetation in the vicinity of Lake Waikareiti. Lake Kiriopukae is of interest
with several fluctuating water bodies in an old lakebed covered in wetland vegetation.
The predominantly forested catchments of the park ensures that the water quality of
the rivers draining the park is high. The retention of a healthy forest cover also
minimises the incidence of flooding in downstream areas and reduces the rate of
surface erosion. In this respect, the park performs an important soil and water
conservation role benefiting the surrounding areas and communities.
2.4
GEOMORPHOLOGY (LANDFORM)
The park is situated in a zone of convergence between the Indo-Australian and Pacific
Plates. The resultant tectonic forces of this convergence, together with erosion, have acted
on the basic geological structure and rock types to provide the present day landforms.
Two of the major mountain ranges in the park, the Ikawhenua and Huiarau Ranges,
are part of the North Island mountain axis. This axis is a result of uplift caused by the
converging plates. The Ikawhenua and Waimana and Waioeka Ecological Districts are
characterised by rugged terrain based on old greywacke rocks uplifted along and west
of this axis. Notably, many of the ridge systems feature a complex system of variably
dissected upland terrain on the ridges (commonly rolling or only moderately steep),
inter-dispersed with steeply entrenched valleys many of them aligned along an
extensive network of geological faults.
The Waikaremoana Ecological District in the south eastern part of the park is
underlain by a thick mass of younger sedimentary rock of the late tertiary age. These
form bands gently dipping to the south east away from the uplifting greywacke
valleys. Thick sandstone, and some impure limestone bands tend to form bold tilted
escarpments, exemplified by Panekiri Range and Maungapohatu, while mudstone
dominated bands form more subdued topography in wide valleys.
The Whakatane, Waikare, Waimana, Horomanga and Waiau Rivers are the major river
valleys in the park. These rivers move down through gorges to broad valley floors,
particularly in their lower reaches. The Whakatane and Waimana Rivers follow two of
the north-south trending faults in the park.
Two great landslides have had a major influence on the landform in the south eastern
part of the park. One occurred 2, 200 years ago when the south western end of the
Ngamoko Range blocked what had previously been the gorge of the Waikaretaheke
River, forming a dam resulting in the formation of Lake Waikaremoana. The second
landslide covers a much larger area with landslide debris. The landslide lies between
Mokau Inlet and Aniwaniwa Valley, and includes Lake Waikareiti (which was formed
following the in filling of a complex hollow within the landslide debris). The landslide
travelled a few kilometres from the northwest about 18, 000 years ago.
The whole park received thick layers of volcanic ash from the Taupo eruption
approximately 1, 800 years ago, and earlier eruptions from the Taupo volcanic zone.
The 1886 Tarawera eruption affected the north-west region of the park.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
19
2.5
GEOLOGY
The broad geology of Te Urewera National Park may be simply described. In the north
and west, the regular hill country ranges are formed of basement greywacke rocks.
Cretaceous rocks lie in a discontinuous band along the south-eastern margin of the
basement greywacke. A larger area of younger tertiary sedimentary rocks – mainly
sandstone, mudstone and minor limestone of Miocene age, occupies the rest of the
park south-west of a line from the Manganuiohou Valley to Maungapohatu. Essentially
all these rocks are typical marine sedimentary rocks. There are no known indications
of economically significant mineral deposits within the park (Thompson et al, 1995).
Although natural gas has recently been discovered near Wairoa, it is very unlikely any
such gas (or oil) occurrences lie under the uptilted edge of the “Wairoa Basin” in the
south-eastern sector of the park (Field et al, 1997). Historically, no mining has
occurred in the park except for extraction of river gravel. This extraction occurred in
the Hopuruahine River in the 1970’s for the purposes of obtaining roading gravel, and
from the Ruarepuae Stream in the Galatea foothills in the late 1970s – mid 1980s to
address stream aggradation problems.
Soils
Information in this section is 1980’s information from W. Rijkse formerly Soil Bureau,
DSIR, Rotorua, now of Landcare Research, Hamilton.
The soils of the park are generally steepland soils related to podzolised yellow-brown
pumice soils and podzols. They consist of layers of volcanic ash of varying thickness
and composition, overlying either greywacke (Te Urewera steepland soils in the
Ikawhenua and Waimana Ecological Districts), or hard tertiary sandstone and siltstone
(Waikaremoana steepland soils corresponding to the Waikaremoana Ecological
District).
The strongly leached, podzolised yellow-brown pumice soils and podzols are included
in the Ruakituri series (450-670 m a.s.l.) and Matawai series (700-1050 m a.s.l)
respectively. This pattern reflects high annual rainfall and low soil temperatures at
high altitudes. The acid litter of rimu and beech at higher altitudes also contributes to
acid soils with low plant nutrient levels. Such strongly leached soils contribute to the
relatively slow revegetation of eroded slopes, a problem often compounded by the
influence of introduced animals.
On stable slopes and ridges, and on rolling and hilly slopes the volcanic ash layers are up
to 200 cm thick. On slopes steeper than 30 degrees, the volcanic ash is thin or absent due
to slipping. This exposes underlying weathered greywacke or tertiary material. In the
absence of detailed soil studies these soils have been mapped as Te Urewera steepland
soils in the north-west and Waikaremoana steepland soils in the south-east.
Throughout the park the underlying hard weathered rock acts as a ‘slip plane’ on
which the overlying volcanic ashes, if saturated with water during heavy rainfalls, will
slide. Maintenance of a healthy vegetation cover to stabilise soils and reduce the impact
of heavy rain is an important management consideration. The location, construction,
use and maintenance of tracks and huts needs to be carried out sensitively so as to
minimise disturbance to vegetation and soils, particularly in the wetter areas of the
park. Localised heavy rainstorms can cause severe erosion even on vegetated slopes.
Disturbance by browsing of introduced animals may aggravate this problem.
20
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
2.6
HISTORIC RESOURCES
Te Urewera region has been occupied for many hundreds of years, and the forest
environment reflects the modification of human occupation. Traces of past settlement
can be found in the earthworks of many former pa in the park. Many sites of
significance to Maori such as waahi tapu are also contained within the park. Other
indications of Maori settlement and use of the area are evident in planted cabbage tree
groves, remnant fern gardens and forest patterns that reflect past burning for
settlement and cultivation. Old foot trails in the bush, and more recently constructed
stock and horse tracks such as Rua's Track are still identifiable. Early European
contact came with the missionaries in the 1840’s followed by the military campaigns of
the 1860’s and 1870’s. Onepoto redoubt on the south-eastern shore of Lake
Waikaremoana remains as evidence of this period.
The site of the Lake House, now demolished, provides not only a magnificent lookout
point but also marks a significant phase in the tourist history of the park. There are
also two examples of historic slab huts in the park constructed by the New Zealand
Forest Service, Te Totara and Te Waiotukapiti constructed in 1952 and 1958
respectively.
There are thirty five selected significant historic assets within the conservancy, eleven
of which are located within the park. The park therefore contains a substantial
proportion of actively managed hsitoric sites within the conservancy.
Actively managed sites and objects are:
·
Waka at Aniwaniwa;
·
Onepoto Redoubt;
·
Onepoto Whaleboat;
·
Onepoto Petroglyphs;
·
Kainaha Cemetery;
·
Turbine Trailer;
·
Lake Kiriopukae Cemetery;
·
Aniwaniwa Taonga;
·
McCahon Painting;
·
Te Totara Hut; and
·
Te Waiotukapiti Hut.
In addition to actively managed sites, there are numerous other historic sites known
within the park. All known non-actively managed sites in the conservancy are
recorded in the Protection Plan. Te Urewera National Park has a museum established at
the Aniwaniwa Visitor Centre. This museum contains many artifacts, photographs and
other documents. The keeping of such antiquities is subject to the Antiquities Act
1975.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
21
Issues Related to Management of Historic Resources
The threat to historic resources in Te Urewera National Park is minimal compared to
many other areas where historic values may be present. Damage to historic heritage
within the park through human activity is minimised as a degree of protection is
afforded by the rugged and remote location of the park. The park is also protected
from development as it is now no longer available for mainstream economic use.
Despite this, historic heritage within the park is still exposed to some threats including:
damage from natural processes (process of decay and vegetation damage for
example), geological threat (erosion and landslide) and visitors (trampling, vandalism,
removal of objects or deposition of rubbish). Preservation and management of
historic heritage may also be compromised or minimised due to lack or loss of
information about the resource, for example through lost, inaccurate or incomplete
archival records or through loss of information retained by individuals.
The Department as a licenced collector of artefacts and administrator of a public
museum, has ethical and legal roles and responsibilities which it must meet. In
response to this the Department has developed policy for accessioning, storage,
display and management of items it is responsible for. In addition, there is a process to
hold in safekeeping articles and taonga for tangata whenua. The care, storage and
presentation of the objects are managed to conserve and protect items from the effects
of uncontrolled conditions such as humidity, temperature and light levels. The
Department displays some of the objects held and supports public access to the
museum.
While some historic resources may be compromised by a lack of, or loss of
information, in some cases, care must be taken with how information about historic
resources is administered and publicised. While it may be desirable to collect and
record information on historical or archaeological sites, care must be had when
releasing information such as disclosure of location of items or sites, particularly in Te
Urewera where there is a prevalence of sites of significance to Maori, many of which
may be sensitive. Tangata whenua will continue to be involved in management
decisions related to sites of significance to them. Should any further survey and
interpretation of historical and archaeological sites in the park be undertaken, tangata
whenua will also be involved. Any publicity regarding sites of significance to Maori will
be undertaken in association with tangata whenua and in accordance with the public
awareness strategy.
2.7
INTRODUCED PLANTS
The majority of plant introductions into New Zealand were undertaken deliberately.
Over 70% of introduced invasive plants were brought into the country as ornamental
plants and 12% for agricultural, horticultural or forestry purposes. It is this
unpredictability of introduced plants which makes the management and control of
them very complex. Accidental introductions account for 11% of introductions.
22
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Introduced Species Occurring in the Park
There are a large number of introduced plants within Te Urewera National Park that
may require control. These include ivy (Hedera helix), banana passionfruit
(Passiflora mollissima), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Spanish heath
(Erica lusitanica), willows (Salix species), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), pines
(Pinus radiata, Pinus contorta), Douglas fir, buddleia (Buddleia davidii),
Cotoneaster (sp.), montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora), exotic grasses and
pasture weeds including ragwort and pampas. The Department is also actively
involved in ensuring that old man’s beard (Clematis vitalba) does not become
established in the park.
Another concern is the invasion of introduced aquatic plants. Lake Waikaremoana
contains three introduced aquatic plant species that are well established (Elodea
canadensis, Ranunculus trichophyllus, Potamogeton crispus). Elodea
canadensis is now a dominant introduced plant in most suitable habitats around the
lake. In 1999 the first instance of transfer of the more vigorous aquatic introduced
plant (Lagarosiphon major) to Waikaremoana was detected in Rosie Bay. Lake
Waikareiti currently remains free of introduced aquatic macrophyte plants. Hydrilla
verticillata, Egeria densa (egeria) and Ceratophyllum demersum (hornwort) may
also pose a threat to Te Urewera lakes. Although these introduced plants are not
currently established in the park, they reside in lakes in the Napier and Rotorua regions
presenting the risk of interlake transfer. The Department seeks initially to prevent the
transfer of introduced aquatic plants to the lakes within the park, as attempts to
control or exterminate any transfer will be costly and may not be effective.
Impacts of Introduced Plants
Introduced plants impact on New Zealand by affecting the long term survival of native
species, the integrity or survival of some natural communities or the genetic variation
within native species. Globally invasive weeds reduce bio-diversity as more places
become increasingly alike.
The plants identified above have already become established in the park. There is also
a considerable threat that many other plants, currently growing in private gardens and
collections, or being used in agriculture, horticulture or forestry may also become
naturalised (establish self sustaining populations in the wild without direct and
deliberate human help and which persist over time).
Invasive weeds threaten indigenous species by taking over habitats required by native
seedlings, or smothering, shading out or otherwise competing with indigenous
species. In some cases, introduced plants hybridise with indigenous species. Invasive
weeds also threaten the long term survival of some indigenous animals by changing or
destroying their habitat, reducing availability of food or breeding sites or influencing
the way native and introduced animals behave.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
23
Introduced Plants and their impacts on Te Urewera
National Park
There is little known threat to the intact forest from weeds. However, where an
opening in the vegetation occurs e.g. around lake edges, some rivers, roads and tracks,
weeds can enter and threaten native revegetation and succession and eventually kill the
margins of the forest and begin moving inwards. Te Urewera is prone to erosion e.g.
on the Galatea faces on the western side of the park; this creates gaps in the native
vegetation for weed entry. Many of the significant invasive weeds e.g. Japanese
honeysuckle, buddleia and English ivy have escaped from gardens and areas of
habitation close to the park. Because of these sources of introduced plants, the park is
vulnerable to a threat of further invasion by invasive weeds.
Weeds are most common in Te Urewera along the state highway, around
Waikaremoana, particularly the eastern side and around settlements, particularly
Kaitawa, Onepoto and Tuai near the south-eastern entrance to the park. They also
occur along river margins, slips, landslides, roads and around the boundary of the park
in some locations that are bounded by areas of habitation, farming or commercial
forestry.
Some of the more prevalent introduced species problems that the Department face in
Te Urewera National Park are as follows:
Vines
Old man’s beard threatens the southern boundary of Te Urewera. It presents a threat
by climbing over native vegetation including tall forest, preventing light reaching the
forest floor and causing branches to break off under the weight of vines. It, like other
vines, prevents regeneration in forest gaps and at the edges of vegetation by blocking
light to the ground and preventing establishment of other species.
Japanese honeysuckle may form a complete blanket over ground, small trees and
shrubs on which it grows.
Banana passionfruit is a vigorous climber capable of smothering forest margins and
threatens the southern boundary of Te Urewera National Park.
English ivy occurs around Waikaremoana. It can climb to the top of tall trees, causing
collapse of the tree and inhibiting light. It also has the potential to carpet forest floors,
shrubs and tree trunks even in quite low light intensities.
Trees
Pinus contorta occurs on the western side of Te Urewera National Park. Pinus
radiata occurs on the western side and is also scattered throughout the park, usually
associated with areas of past occupation. The areas most at threat from wilding pines
in Te Urewera are disturbed sites e.g. slip or burn sites where the pines are able to
establish and prevent or at least impact upon native regeneration and succession
processes. This may result in the absence of a native canopy for at least the life of the
pine tree (60+ years). Control of pinus species within Te Urewera is a particular
problem due to the extensive external seed source from commercial forestry and
plants that have established themselves on adjoining land. The East Coast Hawke’s Bay
Conservancy has developed a Wilding Pine Strategy to address this issue.
24
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Willows occur scattered around Waikaremoana and some rivers in Te Urewera. They
can displace native riparian species by crowding out and shading and may eventually
alter vegetation structures often to the detriment of wildlife species (although in some
situations, natives revegetate under willow canopies). Willows may also negatively
impact upon the variety and quality of aquatic habitats in an adjacent water body, or
upon the surrounding water table.
Herbaceous and shrubby weeds
Buddleia and Spanish heath are scattered throughout Te Urewera, in open sites and
disturbed sites. Buddleia displaces early successional species (grasses, herbs, shrubs)
and allows early entry of later successional species. Spanish heath displaces native
secondary shrub species. It may not be as invasive in Te Urewera as buddleia.
Aquatic plants
Lagarosiphon major is capable of displacing all other submerged macrophytes from
approximately 1-6m depth. It presents a particular threat to Lake Waikaremoana and
potentially Lake Waikareiti due to their valuable native aquatic communities
2.8
INTRODUCED ANIMALS
Humans have generally introduced animals to New Zealand, either unintentionally or
through deliberate release. Introduced animals which have escaped, or been released
from captivity and are roaming the park and not under the control of an owner, or are
no longer domesticated (such as goats, Capra hircus; pig, Sus scrofa; dogs and cats
Felis sp.) will be considered to be a pest in the park and will be managed accordingly.
Within this section, the types and distribution of introduced animals are discussed
(excepting where introduced animals pose no or inconsequential threat to indigenous
biodiversity) and their implications for the conservation of Te Urewera National Park
are outlined.
Distribution
The park currently has a range of introduced animals including: deer, pigs, goat, possum
(Trichosurus vulpecula), cats, mustelids (i.e. stoats, Mustela erminea; weasels,
Mustela nivalis vulgaris; and ferrets, Mustela furo), rodents (rats; and mice, Mus
musculus), hares (Lepus europaeus occidentalis), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus
cuniculus), hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus occidentalis) and introduced birds.
Ungulates
Red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus) are the most common deer species within Te
Urewera and are widespread. There is also a localised herd of Rusa deer (Cervus
timorensis) in the Galatea foothills. A few Sambar deer may be present in the northwestern portion of the park, but numbers are thought to be extremely low. Feral pigs
are mainly predominant in the lower altitude forest types. Up until the last few years,
the park has largely been free of feral goats. However, colonisation by established goat
populations adjacent to the park represent a continual problem, especially along the
south-eastern boundary. Today there is no sign of feral cattle (Bos taurus), although
they once occurred throughout much of the park.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
25
Possum
Possums are widespread with their densities dependent to some extent on forest type
(Jane, 1978). The Department is at present controlling possums, to low densities, over
approximately 60,000 ha of the park.
Dogs and cats
Prior to 1960 there were no restrictions on dogs entering the park resulting in a large
population of wild dogs. In 1960, dogs were banned outright. Over the next twenty years
the wild dog population was eliminated, with the help of possum trappers who worked the
remote areas of the park. Today there are no wild dogs known to be within the park. Cats
mainly occur along lake and river margins and near hut, rubbish dump and other sites local
to human habitation. However, cats have been trapped in less accessible areas of forest, and
are thought to occur in low densities across Te Urewera National Park.
Small mammals and introduced birds
Weasels are widespread, but appear to be in low numbers in the park while stoats are
found throughout the park. Ferrets are present around the lake edge and some river
margins, but are very rare elsewhere. Two rat species occur in the park as indicated by
sightings and trap records. Ship rats are widely distributed throughout the park, while
the Norway rat are more localised to lake and river margins, as well as hut and rubbish
dump sites. There have been unconfirmed reports of kiore by ranger staff and others,
but its presence in the park is most unlikely, as there have been no verified
identifications in the North Island since the middle of the 19th century (Atkinson,
1973). Mice are present and widespread. Hares, rabbits and hedgehogs have been
frequently sighted along roadways and in open areas. Introduced birds are generally
restricted to forest margins, although some species (e.g. magpies) are more widely
distributed.
Impacts of introduced animals
Introduced animal pests have serious detrimental effects on ecosystem form and
function, affecting native plants, animals and other organisms and their habitats.
Effects of introduced animals include direct predation of indigenous plants and
animals, competition with indigenous organisms, and habitat degradation.
Direct predation effects both indigenous plants (browse) and animals. Vegetation
browse includes the consumption of or damage to leaves, fruit, seeds and seedlings of
plants within all structural layers of a plant community (e.g., canopy, sub-canopy etc.).
Browsing acts to reduce the general condition or ‘health’ of a plant community, with
more specific effects that include prevention of, or limiting regeneration. This is of
particular concern when the plants being browsed are already in a threatened or rare
state, for example kakabeak kowhai ngutakaka, Clianthus maximus and woodrose
(Dactylanthus taylorii), or where cumulative effects of persistent browsing (e.g.,
removing canopy species seedlings and saplings) may trigger canopy collapse.
Introduced animals prey upon birds, reptiles and invertebrates within the park and
may significantly reduce the size or distribution of a population, or even cause its
localised extinction. Vulnerable species are not limited to ground nesting or dwelling
species. The climbing abilities of some introduced predators (such as rats, cats,
possums and mustelids), mean that tree dwelling or nesting species are also at risk.
Introduced animals compete with indigenous organisms for resources, including food,
water and space (e.g., nesting sites). As with predation, competition may limit the
26
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
potential size of an indigenous population or even lead to its localised extinction.
Where affected populations are already threatened or rare, for example, kokako and
kaka populations, this is particularly concerning.
Introduced animals may degrade habitat through direct trampling and through
removal of, or damage to vegetation. These forms of degradation may accelerate
erosion directly, limit the recovery of slips (remove erosion protection) through
preventing or slowing regeneration of these areas, or may damage the habitat of
indigenous organisms causing localised population decline or extinction (e.g. pig
rooting destroying habitat that supports ground-dwelling invertebrate communities).
Very few areas in the park remain unaffected by introduced animals. Those that are
largely unaltered, serve as a source of important baseline data for assessing changes in
structure and composition of similar forests elsewhere. The islands in Lake Waikareiti
are inaccessible to possums (except for one small island close to shore). In addition,
exclosure plots have been established for both deer and pigs within the park which
also allows assessment of the impacts of these introduced species.
The Department’s traditional management approach largely focused on controlling a
single pest species over a large area with little or no control of the other pest species that
were present. This approach overlooked the complex inter-relationship of predator-prey
with their environment and often there was no quantifiable conservation outcome to
measure the success of the programme. With a better understanding of these relationships
and a need for clear measurable conservation outcomes the Department is moving towards
an integrated multi-species pest management approach focused on protecting/restoring
the conservation values of an entire ecosystem.
Ungulates
The oldest exclosure plots for deer were established in 1961 (Allen et al., 1984).
Exclosure plots for pigs have been established more recently. Deer impact upon
indigenous flora and fauna through overbrowsing, bark stripping and trampling. The
selective browsing of preferred seedling, sapling, shrub or herb species has an insidious
effect on forest structure, gradually altering forest composition in favour of less
palatable species, and potentially limiting canopy regeneration (King 1990). Results
from exclosure plot analysis indicate that palatable under-storey species such as largeleaved Coprosma pate, and mahoe; canopy species such as rata, kamahi and mahoe in
seral forests; and fuchsia, are depleted (Allen et al. 1984); unpalatable species such as
pepperwood (Pseudowintera axillaris or P. colorata) may become more abundant.
Feral pigs have had a marked effect on New Zealand’s flora and fauna, rooting up,
trampling and browsing young trees, shrubs and herbs, and preying upon indigenous
invertebrates and ground dwelling bird species (King 1990). Pig consumption of
berries also interferes with the regeneration cycle for some species (e.g. tawa,
Beilshmiedia tawa). The full dynamics of the pig's population cycle in Te Urewera is
not completely understood.
Feral goats and cattle severely damage native vegetation through direct browse,
trampling and crushing. In native forests they invariably “lay bare the forest floor and
eliminate nearly all young trees, shrubs and ferns until only a few unpalatable or
browse-resistant species…. remain” (King 1990).
Possum
Possums are known to seriously impact upon indigenous biodiversity. They can
seriously degrade the condition of native plant communities through continuous
selective feeding, potentially contributing to canopy collapse.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
27
Possums have contributed to the extinction of some indigenous mistletoe species and
the decline of many other plant and animal species (Brockie 1992). Possums impact
upon populations of native birds, reptiles and invertebrates through both predation
and competition (for example, predation of and dietary overlap with kokako,
Callaeas cinerea wilsoni; and kereru, Hemiphaga novaeseelandia).
Dogs and cats
Feral dogs devastate populations of ground-dwelling species such as kiwi (Apteryx
sp.) and weka (Gallirallus australis), while feral cats can have both deleterious and
beneficial effects on native fauna (King 1990). Cats prey upon a wide range of native
bird species, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates, but also target introduced animal
pests such as mustelids and rodents. These effects are difficult to separate out in a
mainland forest context (ibid. 1990), and the advantages/disadvantages of cat control
are currently unclear.
Small mammals and introduced birds
The impact of small mammals (for example, cats, mustelids, rodents and hedgehogs) on
vegetation and wildlife has been studied to some extent in New Zealand (Dingwall et al.,
1978; Atkinson, 1973; Moors, 1983; Bremner et al., 1984) and is currently being
examined as part of the Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem Restoration Project.
Introduced animals prey upon birds, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates within the
park, and may have significantly reduced the population of species or caused localised
extinction in some species. Vulnerable species are not limited to ground nesting or
dwelling species. The climbing abilities of some introduced predators (such as rats, cats,
possums and mustelids) mean that tree dwelling or nesting species are also at risk.
Introduced animals prey upon bird species at every age/stage, from eggs to nestlings
to juveniles to adult birds. Native species are only safe from the impacts of predation
once they reach a size where they are able to defend themselves from attack. The size
birds must be to defend themselves from attack is dependent upon the size and species
of the predator. For example, while a juvenile bird may be big enough to be safe from
attack by rats, it may still be vulnerable to mustelid predation.
Introduced animals may also have a significant impact on invertebrate species,
removing a significant amount of indigenous biomass from the ecosystem and
decimating populations of invertebrates that play an important role within ecosystem
processes such as nutrient cycling. Invertebrates are also an important source of food
for other native species and are predators themselves.
Mustelids are one of the most damaging predators to be introduced into the New
Zealand environment and have been responsible for the widespread decline and, in
some cases, the possible extinction of a number of native bird species (King 1984;
Elliott and O’Donnell 1988; Begg and Wilson 1991; O’Donnell 1996). Te Urewera
National Park contains a number of species which are particularly vulnerable to
mustelid predation such as kiwi (Apteryx sp.) and kaka (Nestor meridionalis
septentrianalis) although all bird species, reptiles and insects are vulnerable to attack.
Rats may affect vegetation composition either directly through browsing and eating of
seeds, or indirectly through predation of seed dispersal agents (such as small passerine
birds; Campbell, 1978). As well as directly preying upon birds (for example, kokako
and kereru at egg and juvenile stages, and predation of females ‘on the nest’), rats also
prey upon reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates (King 1990). Rats also compete with
28
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
indigenous animals for food, including competition with reptile (e.g., skinks and
geckos), amphibian (e.g., frogs; Whittaker, 1978) and invertebrate (Ramsay, 1978)
populations.
The impacts of hedgehogs on indigenous flora and fauna have received limited
attention in the literature, with recent research suggesting they pose significant threats
to conservation values through removing large quantities of invertebrate biomass,
competition with other predators for food (e.g., robin, Petroica australis longipes;
kiwi) and predation of vertebrate species (Berry 1999). Impacts of rabbits, hares and
introduced birds within lowland indigenous forest systems have also received limited
attention in the literature.
2.9
SPORTS FISH AND NON-INDIGENOUS GAME
BIRDS
Sports fish
Rainbow and/or brown trout were introduced into the main park rivers (for example
Whakatane, Waimana, Waiau and Ruakituri) from 1903 and into Lake Waikaremoana
in 1896, and Lake Waikareiti in 1918.
Ruakituri River fishery contains both rainbow and brown trout although only rainbow
trout are present in the headwaters above Waitangi Falls. The section of the Ruakituri
river in the national park offers wilderness fishing experience and has earned a
reputation as a pristine trout fishery, with the head waters of the Ruakituri recognised
as containing internationally renowned angling opportunities.
Lake Waikaremoana has an international reputation in offering a quality angling
experience. There are two distinct fisheries in the lake; shoreline brown trout, and
rainbow trout fishery in the deeper parts of the lake. Fish may also be caught at the
mouth of tributaries feeding into the lake during the spawning season.
Lake Waikareiti contains a wild rainbow trout fishery.
Game birds
Introduced birds are present mainly in parts of the park adjacent to the developed
margins. Some species have however, penetrated a substantial distance into the park.
Mallard duck are abundant on Lake Waikaremoana and also patchily distributed on
most of the river systems. Lakes Waikaremoana and Waikareiti both support a
significant population of black swans. Paradise shelducks are also present at Lake
Waikaremoana which is an important moult site for the species.
The impact of non-indigenous birds on native species has received only limited
research and documentation. One conclusion that has been reported nationally is that
mallard have displaced and hybridised with grey duck in many populations, especially
where human disturbance and habitat modification have occurred. Diamond and
Veitch (1981) conclude that the decline in native bird species is more the result of
habitat modification, and predation and browsing by introduced mammals. Disease
transmitted by introduced birds may also have caused, or at least contributed to, a
decline in native species (Williams etal, 1983). The decline in weka numbers may be an
example of this. Until research in the park or elsewhere can illustrate the significance
and impact of introduced birds their control is of low priority.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
29
2.10
CLIMATE
The climate of the park is determined by the passage of the major weather systems
across New Zealand. A high degree of variability is a feature of this type of weather
regime. Climatic conditions in the park are also variable as a result of the large park
area and the wide ranges in altitude, aspect and topography.
The climate in the park may be divided into two climate zones, occurring on either side
of the Huiarau Range. Weather is dependent on the relative influence of weather
systems from the northerly and southerly quarter. To the north there is a mild humid
climate, while in the south it is generally cooler and wetter.
Rain, fog and snow
The distribution of rainfall in the park reflects the rainfall gradient associated mainly
with the park topography. In the north the mean annual rainfall is between 1, 600 – 2,
000 mm per annum (p.a) rising to 3, 000 mm p.a. on the upper slopes of the highest
ranges. To the south rainfall averages between 2, 000 – 2, 400 mm p.a. The park is
noted for a high frequency of mist and fog usually associated with rain rather than
morning mist.
Drought conditions can occur throughout the park but are more likely in the northern
catchments. This increases the fire risk.
Snowfall occurs occasionally in the park, generally on sites with an altitude greater
than 1, 000m. Ground frosts are frequent with 60 – 120 frosty days during winter
months.
Sunshine and temperature
Annual sunshine hours are relatively high in the northern catchments (2, 000 – 2, 200
hours) while the southern catchments receive less sunshine (1, 600 – 1, 800 hours).
Air temperature varys with topography, aspect, altitude and season, with colder
temperatures occurring in the southern or higher altitude regions of the park.
Wind
High winds occur frequently, particularly in high altitude areas. Winds can be locally
reinforced by the terrain, especially near ridge crests on windward slopes, and on
leeward slopes where strong turbulence and eddies can develop. Coupled with
prolonged rain, gale force winds can cause wind-throw and erosion.
Natural Hazards
The natural hazards likely to affect the park are land instability and earthquakes. The
park is situated in one of the most active seismic zones in New Zealand.
The most serious effect of a major earthquake in the park is likely to be a landslide
associated with earth movement, cracks in the ground and damage to assets and roads.
Earthquakes may also result in blocked access routes and rivers.
30
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
3.0 Management Philosophy
Ecological Significance
Te Urewera National Park is significant in that the area contained within the park
boundaries contains a diverse range of vegetative types ranging from lowland,
submontane, montane, subalpine forests, and lowland, montane, subalpine mires. Te
Urewera National Park also contains lowland fernland, exotic grasslands, aquatic and
riverbed communities, subalpine scrub and shrubland, and scrub and shrubland on
recent slips.
The park is the largest remaining protected area of indigenous vegetation in the North
Island and one of the larger national parks in New Zealand. Te Urewera National Park
provides important habitat for a large number of indigenous plants and animals (both
terrestrial and aquatic). In many cases plants and animals in the park are threatened or
endangered. Introduced animals and plants pose a particular threat to the indigenous
species in the park through predation, habitat disturbance and alteration and through
competition for food and habitat.
Significance to tangata whenua
Te Urewera is of particular significance to tangata whenua who have a close
association with the park. There are large areas surrounding and within the park
boundaries which have been retained in private ownership and continue to be
occupied by Maori. An issue that has arisen in relation to the management of Te
Urewera National Park and review of the plan, is ownership and management of these
areas.
Although the Crown has assumed ownership of the land it acknowledges that Treaty
claims over Te Urewera National Park are registered with the Waitangi Tribunal. As
Treaty claims have yet to be resolved, Te Urewera National Park must legally be
administered by the Department on behalf of the Crown, in accordance with
legislation.
While ownership and management may be seen to be inextricably linked, the
Department does not have the mandate to address ownership issues associated with
Te Urewera National Park. The Department is limited to administration of public
conservation land in accordance with the legislation the land is subject to, in the case of
Te Urewera National Park, the National Parks Act 1980. Section 4 of the Conservation
Act provides that the Act shall be so interpreted and administered as to give effect to
the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. This responsibility applies to the
administration of the Acts in the First Schedule of the Conservation Act, including the
National Parks Act, to the extent that the principles of the Treaty are not inconsistent
with the provisions of the Acts.
Recreational Significance
Te Urewera National Park is an important recreational area attracting a wide range of
people to it including day walkers, trampers, hunters and anglers. Lake Waikaremoana is an attraction to those with boating interests (both motorised and nonmotorised) and many others also recreate in the park enjoying the features of the park
through sightseeing, contemplation and appreciation, and bird watching for example.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
31
Management of recreation in the park should ensure that activities are not being
undertaken in a manner that compromises the values and/or character of the park.
Recreators may themselves diminish the experience of the park for others through
their actions. Therefore, entry and access to the parks, and the provision of
opportunities to allow the public to experience features of the area must be
undertaken in a manner which is compatible with the purposes under which the park
is managed. Commercial operators may offer goods and/or services that assist those
wishing to use and enjoy the park. Concessions must be exercised in a manner
compatible with the primary objectives of the national park.
Need for Management Philosophy
Separate policies in the plan will address specific issues. There is a need to identify the
primary objectives outlining the management philosophy for the park. Simultaneous
implementation of objectives and policies for specific issues may produce conflicting
results. When seeking to implement the policies of the plan, the Department must
adhere to the overriding primary objectives. These encompass the statutory directives
for the purpose of management of Te Urewera National Park and also addresses the
manner in which this management is undertaken in respect of the Treaty of Waitangi.
3.1
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES
3.1 (a)
Preservation of the scenery, ecological systems, native plants and animals and
natural features as far as possible in their natural state, and preservation of the sites
and objects of archaeological and historical interest as far as possible in their
existing state.
3.1 (b)
Extermination as far as possible of all introduced plants and animals that threaten
values to be preserved.
Explanation: The National Parks Act 1980 S. 4 outlines the principles for management
of national parks. The primary objectives are consistent with the statutory purpose of
management of national parks.
3.1 (c)
To retain the natural character of Te Urewera National Park as an area with
significant and unique natural values.
Explanation: Due to the isolated location of the park and the national park status
protection against development, most of the natural character values remain
dominant in the area. Management must ensure that these values are retained.
32
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
3.1 (d)
Freedom of entry and access to Te Urewera National Park allowed, and appropriate
facilities provided in a manner that will not compromise park values, so that the
public may enjoy the features of, and derive benefits from the park.
Explanation: Benefits that the public may freely derive from the park include, for
example, inspiration, enjoyment, recreation, relaxation and appreciation of the values
of the area and other non-financial benefits. Entry and access for some activities will
need to be authorised by concessions.
3.2
MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLE (TREATY OF
WAITANGI)
3.2(a)
Management of Te Urewera National Park will be undertaken in a manner that gives
effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi.1
Explanation: Tangata whenua have a close relationship with the park. Subject to
legislation and in accordance with findings of the Courts, the Department has an
obligation to give effect to the treaty principles in accordance with S. 4 of the
Conservation Act 1987.1 This includes liaison and involvement with tangata whenua,
including consultation. Tangata whenua involvement in the protection and
interpretation of sites of significance to them on land managed by the Department
should also be sought.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4
Conservation Act 1987 S. 4
General Policy for National Parks Policy 4.2
1
Section 4 of the Conservation Act provides that the Act shall be so interpreted and administered as to
give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. This responsibility applies to the administration of
the Acts in the First Schedule of the Conservation Act, including the National Parks Act, to the extent that
the principles of the Treaty are not inconsistent with the provisions of the Acts.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
33
4.0 Community Relations
4.1
COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS
The Department is responsible for the management of Te Urewera National Park. In
undertaking this task the Department is required to provide for public input into
certain statutory processes and must also give effect to the principles of the Treaty of
Waitangi. Many individuals and agencies have a direct or indirect role or interest in
how the management of the park is undertaken.
When preparing and reviewing management plans for national parks, opportunities
are provided for members of the public to contribute to the plan preparation process
(S. 47) National Parks Act 1980. Similar opportunities are also provided for
investigations of proposals to add to or establish new parks (S. 8)National Parks Act
1980, or when general policy to guide management of parks is being developed (S. 44)
National Parks Act 1980. Under part IIIB of the Conservation Act (S.49 of the National
Parks Act) public hearings may be necessary for some concession applications and the
public have the option to comment during the formulation of the Conservation
Management Strategy. Nothing in the management plan shall detract from the
provisions of the strategy.
However, community interest in the park management tends to be much wider than
the limited formal opportunities afforded by statute. Therefore provision is made in
this plan and the Conservation Management Strategy, for ongoing community
involvement over and above that required by statute.
Community interest in the park
Groups with whom the Department interacts include:
·
tangata whenua;
·
statutory agencies which have a legislatively defined role in relation to the park or
the Department;
·
community groups or individuals interested in the park generally, whose
relationship with the Department or the park is not defined by statute.
Tangata Whenua
When managing and administering the national park, the Department must give effect
to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi (S.4 Conservation Act 1987).1 The need to
give recognition to the Treaty partner and mana whenua status of tangata whenua and
to make decisions on a fully-informed basis, which includes consultation, have been
reflected in policies throughout the management plan and the park's management
philosophy.
Tangata whenua are living on the boundaries of, or on privately owned enclaves
surrounded by the park and retain knowledge of the area important for management
of the park. They also use the park for recreational deer and pig hunting. The park
also contains plants that may be collected for cultural purposes (Section 9.5).
1
Section 4 of the Conservation Act provides that the Act shall be so interpreted and administered as to
give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. This responsibility applies to the administration of
the Acts in the First Schedule of the Conservation Act, including the National Parks Act, to the extent that
the principles of the Treaty are not inconsistent with the provisions of the Acts.
34
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Statutory Agencies
The Department has a formal relationship with statutory agencies such as regional and
local territorial authorities, New Zealand Police, New Zealand Fire Service, Ministry of
Transport (Civil Aviation Authority), Transit New Zealand, Fish and Game New
Zealand,1 the New Zealand Conservation Authority and the East Coast Hawke’s Bay
Conservation Board. Each of these agencies has responsibilities that fall within the
boundaries of the national park. The interaction between the Department and these
and other agencies, is usually focused on specific issues where each party generally has
a clearly defined role.
The East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservation Board has a statutory role in the
development of the management plan for the park under the National Parks Act 1980.
The New Zealand Conservation Authority have the approval role of the management
plan.
Community Groups or Individuals
Community members or groups include those who live within the vicinity of, or work
or recreate in the park, or otherwise are interested in or wish to be involved with the
management of the park. The community includes conservation and recreation
groups and individuals, land management organisations and landcare groups. Other
members of the community include commercial operations such as power generators,
recreation and tourism concessionaires, private enterprise and education institutions.
Managing parks to provide for public enjoyment (National Parks Act 1980 S. 43)
assists members of the public in developing an appreciation of the work, values and
issues involved with protection of New Zealand’s natural and historic heritage.
As a government department working on behalf of the community, good
communication and relations are vital. Community members and tangata whenua
assist the Department in many ways in the management of the area, including
contributing volunteer work, or resources through sponsorship and providing advice
and guidance on conservation matters. The park is a very large area to administer and
community support is important to ensure that compliance with policies and
regulations is achieved. Good community relations will also assist the Department in
responding, where appropriate, to the aspirations of the community.
Community relations is an ongoing aspect of the Department’s work, and this is
undertaken as part of a wider conservancy and national initiative to facilitate
community involvement in management of conservation areas, and where possible to
incorporate community aspirations into administration of public conservation land.
This is reflected in conservation management strategies. Any initiatives undertaken in
relation to community relations within the park should be compatible with other
community initiatives for public conservation land within the conservancy.
Implementation of Community Relations Policies
The policies of this section will guide the Department in the management of Te
Urewera National Park and when addressing issues outlined in sections 5.0-10.0 of this
plan as appropriate. In some instances, additional community relations policy is
provided in various sections as necessary.
1
Fish and Game New Zealand is constituted under Section 26B of the Conservation Act 1987 as New
Zealand Fish and Game Council.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
35
4.1.1 Objectives
4 1.1 (a)
Effect given to principles of the Treaty of Waitangi.1
4.1.1 (b)
Community and tangata whenua ongoing involvement in, and commitment to the
preservation of natural and historic values of Te Urewera National Park.
4.1.1 (c)
Effective working relationships maintained and/or developed with the community
resulting in enhanced conservation outcomes in the management of the park.
4.1.2 Policy
TANGATA WHENUA
4.1.2 (a)
To develop and maintain an ongoing effective working relationship between the
Department and tangata whenua, when undertaking management of natural and
historic resources in Te Urewera National Park.
Explanation: It is important to act responsibly and in good faith in maintaining and
developing an effective working relationship with tangata whenua, in order to give
effect to the principles of the Treaty.1 The Department must recognise the status of iwi
whose rohe includes the park and seek to actively involve tangata whenua in the
protection of taonga in the park. This may include the development of principles,
processes or protocols to enable iwi to participate in statutory and administrative
processes relating to Te Urewera National Park.
4.1.2 (b)
To ensure ongoing communication and consultation with tangata whenua
regarding the management of Te Urewera National Park, and have regard to their
views in a manner that gives effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi.1
Explanation: When the Department is undertaking consultation with tangata whenua
it should be undertaken in an early, informed and effective manner. The Department
will undertake consultation to gather sufficient information and advice from tangata
whenua regarding their views, to ensure that informed decisions are made on the
management of the park.
1
Section 4 of the Conservation Act provides that the Act shall be so interpreted and administered as to
give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. This responsibility applies to the administration of
the Acts in the First Schedule of the Conservation Act, including the National Parks Act, to the extent that
the principles of the Treaty are not inconsistent with the provisions of the Acts.
36
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
4.1.2 (c)
To recognise the role of tangata whenua as kaitiaki of nga taonga o Te Urewera.
Explanation: Kaitiakitanga is a key role of tangata whenua, a role which ensures the
preservation of Nga Toanga o Te Urewera. The significance of Te Urewera to tangata
whenua cannot be described here, but recognition of the traditional kaitiaki role of
tangata whenua is an important focus for the Department in managing the park.
Kaitiakitanga is the means by which the mauri (life force) of resources is restored,
maintained and enhanced for present and future generations and for life itself.
STATUTORY AGENCIES
4.1.2 (d)
To establish and maintain effective working relationships with statutory
organisations through communication and co-operation on issues of common
interest, to achieve integrated and complementary management of natural and
physical resources within and adjoining Te Urewera National Park.
Explanation: The Department’s relationship with statutory agencies is one with clearly
defined roles and responsibilities. The Department will seek to maximise the
opportunities that these relationships provide and establish, or maintain formal
relationships where common goals exist.
COMMUNITY
4.1.2 (e)
To encourage communication and co-operation with the community through
information exchange and dialogue on matters related to the management of the
park.
Explanation: Support of the community and adjoining landowners for the
management of the park will contribute to the enhancement of conservation outcomes
in the park and adjoining areas. It is important that a dialogue is maintained between
the Department, tangata whenua and the community, including organisations who
have a statutory role regarding the management of national parks. The Department
interacts with each of these groups, individuals and agencies depending on their
particular mandate and interest in the park.
4.1.2 (f)
To provide opportunities for public input and to consult with interested
organisations and parties on substantive management issues as appropriate.
Explanation: Input from the community will be sought regarding proposals for
management in addition to the opportunities provided in statute. The Department is
better able to respond to community aspirations if communication is ongoing.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
37
4.1.2 (g)
To encourage and facilitate community conservation initiatives in the park where
these are consistent with conservation management priorities of the Department
and the principles of management for the national park.
Explanation: The Department may focus resources on community projects such as
‘adopt a hut’, track maintenance or other conservation work where it is compatible
with other management priorities, and with principles for management of national
parks outlined in the National Parks Act 1980 S. 4, 5. Other community initiatives such
as project specific donations will also be encouraged.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 8 (2), 44, 47
Conservation Act 1987 S. 4
General Policy for National Park Policy 2, 3, 5.3
Conservation Management Strategy 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.5, 3.5.2, 3.5.3
38
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
4.2
PARK INTERPRETATION AND PUBLIC
INFORMATION
In raising conservation awareness through park interpretation and public
information, the Department seeks to enhance visitor experience, minimise visitor
impacts, broaden the understanding of management initiatives in the park and to build
relationships with the community. Park interpretation seeks to enhance the
enjoyment of visitors by promoting a wider and more informed perspective on the
park. Interpretation and public information should raise the public understanding of
the natural (including biodiversity), historic and cultural values within the park.
Providing advice to park users through brochures and on-site information, will
encourage visitors to conduct themselves in a manner to avoid or minimise impacts on
the environment. Public information should encourage appropriate and sensitive use
of the park environment.
The Department’s public awareness role is outlined in the Conservation with
Communities Strategy. Park interpretation and public information should be
undertaken in a manner consistent with the national strategy and any conservancy
priorities. Te Urewera National Park is a large and significant part of the public
conservation land administered by the East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy.
However, the Department is required to assess the areas of priority for public
interpretation and information resources across the conservancy in accordance with
national policy and any conservancy priorities established.
The Aniwaniwa Visitor Centre (see map 2) provides an important forum for the
provision of information and interpretation on the park. Information and interpretation
is also available at additional locations such as the Rangitaiki Area Office, Opotiki Area
Offices, Hawke’s Bay Area Office and the Gisborne Information Centre.
4.2.1 Objective
4.2.1(a)
Park interpretation and public information associated with Te Urewera National Park
provided in accordance with national and conservancy priorities.
4.2.2 Policy
4.2.2(a)
To provide interpretation facilities, services and information to:
i.
enhance visitor experience within the park;
ii. increase understanding and appreciation of the natural, historic and cultural
values within the park;
iii. increase understanding and appreciation of the Department’s management
initiatives;
iv. ensure tangata whenua and interested parties are kept informed about the
impacts of introduced species on the park’s indigenous biodiversity and on the
ways these impacts are managed, and that they have opportunities for their
views on the overall control strategies for introduced species to be considered;
v.
encourage visitors to avoid or minimise their impact on the park.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
39
Explanation: The Department will seek to fulfil a range of objectives in the provision of
interpretive facilities, services and information.
4.2.2(b)
To consult with tangata whenua and Tuhoe-Waikaremoana and WairoaWaikaremoana Trust Boards when undertaking interpretation or developing
information related to sites of historical or cultural significance to Maori.
Explanation: Careful interpretation of sites must be undertaken to ensure that
sensitive information is not disclosed and correct interpretation results. Consultation
with tangata whenua of the specific area to which the information relates is therefore
necessary. This includes receiving advice on the use of Maori place names in
interpretative material.
4.2.2(c)
To encourage the use of the park by schools and other educational institutions in a
manner that improves the understanding and appreciation of park values whilst
ensuring that the values of the park are not damaged.
Explanation: Te Urewera National Park provides a significant opportunity for the
Department to encourage public enjoyment and understanding of conservation.
Providing information on conservation work within a natural context is to be
encouraged among educational institutions. As conservation initiatives may have a
broader application in the wider community, dissemination of these messages and
experiences amongst a wide audience is supported.
4.2.2 (d)
To work with concessionaires to assist the delivery of interpretation to visitors.
Explanation: The provision of information to concessionaire clients either verbally or
through distribution of written information and/or website material must be accurate
and will be managed in accordance with Policy 9.1.2 (c ). Advertising and signage will
be managed in accordance with section 9.3.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
Conservation Act 1987 S. 6 (d)
General Policy for National Parks Policy 8.3, 16.1 – 16.5, 24.4
Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.7, 3.5.1
Cross-reference
Related policies are located in the following section:
4.1 Community Relationships.
40
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
4.3
PARK BOUNDARIES AND ADJOINING LANDS
Areas which could be considered for addition to national parks may include public
conservation land, land in public ownership or private land which may be available.
Section 8 of the National Parks Act 1980 establishes the process for investigation of
proposals to add to national parks or to establish new parks and S. 7 provides for the
addition of land of the Crown to national parks. The process for establishing additional
areas of national park (either additions to current parks or the establishment of new
parks entirely), follows a public notification process and includes the involvement of
the New Zealand Conservation Authority and conservation boards.
Acquisition of land for national parks is undertaken under S. 9 of the National Parks Act
1980 should suitable land become available for purchase on willing buyer – willing
seller basis. Section 9 acquisition may occur in relation to publicly owned or privately
owned land. The consequences of additions of public conservation lands into the
national park may only involve a change of focus in the management of the area.
Acquisition of suitable privately owned land for addition to the park is considerably
more involved. Land may not be excluded from a national park except by Act of
Parliament (S.11 of the National Parks Act 1980).
The management plan for a national park cannot contain policies advocating the
investigation of particular land parcels for inclusion in the park. This is in accordance
with the General Policy for National Parks. The management plan is restricted to
establishing provisions for the management of the lands that are gazetted as national
park. However, this plan may consider what areas or types of land might be
considered as possible additions, and what matters may be taken into account should
a S. 8 investigation be initiated. The management plan may therefore provide
guidance to any S. 8 process, but may not drive that process.
4.3.1 Objective
4.3.1 (a)
Thorough evaluation of any proposals to gazette additional land into Te Urewera
National Park
4.3.2 Policy
4.3.2 (a)
In the event that an assessment is undertaken to determine the feasibility and
appropriateness of including additional areas into the park, priority consideration
will be given to public conservation land administered by the Department whose
boundaries are close to the national park boundaries.
Explanation: Conservation areas that adjoin the park, or are in close vicinity to it, are
logical contenders for addition to Te Urewera National Park.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
41
4.3.2 (b)
In the event that additions to the national park are being considered, assessment of
areas to be added to the national park should include:
i. an evaluation of whether the proposed area/s contain:
a) naturalness or scenery of such distinctive quality;
b) ecosystems so unique or scientifically important;
c) natural features so beautiful, unique or scientifically important.
ii. an assessment of the economic and social implications of gazettal at a local,
regional or national level;
iii. the results of consultation with tangata whenua;
iv. the results of consultation with the community;
v. the results of consultation with the East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservation Board;
vi. the results of consultation with the territorial and regional authority for the
proposed area;
vii. an evaluation of how the addition of land may enhance the values of Te Urewera
National Park.
Explanation: An evaluation of an area's appropriateness for inclusion must be
thorough and establish that the proposed area has the qualities or features worthy of
preservation. Social, economic and administrative considerations must also be
considered. This policy reflects the provisions of the General Policy for National Parks.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 7, 8, 18(e), 30(f)(ii)
General Policy for National Parks Policy 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6
Conservation Management Strategy Policy 3.3.1, 3.3.2
42
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
5.0 Ecological and Natural Values
5.1
ECOLOGICAL AND NATURAL VALUES
Soil, water and forest conservation values
In administering the national park the Department is required to preserve indigenous
species as far as possible (S.4 (2)(b)), and to maintain the park’s value as a soil, water
and forest conservation area (S. 4 (2)(d)).
These two functions are intrinsically linked in that the soil, water and forest
conservation values of the national park are secured through the protection of
indigenous flora and the maintenance of a quality near-continuous vegetative cover
over the park. This prevents or reduces the effects of erosion (diminishes soil and
water conservation values), runoff (impacts on water quality and downstream
flooding) and windthrow (impacts on forest conservation values).
Alteration to the natural water flow through the park impacts on water conservation
values and is addressed in Park Waters and Hydroelectric Power Generation section 5.2.
The control of introduced animals and plants that impact on vegetation cover is
addressed in the Introduced Animals (Section 7.2) and Introduced Plants (Section 7.1)
respectively.
Consequently, policies specifically providing for soil, water and forest conservation are
not considered to be necessary, as similar outcomes will be achieved through the
implementation of policies seeking to preserve indigenous species, communities and
ecosystems.
Management approach
In seeking to preserve indigenous animals and plants, the Department has historically
focused on the identification of key species that are endangered or threatened, and
sought through management intervention to ensure that the remaining populations of
target species are maintained and where possible enhanced. An expansion of focus is
beginning to emerge in the approach to management of public conservation areas.
The broader consideration of biodiversity, and management at an ecosystem (as well
as a species) level is now influential when determining priorities and process for
management. Although the Department is shifting towards ecosystem management,
this is a complex field, and considerably more research is required to enable successful
application of this approach to all conservation work. In the interim, management
initiatives for threatened species will continue, as several species require intensive
management.
Development of the mechanisms and strategies required for a focus on biodiversity
and ecosystems is ongoing. The practice of ecological management is continually
evolving as the understanding of the environment increases and theories change and
develop. Research is continually being undertaken at a conservancy and national level,
and this national park management plan needs to recognise this and provide flexibility
in polices guiding ecological management lest the plan becomes outdated.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
43
Examples of work that is likely to be influential in determining management priorities
in the future includes Arand and Stephens (1999) work on setting priorities for
conservation management, and the Department's national policy on a strategic
approach to ecological management. Examples of ecosystem level management
occurring within the park include the Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem Restoration
Project and the Waikaremoana Ecosystem Restoration Project. These projects must be
consistent with the national park management plan and other relevant legislation.
The Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem Restoration Project is a mainland island project
which extends over approximately 50, 000 ha predominantly within the park, but
including some adjoining areas, in which intensive pest control operations and
conservation outcome monitoring is conducted with the objectives:
1.
to ensure the long-term sustainability of the northern Te Urewera ecosystem, by
undertaking management activities for the purpose of protecting the health and
natural functioning of key components and processes in this northern Te
Urewera ecosystem;
2.
to maintain and restore threatened species populations;
3.
to give effect to the Treaty partnership between the Department and tangata
whenua throughout the planning and implementation of the ecosystem
restoration programme;
4.
to gain the support and co-operation of the wider community of interest in the
ecosystem restoration programme; and to positively contribute to the wide
community of interest in the immediate term and over the timeframe of the
programme (Shaw et al 1996).
The research aspect of the project includes the developing and testing of various pest
control techniques and recording how key indicator species respond to reduced levels
of introduced animals in core and background areas, compared to monitored control
sites. (These are areas which are left to natural processes with no intervention against
which the benefits of pest control can be compared.) Core area goals entail restoring
more sensitive ecosystem components that are declining, vulnerable or unlikely to
recover in the absence of intensive management. The goals of background areas are
protecting and/or enhancing the basic forest ecosystem, and the majority of ecosystem
components, through less intensive control methods.
While the work of the Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem Restoration Project has been
ongoing since 1995, the Waikaremoana project is still in early developmental stages.
This project builds upon the research and management work for kiwi recovery at
Puketukutuku, and is evolving into ecosystem restoration and enhancement work,
similar to that undertaken in the northern region of the park.
Policies must also recognise that while this plan gives guidance for the management of
Te Urewera National Park, the park is but one area (albeit a significant one) that the
Department is managing in the East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy. The
establishment of the Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem Restoration Project and the
Waikaremoana Ecosystem Restoration Project (including the Kiwi Recovery
Programme) within the park indicates the significance of the park relative to other
public conservation lands in the conservancy. However, the park management should
be consistent with national and conservancy priorities.
44
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
5.1.1 Objective
5.1.1 (a)
To preserve, and enhance where possible, the indigenous biological diversity,
indigenous ecosystems and natural landscapes of Te Urewera National Park.
5.1.2 Policies
5.1.2(a)
To preserve indigenous flora and fauna in Te Urewera National Park, through the
integrated management of indigenous species and the control of introduced plant
and animal species and human impacts.
Explanation: National parks are established for the preservation of an area with
outstanding qualities of national interest and for the preservation of indigenous
animals and plants within the park. Preservation of indigenous species requires an
integrated approach as they are vulnerable to predation and competition from
introduced species and disturbance by humans. Maintaining the park’s indigenous
biodiversity is a primary focus for management. Recreation and commercial use of the
park must be consistent with this primary principle.
5.1.2 (b)
To preserve and, where possible, restore biological diversity and ecosystem
integrity and health to the fullest extent possible.
Explanation: In administering the park, the Department will seek to restore natural
habitat where possible. This reflects the broader approach of ecosystem management.
The Department will be guided by national and conservancy strategies and priorities
for the work undertaken in the park. It is impossible to accurately predict priorities
for the management of the park for the ten year term of this plan, and given the rapidly
evolving nature of ecological management it would be presumptuous to attempt to do
so. Management priorities will therefore be determined at a national and conservancy
level, and implemented taking into consideration the Department’s responsibilities
under the National Parks Act 1980. Where active management is required, techniques
that replicate natural processes will be preferentially used (General Policy for National
Parks 8.4).
5.1.2 (c)
To preserve and, where possible, enhance population numbers, density and
distribution ranges of threatened indigenous species as appropriate, and prevent
additional indigenous species and ecological communities from becoming
threatened.
Explanation: Although an ecosystem approach to management is to be undertaken,
some threatened species may still require an intensive management approach to
prevent further decline or loss of the species. All threatened species require
population number increases. However, individual species will require varying
approaches depending on whether density or distribution, or both, should be
enhanced when seeking a population increase.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
45
5.1.2 (d)
To preserve high water quality and instream habitat and protect the diversity and
abundance of indigenous aquatic life in the park.
Explanation: The park contains important aquatic habitat. See Park Waters, Boating
and Permanent Moorings and Introduced Plants section of the plan for more specific
policy of management of aquatic resources in the park.
5.1.2 (e)
To preserve, or enhance where possible, landscape values by ensuring that any
development will be undertaken in a manner to minimise impact on the
environment.
Explanation: This will involve requiring a landscape impact assessment to be
undertaken, and include the consideration of advice and guidance provided by
landscape architects. Landscape restoration plans will also be required where
development impacts on landscape values. Assessment of development will include
assessment of the soil and water conservation impacts that may occur, and how
triggering or exacerbation of erosion will be avoided. Revegetation should involve the
use of species that are genetically compatible with and were previously naturally
occurring in the area where restoration or revegetation is undertaken. Plant
propagation through seed collection or striking of cuttings will be undertaken in
preference to relocation of plants. General Policy addresses the use of indigenous and
exotic species for revegetation. Resource consents may also be required by provisions
under the Resource Management Act 1991.
5.1.2 (f)
To continue to increase knowledge and understanding of indigenous biodiversity
and ecosystem restoration and management through research and monitoring and
to apply that knowledge to the management of the national park.
Explanation: There is a considerable amount of research being undertaken nationally
and within the conservancy on ecological management approaches and techniques.
Research associated with Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem Restoration Project is one
important example of this. Research findings will be used to guide management of the
park and to assist in determining priorities for future initiatives.
5.1.2 (g)
To continue to co-operate with other agencies on collection and sharing of
information and research.
Explanation: Other agencies hold information on species in the park that could be
used for conservation management. For example, Fish and Game New Zealand and
National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) hold information
related to fish distribution and populations in the park and Landcare Research is
undertaking work on possum control and kiwi and kokako dispersal. Other agencies
may also undertake research relevant to Te Urewera National Park that could be
applied to the management of the park.
46
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
5.1.2(h)
To acknowledge the role of tangata whenua in the management of natural and
ecological resources in the park and to ensure that they are consulted on significant
management issues for the park.
Explanation: This policy gives effect to the management philosophy of the park.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4, 5
Conservation Act 1987 Part VB
Wildlife Act 1953 S. 4
Freshwater Fisheries Regulations 1993
Whitebait Fishing Regulations 1994
Fisheries (Amateur Fishing) Regulations 1986
General Policy for National Parks Policy 8.1, 8.4, 8.5, 8.9, 8.10, 11.2
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.9, 3.3.16, 3.3.17, 3.3.18, 3.3.23
Resource Management Act 1991
Cross reference
Related policies are located in the following sections:
5.2 Park Waters and Hydroelectric Power Generation
7.1 Introduced Plants
7.2 Introduced Animals
8.0 Access, recreation and use section policies
9.1 Concessions (commercial and non-commercial)
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
47
5.2
PARK WATERS AND HYDROELECTRIC POWER
GENERATION
The bed of Lake Waikaremoana has been leased from Maori owners by the Crown and
is administered by the Department as national park. Other lakes and streams within
the boundaries of the park are also administered as national park. The Department
manages the park and park waters to ensure that the water quality is maintained and
will also seek the co-operation of neighbouring landowners and relevant authorities in
this regard. The administration of taking, use, damming or diversion of water in the
park is undertaken by the regional councils under the Resource Management Act
1991. In addition, permission will be required from the Department. The Department
will retain an advocacy role in any resource consent applications lodged for waters
within Te Urewera National Park.
Policy for aquatic habitat and species is contained in sections Ecological and Natural
Values (Section 5.1), Sports Fish and Non-indigenous Game Birds (Section 7.4) and
Introduced Plants (Section 7.1). Activities that occur on or adjacent to park waters are
addressed in Boating and Permanent Moorings (Section 8.5) and Lakeshore Camping
and Lakeshore Anchoring (Section 8.6).
5.2.1 Objective
5.2.1 (a)
Park waters are retained in a natural state and the water quality is not adversely
affected by siltation and pollution.
5.2.1 (b)
Minimise the adverse effects of operation, maintenance and possible upgrade of
established hydroelectric power generation on Te Urewera National Park and to
prevent adverse effects of any future development proposals.
5.2.2 Policy
5.2.2 (a)
To manage activities within the park to ensure that the natural state of park waters
and water quality standards are, as far as possible, maintained.
Explanation: This policy is consistent with General Policies for National Parks and with
the principles of the National Parks Act 1980.
48
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
5.2.2 (b)
To raise awareness with, and disseminate information to, the public and users of the
park on appropriate practice with regard to:
i. ensuring ecologically appropriate toileting practices are observed by the public
especially in the Lake Waikaremoana Catchment;
ii. discouraging the use of soaps and detergents in the waterways;
iii. security and appropriate handling of fuel transported, stored and used in the
park (refer refuse disposal);
iv. the effluent collection on boats and in motor caravans and caravans, and disposal
of contents at toilet waste collection stations.
Explanation: Lake Waikaremoana catchment is an area under high recreational
pressure due to the opportunities such as the Great Walk, boating activities and
lakeshore camping. Education and advocacy will assist in guiding people to ensure
that their actions are modified to minimise their impact on the environment and avoid
impacts on water quality.
Note that the disposal of sewage is one of the more prominent issues in the Lake
Waikaremoana catchment and throughout the park. Refer to:
8.6 Lakeshore Camping and Lakeshore Anchoring section for policy on disposal of
toilet waste during lakeshore camping
8.8 Waste and Refuse Disposal section for policy on provision of toilet facilities within
the park.
5.2.2 (c)
To liaise with administering authorities and landowners/occupiers where run-off or
land use activities may adversely impact on park waters and to advocate for
avoidance, remediation or mitigation of effects to ensure that the quality of park
waters are maintained.
Explanation: There are a number of instances where activities on private land may
impact on Te Urewera National Park down stream of the activity, such as at Ruatahuna,
Maungapohatu, Parahaki, Hanamahihi and Umukahawai (see map 2). Co-operation
with landowners/occupiers will be sought in addressing effects of landuse activities on
park waters. Councils have provisions in Resource Management Act 1991 plans
controlling the effects of land use.
5.2.2 (d)
To advocate that fish passage is provided for wherever water bodies flowing to and
within the park are affected by artificial barriers that may restrict or prevent indigenous
fish passage.
Explanation: Several of the indigenous species in the park are diadromous meaning that
they normally undergo migrations to the sea at various life stages. Ensuring that there is
provision for fish passage around obstacles such as culverts, weirs and dams is essential to
the survival of some species of fish in the park.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
49
5.2.2 (e)
The applications/reviews/renewals of permits to take, use, dam or divert water
within the park, shall be discouraged unless the activity is proven not to adversely
affect park values including:
i. detrimentally reducing the natural flow of the park waters; and/or
ii. any reduction in fish passage;
iii. adverse effects on aquatic habitat and species and riparian vegetation;
iv. cumulative effects of multiple water easements.
Conditions may be established with respect to amount and rate of water take/use/
dam/diversion, and the design and location of structures associated with the
activity.
Explanation: There are currently a number of water easements along the Galatea
Faces of the park for domestic and farm water. Abstraction of water from within the
park is sought due to the ephemeral nature of the streams in this location. Alternative
reliable water supplies outside the boundaries of the park are often not available to
easement holders.
5.2.2 (f)
To consult with owners of the bed of Lake Waikaremoana through the Trust Boards
on any matters affecting their interests in and around the lake.
Explanation: The bed of the lake (as defined in respect of the natural lake prior to its
lowering in 1946), is leased by the Crown for the national park and it is appropriate
that land owners are consulted over management of this area.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
5.2.2 (g)
To negotiate or advocate with the consent authority and the consent holder
regarding hydroelectric power generation, to seek an operating regime for Lake
Waikaremoana that will avoid, remedy or mitigate the effects of hydroelectric
power generation on:
i. the ecology of the lake and lakeshore;
ii. shoreline stability and vegetation;
iii. the interests of tangata whenua; and
iv. the use of the lake for boating and other public uses.
Explanation: The Department as an affected party has a role in the consent process
administered under the Resource Management Act 1991 for the hydroelectric power
generation activities undertaken by the applicant in Te Urewera National Park. During
reviews of consent conditions the Department will seek conditions that avoid, remedy
or mitigate the adverse effects of the activity.
50
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
5.2.2 (h)
To undertake monitoring and research on the effects of lake control of
hydroelectric power generation so sufficient information and understanding is
available to ensure appropriate management regimes are advocated for by the
Department.
Explanation: In order for the Department to advocate for appropriate conditions
during reviews or renewals of the resource consent, it is vital that sufficient
information is available for informed advice to be provided. Research should
complement monitoring which is being undertaken in accordance with the consent
conditions.
5.2.2 (i)
To oppose applications for hydroelectric development which could result in
adverse effects on park values or result in the loss of areas containing distinctive,
unique or important qualities from Te Urewera National Park.
Explanation: Hydro developments are inconsistent with national park values.
Although Te Urewera does have hydroelectric development, proposals for
development that adversely impact on the park values will be opposed. This policy is
consistent with General Policy for National Parks 30.1 and Conservation Management
Strategy policies. Any application to undertake hydroelectric development proposals
must be assessed under the Resource Management Act 1991.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4
Resource Management Act 1991 S. 13, 14
General Policy for National Parks Policy 30, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3.
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.8.2, 3.3.9, 3.3.23, 3.4.4
Cross Reference
Related policies are also located in the following sections:
5.1 Ecological and Natural Values
7.1 Introduced Plants
7.4 Sports Fish and Non-Indigenous Game Birds
8.5 Boating and Permanent Moorings
8.6 Lake shore Camping and Lake shore Anchoring
8.8 Waste and Refuse Disposal
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
51
5.3
SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREA ZONE – LAKE
WAIKAREITI ISLANDS (Refer to Map 3)
Introduction
The islands in Lake Waikareiti are unique in the park in that they remain in a nearpristine state and are therefore of special scientific interest. The vegetation on these
islands may be used as a benchmark for evaluating the health of other forest areas at a
similar altitude and aspect. Vegetation has not been impacted by possum browse,
although the islands contain rats and are occasionally accessed by stoats and deer via
the lake.
Rahui Island has been slightly modified by a small landing and viewing platform, which
has been constructed on the island to allow the public to view the small lakelet on the
island. Access to the island is limited to the landing and viewing platform.
The National Parks Act 1980 provides for the setting apart of specially protected areas
in national parks, and previous management plans have indicated an intention to seek
a formal Order in Council for these areas. However, it has been determined that this
formal process for the Lake Waikareiti islands will not be sought, unless the current
policies do not adequately provide for the protection of the Lake's islands. The islands
will be protected through the development of bylaws so that access may be managed
in a manner consistent with specially protected area access provisions (S.13 National
Parks Act 1980).
5.3.1 Objective
5.3.1 (a)
Protection of the Lake Waikareiti islands' ecological values.
5.3.2 Policies
5.3.2(a)
To ensure that the Waikareiti Islands (comprising of Motungarara, Motutorutoru,
Te Arakoau, Te Oneatahu, Kahaatuwai and Rahui Islands) are managed to preserve
the ecological values of the islands.
Explanation: All islands in the lake contain ecological values that warrant protection.
Rahui Island is no exception. Although public access to Rahui Island is maintained, this
island still warrants management to ensure ecological preservation.
5.3.2(b)
Due to the Waikareiti islands having special scientific interest, the Department will
seek bylaws which will result in access to all specially protected areas being limited
to those authorised by the Director General.
Explanation: Bylaws will be sought to implement this policy. This is in accordance
with S.56(c) and (d) of the National Parks Act. Circumstances in which a permit may
be issued will be limited to activities undertaken for conservation management and
scientific purposes specific to the area.
52
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
5.3.2 (c)
To protect Rahui Island by limiting public access and development facilities to
within the existing landing and viewing platform.
Explanation: Public access to Rahui Island represents a unique recreational
opportunity and should be allowed to continue, provided that the impacts on the
island are minimal. Access and development should be limited to those parts of the
island where impacts have already occurred, i.e. at the landing and viewing platform.
Access to the other islands is generally inappropriate and exclusion of access is
consistent with the need to protect the ecological values of the islands. Bylaws will be
sought to give effect to this policy.
5.3.2 (d)
If the above policies are shown to be inadequate in protecting the ecological values
of Lake Waikareiti islands, an Order in Council declaring Motungarara,
Motutorutoru, Te Arakoau, Te Oneatahu and Kahaatuwai Islands as specially
protected areas shall be sought.
Explanation: These areas are currently being managed as specially protected areas.
Provisions in the National Parks Act 1980 provide for enhanced protection for
identified areas (S. 12). These provisions may be enacted if ecological protection is not
sufficiently provided by bylaws.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 12, 13
General Policy for National Parks Policies 6, in particular 6.1, 6.2
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
53
54
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
map 3
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
55
56
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
5.4
PROPOSED RUAKITURI WILDERNESS AREA
Te Urewera National Park has always been recognised for its wilderness character.
With increased public use within parks and the associated development and
proliferation of facilities, the opportunities for visitors to enjoy a true wilderness
character are being diminished. These opportunities are considered to be an integral
part of the park’s qualities and need to be maintained for future visitors to the park.
In order to maintain some of the wilderness character of the park, provision is made
for the proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area to be managed as such in the interim, and
that gazettal be sought for the area. The criteria for wilderness areas are outlined in
General Policy for National Parks 6.3, S. 14 of the National Parks Act 1980 and in
Wilderness Policy 1983.
The proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area (c.24,000 ha) is illustrated on Map 4. It
includes all the catchment of the Ruakituri River upstream from the Waitangi Falls that
lies within Te Urewera National Park, together with two smaller areas in the southwest
and north lying outside the Ruakituri catchment boundary. The southwest area
includes the upper catchment of the Hopuruahine Stream and its tributary Te
Punaotehouhi Stream. It is bounded by the Maungapohatu access road, by ridges
generally 1-1.5 km east of (SH38) the Ruatahuna-Waikaremoana highway, and the
upper half of Manuoha Track (but excluding the area within 200m of the Manuoha
hut). The wilderness area is sufficiently buffered from the metalled state highway 38
by steep ridges and dense vegetation. The northern area includes the upper
catchments of Makakoere Stream and an adjacent tributary of Kahunui Stream
(Waioeka River catchment) west of the straight-line national park boundary and south
of Ngapuketurua.
Features of the Proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area
The area is predominantly of lowland to lower montane elevation. It rises from about
500 and 520m in altitude respectively at the downstream edges in the Makakoere and
Ruakituri catchments, up/to enclosing ridges generally 900-1200 metres. High points
above 1300m are Ngapuketurua 1310m, Te Rangaakapua 1326 m, Oharuru 1360 m,
Maungapohatu (No.2) 1365 m, and Manuoha 1392 m. Its most distinctive
characteristic is the essentially continuous forest cover on relatively easy but complex
terrain, making for interesting navigational challenges for bush travel on foot.
The southern two-thirds of the area - south of the approximate line of Rua’s Track - is
underlain by rather soft young tertiary sedimentary rocks, mainly sandstones. For the
most part the tertiary rocks form a broad basin and undulating easy to moderate
terrain, with an irregular pattern of tributary streams and ridges. The southwestern,
Hopuruahine end of the area echoes the Ruakituri pattern of terrain on a smaller,
tighter scale. Along the southern edge, moderately steep faces rise to the ridge from
Manuoha to Pukepuke. A bold north-east facing escarpment extends from
Maungapohatu into the centre of the area as the Te Rake Range.
The northern third of the area is underlain by Late Cretaceous and older rock, much of
it also relatively weak and forming easy-moderate terrain, but interspersed with harder
“greywacke” sandstones forming bands of steeper terrain with a north-northeast grain
to the ridges. A very irregular drainage pattern of complex valleys is superimposed on
this terrain. The valleys in the north draining to the Waioeka River are cut down to a
lower base level and have consistently steep terrain of high relief characteristic of most
areas in the North Island axial ranges.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
57
Throughout the proposed wilderness area, there are sections of streams sharply
entrenched as narrow valleys incised into rolling terrain, alternating with wider valley
forms. There are common contrasts on a small scale between gentle meandering
streams overhung with forest, and abrupt interruptions by waterfalls, and sections
where sizeable streams flow underground.
Apart from tawa forest on lower slopes in the Makakoere Valley the vegetation cover is
almost entirely beech forest. At the lower altitudes this is mainly leafy red beech forest
with variable amounts of rimu, then “pure” red beech forest, merging to silver beech
forest at the higher altitudes. There are small areas of subalpine scrub on the highest
exposed summits. The historic Anini Clearing - about 3 ha of grassland with scattered
beech trees in the centre of the proposed wilderness area - is the only other substantial
opening in the lowland forest. It was formed long ago to provide overnight grazing for
horses and cattle using Rua’s Track and now with a mature “natural” appearance.
In a national context, the key feature of the area is the continuous forest cover on
relatively gentle or moderate terrain. Areas like this would once have been common
and extensive in lowland New Zealand, but almost everywhere else, certainly in the
North Island, such areas were substantially or entirely cleared in the 19th and early
20th centuries, as the easy terrain and reasonable soil fertility made them well suited
for farming and settlement. Extreme isolation at that time meant this area survived
intact. This isolation and intactness now provides an opportunity for people to travel
on foot for several days, very much on nature’s terms in the spirit of true wilderness, in
an environment very different from other wilderness areas, yet characteristic of how
much of New Zealand once was.
The proposed wilderness area provides a distinct land area large enough and
sufficiently remote and buffered to be unaffected, except in minor ways, by human
influence. The northern, western and southern boundaries are flanked by Te Urewera
National Park which comprises large expanses of rugged forest terrain, relatively
untouched by human influences. The eastern boundary is largely buffered by a
substantial area of Crown-owned land administered by the Department as
conservation land (see Map 4). There is a small area of privately owned land in the
vicinity of Waitangi Falls. This explains the excluded area below the Waitangi Falls
which shall act as a buffer.
Wilderness areas provide people, with the opportunity for special experiences that
foster discovery, challenge, solitude, self-reliance, freedom, and empathy with the
wilderness qualities of the park. Tracks, route markers and bridges are inappropriate
in wilderness areas and, where such facilities exist, will either be removed or no longer
maintained. This includes the Makakoere Track which is currently in the northern
reaches of the wilderness area. The area is crossed by the historic Rua’s Track being
lightly marked over its length, but in part is benched and marked. It is being
maintained for historic and recreational purposes. The requirements of wilderness
area status provided under the National Parks Act 1980 are not compromised by the
history of Te Urewera.
The plan aims to preserve the wilderness values of this area of the park, through seeking
the gazettal of the proposed wilderness area. In the period prior to gazettal, the
proposed wilderness area will be managed essentially as a wilderness area to preserve
the values it contains. This will be achieved through bylaws established under S. 56 of the
National Parks Act 1980. Access to the wilderness area for the purposes of conservation
management including wild animal control is provided for (see policies in the Aircraft
section). Other activities may also be authorised within the wilderness area although
ministerial approval under S. 14 (4) of the National Parks Act 1980 will be required.
58
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
5.4.1 Objective
5.4.1 (a)
Protection of wilderness opportunities in Te Urewera National Park through the
management and gazettal of the proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area.
5.4.2 Policies
5.4.2(a)
To preserve the wilderness values and seek gazettal of the proposed Ruakituri
Wilderness Area (as illustrated in Map 4) as a wilderness area.
Explanation: Under S. 14 of the National Parks Act 1980, provision is made for the
gazettal of areas as wilderness within the park. Seeking gazettal will formalise the
management regime utilised for the area and preserve the wilderness values of this
catchment.
5.4.2(b)
Once the proposed wilderness area has been gazetted to seek bylaws to facilitate
the management of the proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area as a wilderness area in
accordance with S. 14 of the National Parks Act 1980 to ensure that no vehicles, or
motorised vessels shall be allowed to be taken into or be used in the area
Explanation: S.14 of the National Parks Act 1980 states how wilderness areas are to be
managed once gazettal has occurred. It is appropriate that this area continue to be
managed as a wilderness area in order to preserve the wilderness qualities of the area.
This is appropriate given that gazettal is being sought. The mechanisms for access to
the area, and provision of tracks and facilities are therefore restricted, and park users
will be required to be self-sufficient. This is consistent with the National Parks Act 1980
and Wilderness Policy 1983. It is possible that conservation management of this area
may require the use of helicopters or the establishment of temporary facilities. Refer to
polices for aircraft and introduced animals.
5.4.2 (c)
To maintain Rua’s Track to route standard 1 in the proposed wilderness area
because of its historical significance.
Explanation: Facilities and tracks in wilderness areas are generally considered inappropriate and will be either removed or no longer maintained as will happen with Makakoere
Track. Rua’s Track, however, has particular historical significance to Te Urewera region
and the park. Maintaining a minimal standard of tracking is therefore appropriate, and
is not considered to detract from the rest of the proposed wilderness area that remains
untracked.
1
Route -- generally unformed and lightly-cut route catering for the most experienced back country visitor
– see Department of Conservation Track Service Standards (Department of Conservation 1998)
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
59
5.4.2 (d)
To provide for the establishment of facilities necessary for conservation
management (including wild animal control) subject to ministerial approval in
accordance with S. 14 (4) of the National Parks Act 1980 within the proposed
wilderness area.
Explanation: The National Park Act 1980 S. 14(4) provides for activities which would
not normally comply with S. 14(2) to be undertaken, provided that the activity has
ministerial approval and is in accordance with the management plan.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 14
General Policy for National Parks Policy 6.1 - 6.5
Wilderness Policy 1983
60
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
map 4
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
61
62
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
6.0 Historic Resources
6.1
HISTORIC VALUES
Introduction
There are numerous sites (including waahi tapu sites), buildings, objects and artifacts
of historical, archaeological and cultural interest within Te Urewera National Park of
both Maori and European heritage that add substantially to the significance of the area.
The Department has an obligation under the National Parks Act 1980 S. 4 (2)(c) to
ensure that sites and objects of archaeological and historical interest are as far as
possible preserved. In managing the park the Department is also bound by the
Historic Places Act 1993.
Legislative Framework for Management of Historic
Resources
The Historic Places Act 1993 is an act to promote the identification, protection,
preservation, and conservation of the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand.
This Act states that without the appropriate permission it is unlawful to destroy,
damage, or modify the whole or any part of any archaeological site. The Department
must comply with this Act on public conservation land and is not exempt from the
provisions of this Act. Historic places and waahi tapu may be registered under the
Historic Places Act 1993 and protection provided through the establishment of
heritage covenants and orders.
The Department must manage historic resources within Te Urewera National Park in
accordance with S. 4 (2)(c) of the National Parks Act 1980, and ensure that sites and
objects of archaeological and historical interest shall as far as possible be preserved.
The criteria for determining significance of historic resources managed by the
Department are determined by the criteria contained in the Historic Places Act 1993 S.
23. Maori themselves have an important role in determining the significance of Maori
historical sites and objects. Any person may apply to register historic places (which
includes an archaeological site) and waahi tapu with the Historic Places Trust and
Maori Heritage Council respectively under the Historic Places Act 1993.
Management of historic resources must also be in compliance with the Antiquities Act
1975. The Antiquities Act 1975 is an Act to provide for the better protection of
antiquities, to establish and record the ownership of Maori artifacts, and to control the
sale of artifacts within New Zealand.
Antiquities are defined so as to include a broad range of heritage objects including:
·
chattels,
·
artifacts,
·
books, diaries, letters, documents, papers records or other written material, works
of art,
·
specimens of any animal, plant, or mineral existing or formerly existing in New
Zealand, any meteorite or part of a meteorite recovered in New Zealand,
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
63
·
any bones, feathers, or other parts or the eggs of the moa or other species of
animals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians native to New Zealand which are generally
believed to be extinct,
·
ship, boat or aircraft or parts thereof that is more than 60 years old (for a full
definition see S. 2 of the Antiquities Act 1975).
Under the Antiquities Act 1975, antiquities may not be removed from New Zealand
except when in accordance with permission granted, and in conformity with the terms
and conditions of a written certificate of permission given by the Chief Executive of the
Department responsible for the administration of the Act (Department of Culture and
Heritage). This permission must be formally sought and may be declined. The Act also
establishes that any artifact found after 1 April 1976 shall be at first sight the property
of the Crown. This may vary if the artifact has been recovered from the graves of any
person. The Maori Land Court may be approached to settle applications where claims
are made as to the actual or traditional ownership of any artifact. Generally no artifact
may be sold or otherwise disposed except to a registered collector or museum. These
provisions ensure that artifacts are not permanently lost to New Zealand through
export or being restricted to private collections. The Department has been registered
as an official collector under the Antiquities Act 1975 for the purposes of running of
the museum at Aniwaniwa. Iwi can apply to be registered as an official collector and
hold artifacts.
In fulfilling the requirement to preserve historic resources, the Department has
developed a hierarchy of policy documents to manage and prioritise the Department's
actions in this area. At a national level, the Department has a policy to manage sites
guided by ICOMOS (International Committee of Monuments and Sites New Zealand
Charter) principles and to meet ICOMOS standards. The Department is guided by the
Historic Resources Strategy 1995 that outlines the priorities for management of
historic resources and also the Kaupapa Atawhai Strategy. Management at a
conservancy level is guided by the Historic Resources Strategy 1994–2004 and the East
Coast Conservation Management Strategy. Management of historic resources within
the park must be consistent with the priorities established by the Department at both
the national and conservancy level.
Practical management of historic sites focuses on minimising the effects of
inappropriate human actions and the impacts of introduced animals and plants. This
may include initial survey and assessment of areas and prioritisation of these sites for
active protection, with detailed conservation plans developed for significant sites.
Management may include ongoing maintenance and monitoring of sites, and
supplementary public awareness and liaison.
64
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
6.1.1 Objective
6.1.1 (a)
Historic resources (sites - archaeological, waahi tapu and historical, and objects) will
be as far as possible preserved.
6.1.2 Policy
GENERAL MANAGEMENT
6.1.2(a)
To ensure archaeological and historic sites and objects within Te Urewera National
Park will as far as possible be preserved and managed in accordance with
Department national and conservancy strategies and plans.
Explanation: In undertaking historic management the Department has developed a range
of strategies to prioritise work and to ensure compliance with statutory requirements.
6.1.2 (b)
To acknowledge the role and importance of tangata whenua in the management of
any Maori cultural historic or archaeological sites, or objects of importance and to
ensure that tangata whenua are consulted on the management of these sites and
involved in decisions on how these values should be managed.
Explanation: This policy includes any management initiatives related to sites or objects
of importance to tangata whenua including the collection or distribution of information.
6.1.2(c)
To retain and protect historic objects as far as possible in the locality in which they
are discovered. Where it is considered necessary for objects (including taonga) to
be removed from the original location to ensure their preservation, consultation will
be undertaken with tangata whenua to determine relocation. Generally this will be
within the rohe of Te Urewera.
Explanation: In order to ensure that historical context and significance is retained, it is
important that objects are located in the same location or within a reasonable
proximity to where they were discovered. Objects may be stored at the museum at the
Aniwaniwa Visitor Centre or in another locality in Te Urewera region either within or
outside the park boundary.
6.1.2(d)
To raise awareness with park users:
i. regarding the protection provided for historic heritage within the park;
ii. to discourage interference with historic sites or objects or removal of historic
objects from the park; and
iii. to encourage notification of location of discovered objects or sites with the
Department.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
65
Explanation: It is an offence to damage or remove historic features or objects
(including moa bones for example) from the park. Through raising awareness the
Department will seek the public’s co-operation in complying with these statutory
provisions and in establishing a historic resource database. This will include
encouraging the public to enjoy viewing historic features such as the submerged
wreck in Lake Waikaremoana without damaging or removing parts of the wreck.
MUSEUM MANAGEMENT
6.1.2(e)
To exhibit the McCahon Urewera Mural 1976 at the Aniwaniwa Visitor Centre
unless loaned to other galleries or museums for temporary exhibition.
Explanation: The McCahon was originally commissioned by Te Urewera National Park
Board to hang in the Aniwaniwa Visitor Centre. It is therefore appropriate that the
mural be exhibited there, as this adds to the historical significance of the work. There
is considerable interest in having the mural exhibited throughout the country.
Temporary exhibition is therefore provided for in this policy.
6.1.2(f)
The Department (as a registered collector of artefacts) will continue to manage the
Aniwaniwa collection as a museum collection in accordance with the Antiquities Act
1975, and be guided by the Professional Code of Ethics of the Museums Association
of Aotearoa New Zealand.
Explanation: The Aniwaniwa Visitors Centre is to be managed primarily as a visitor
centre with the additional function of being managed as a museum. For this reason the
Department will seek guidance from the Professional Code of Ethics of the Museums
Association of Aotearoa New Zealand although some standards may be modified as the
Aniwaniwa Visitor Centre is managed primarily for visitors.
6.1.2(g)
To maintain a collection policy for the museum that:
i. outlines the types of objects that will be added to the collection; and
ii. establishes the procedure for adding and removing an object to the museum; and
iii. ensures that objects stored in the museum are those that are sourced from the
park, or have some association with the park and are objects that should remain
within the park boundaries.
66
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
6.1.2(h)
To maintain a collection documentation system and collection management
procedure to guide management of objects stored in the museum.
Explanation: The museum contains a large collection of objects of heritage that should
be carefully managed. Maintaining a collection policy (draft Aniwaniwa Area Office
Collections Policy for Aniwaniwa Museum), and a collection documentation system
and procedure (draft Museum Procedures Manual for Aniwaniwa Museum) will ensure
the correct running of the museum.
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
6.1.2(i)
To continue to manage information related to historic sites, objects, archaeological
sites and waahi tapu in consultation with tangata whenua.
6.1.2(j)
To manage and maintain information held by, or conveyed to the Department,
including how access to that information will be controlled.
Explanation: The Department consults with tangata whenua on management of
information related to historic sites, objects, archaeological sites and waahi tapu. This
will ensure consistency of information management and provide certainty to tangata
whenua on how information is managed in the Department. New information
conveyed to the Department by the public and staff, such as the discovery of historic
objects or sites in the park, must also be carefully managed.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4(2) (c), 60 (1) (d)
Historic Places Act 1993
Antiquities Act 1975
Resource Management Act 1991
General Policy for National Parks Policy 25.9
Conservation Management Strategy S. 3.3.7
Historic Heritage Strategy 1995
Conservancy Historic Resources Strategy 1994 - 2004
Conservancy Historic Protection Plan
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
67
6.2
IDENTIFYING PERSONS, PLACES AND EVENTS
OF NATIONAL OR HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE
Introduction
The identification and commemoration of events, people or sites where important
events took place, through the establishment of monuments, memorials, plaques or
headstones is not generally encouraged. The park is to be managed as far as possible
in its natural state, and the placement of memorial objects is not consistent with this
objective and General Policy for National Parks.
6.2.1 Objective
6.2.1(a)
The placement of headstones, monuments, plaques or memorials in the park only
occurs in exceptional circumstances.
6.2.2 Policy
6.2.2(a)
Only in exceptional circumstances will the placing of headstones, monuments,
plaques or memorials be allowed. Exceptional circumstances include where it is for
the purpose of commemorating:
i. persons who had a significant impact on New Zealand history and were
associated with Te Urewera National Park;
ii. events that have played an important part in the history of the park;
iii. places that illustrate earlier cultures or are associated with important
archaeological discoveries;
iv. structures of particular historical importance.
Explanation: Memorials may only be established in particular circumstances. These
criteria are consistent with general policy.
6.2.2 (b)
To acknowledge the contribution of benefactors through the placement of plaques
on facilities where appropriate.
Explanation: Where the park has benefited through the generosity of individuals or
organisations, it may be appropriate to acknowledge this through placement of a
discreet plaque on huts, bridges or shelters etc. This does not extend to the placement
of advertising signs or slogans.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4(1), 4 (2) (a), 4 (2) (c)
General Policy for National Parks 17
68
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
7.0 Non-Indigenous Species
7.1
INTRODUCED PLANTS
Introduction
There are a wide range of introduced plants within the park which the Department
(under S. 4 (2) (b) of the National Parks Act 1980) is required to exterminate as far as
possible, except where the Authority determines otherwise. In the General Policy for
National Parks, the Authority acknowledges that in some situations this may not be
desirable or practicable, for example introduced grasses and herbs. In addition, due to
the cost of introduced plant control, the Department will need to prioritise the species
and the locations from which introduced plants will be exterminated. Therefore not all
introduced plants will necessarily be sought to be exterminated by the Department.
Introduced plants that will be a priority for control will be those that are growing
where they are not wanted, particularly those that are invasive.
An invasive introduced plant can significantly and adversely affect indigenous species
and communities by causing genetic variation within species (within and between
populations), or impacting on the survival of threatened species, or the quality or
sustainability of natural communities. The mere presence of introduced species in a
natural area is not enough to constitute an invasive introduced plant problem.
Whether a species is invasive depends on the nature and significance of its existing or
potential impacts .1 The presence of invasive species within the park may compromise
scientific values of the area, for example Lake Waikareiti. Invasive species pose a
threat to native plants either through direct competition or through reducing diversity
of native species (through reducing the population of these native species).
Introduced plants also threaten native animals by degrading the habitat and affecting
the availability of food and breeding sites.
In addition to the control of invasive species that impact upon ecosystems, the
Department controls plants that may impact upon landscape values historic
resources, limit recreational opportunities, or plants that the Department has a legal
obligation to control despite there being no threat to natural or historic values.
Due to the extent of the introduced plant problems both within and outside of areas
administered by the Conservancy, it is not within the current resources of the
Conservancy to deal with them all. Priority setting is therefore essential.
Priorities are established within the:
·
Strategic Plan for Managing Invasive Weeds (national strategy for ecological
weeds),
·
Visitor Strategy and priorities developed for conservancies (for plants that threaten
recreational opportunity),
·
Historic Heritage Strategy 1995 (for plants that threaten historic sites)
·
Problem Plant Management Strategy (Conservancy strategy) and
·
any Order of Council directing the Department to fulfil obligations to control
introduced plants under the Biosecurity Act 1993.
1
Definition derived from the Department of Conservation Strategic Plan for Managing Invasive Weeds.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
69
The Department also works with regional councils that develop regional pest
management strategies for the control of pest plants.
7.1.1 Objectives
7.1.1(a)
The control and/or extermination of introduced plants that impact on natural,
recreational or historic values in Te Urewera National Park and plants that the
Department has a legal obligation to control.
7.1.2 Policy
INTRODUCED PLANT CONTROL GENERAL
7.1.2(a)
To as far as possible exterminate introduced plants within Te Urewera National
Park with priority given to introduced plants that:
i. have actual or potential significant impacts on natural values, historic values or
recreational opportunities within the park;
ii. the Department has a legislative requirement to control;
iii. are identified as an introduced plant with priority for removal in accordance
with any national weed plans, policies or strategies, Conservation Management
Strategy or conservancy pest plant management strategies or Regional Pest
Management Strategies;
iv. occur in small infestations where removal will aid the complete extermination of
that species or will halt the spread or to prevent new introductions of problem
introduced plants.
Explanation: The National Parks Act 1980 states except where the New Zealand
Conservation Authority determines otherwise, introduced plants will as far as possible
be exterminated. The New Zealand Conservation Authority accepts that complete
extermination of all introduced plants is not within Department capabilities and
priorities must be established. The Department will therefore seek to minimise the
numbers or contain the distribution of significant new invasive introduced plants
where this is feasible (weed led programmes), and protect land and fresh water sites
that are important to New Zealand’s natural heritage from the impacts of invasive
introduced plants (site led programmes).
7.1.2(b)
To ensure control of introduced plants is undertaken in a manner that is effective
and efficient and considers public safety.
Explanation: Control of introduced plants is costly and time-consuming and it is
important to ensure that the most appropriate methods are adopted. General Policy
for National Parks 9.7 (use of herbicides) should be considered when selecting the
most appropriate introduced plant control method.
70
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
7.1.2(c)
To consider the use of biological control organisms within the park for controlling
introduced plants, only where these methods have been rigorously assessed for
biological specificity, effectiveness and any adverse ecological effects that may arise
from release of an organism.
Explanation: The Minister may authorise the use of biological control organisms in
accordance with the provisions of S. 5A of the National Parks Act 1980 but may not
give authorisation if the release is inconsistent with provisions in this management
plan. The authorisation of the release must be done in consultation with the document.
The Department requires that a rigorous assessment be undertaken prior to any
release (this includes the vetting procedures of the Environmental Risk Management
Authority where relevant) but considers that suitable biological control organisms
should be considered for use if they become available.
7.1.2(d)
To monitor the impacts of introduced plant control on ecological and historic
values to ensure that methods have minimal adverse effects and are efficient.
Explanation: Effects of control will need to be monitored to ensure that appropriate
methods are adopted by the Department.
7.1.2(e)
To liaise with adjacent landowners and to advocate for, and co-operate with, other
authorities responsible for control of introduced plants to ensure a co-ordinated
approach to introduced plant control where possible.
Explanation: A number of agencies have responsibilities for control of introduced
plants. Each of these agencies (such as Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Fisheries,
Environmental Risk Management Authority (ERMA), Regional Authorities (responsible
for the development of Regional Pest Management Strategies under the Biosecurity Act
1993) or relevant Ministries preparing National Pest Management Strategies) have a
role in introduced plant control. The Department will co-ordinate with these agencies
where gains will be achieved. Liaising with adjacent landowners is also important.
7.1.2(f)
To raise awareness with park users of the adverse impacts that introduced plants,
particularly introduced aquatic plants, may have and to provide information as to
how the public may prevent the transfer or spread of introduced plants to or within
Te Urewera National Park.
Explanation: Prevention of the transfer to, and dispersal of introduced plants within
the park is the most effective means of controlling introduced plants within the park.
This policy complements the policy for transfer of introduced aquatic plants (Boating
and Permanent Moorings policy). This may include providing information in the form
of advice, pamphlets, articles in newspapers and magazines. The Department may
also erect signs at boat ramps in the park or at lakes within close proximity to the park,
which may provide a source of introduced plants for transfer to the park via nets or
boats. Seeking public co-operation in preventing the spread of introduced plants,
particularly aquatic species, is essential to avoiding the huge impact they would have
on native communities if introduced.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
71
7.1.2(g)
To provide for the planting of vegetables and non-spreading introduced shrubs and
flowers for domestic purposes within the immediate environs of Departmental
residences in the park.
Explanation: Some staff are required to live within the park boundaries and provision
may be made for plantings of introduced plants for domestic purposes. This policy is
in accordance with General Policy 9.2.
CONTROL OF INTRODUCED AQUATIC PLANTS
7.1.2(h)
To undertake regular aquatic introduced plant surveys and inspections to monitor
the presence and/or abundance of aquatic introduced plants within Lake
Waikaremoana and Lake Waikareiti in accordance with the Preventative Aquatic
Weed Management Strategy.
Explanation: Lake Waikaremoana is predominantly free of introduced aquatic plants
and Lake Waikareiti is entirely free of introduced aquatic plants. Ongoing monitoring
of these lakes is necessary, as the early detection of any introduced aquatic plant
transfers is vital for the success of any extermination programme that may be required.
7.1.2(i)
To consider the future need for controls on boat use to reduce the risk of transfer of
introduced aquatic plants to and within the park and if appropriate to establish or
undertake actions that may include but are not limited to the following:
i. closure of some boat ramps to reduce the number of possible points of entry for
introduced aquatic plants via boats;
ii. establishment of bylaws preventing the use of boats on Lake Waikaremoana.
Explanation: The Waikaremoana lake is of national significance and it is important to
ensure that it remains free from vigorous aquatic introduced plants. Management of
risk of aquatic plant transfer may be successfully achieved through advocacy amongst
park users. However, if it is considered necessary, regulatory initiatives and stricter
control may be established in the future and the management plan provides for this
accordingly. It is important to remember that in many cases prevention of entry of
introduced aquatic plants is the only management option that exists. This may mean
the restriction of boat use. The use of nets is another way that aquatic plants may be
introduced into park waters. However, there is minimal use of nets in the park. It is
not necessary to establish bylaws for the use of nets as it is an offence to use a net in the
park without a permit (S. 60 (4)(a)).
72
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4(2)(b)
Biosecurity Act 1993 S. 39
Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996
General Policy for National Parks Policy 9
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.12
Department of Conservation Strategic Plan for Managing Invasive Weeds
Visitor Strategy 1996
Historic Heritage Strategy 1995
Cross-reference
Relevant policies are located in the following sections:
5.2 Park Waters and Hydroelectric Power Generation,
8.5 Boating and Permanent Moorings.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
73
7.2
INTRODUCED ANIMALS
(excluding sports fish and non-indigenous game birds, domesticated dogs and horses)
Introduction
For the purpose of this section, introduced animals1 will be considered to include all
non-indigenous animals excluding sports fish and non-indigenous game birds,
domesticated dogs2 and horses. These introduced animals will be covered by policies
in other sections of the plan (refer to Sports Fish and Non-indigenous Game Birds
(Section 7.4), Domestic Dogs (Section 7.3) and Horse Access (Section 8.4)).
Refer to the resource description section for information on the types and distribution
of introduced animals (except where introduced animals pose no or inconsequential
threat to indigenous biodiversity) and their implications for conservation of Te
Urewera National Park.
Legislation
The National Parks Act 1980 states that introduced plants and animals1 shall as far
as possible be exterminated (S. 4 (2)(b)). However, General Policy for National Parks
recognises that the total eradication of some non-indigenous species may not be
practical, and also recognises that some introduced fish (trout and salmon) are
accepted as a resource along with introduced game birds. The Department will be
required to establish priorities for control of animal pests within the park.
The Wild Animal Control Act 1977 applies to land of any tenure, and promotes
the control of wild animals (unfenced deer, chamois, thar, wallaby or possum, goat
and wild pigs) generally, and eradication where necessary and practicable. Access by
the Departmental staff to private land to control wild animals is subject to approval
procedures defined in this Act. Under this Act (S. 21), the Department may issue
concessions for commercial wild animal recovery operators to operate on public
conservation land, including within the park, subject to conditions. Provision is also
made for the fencing of land for the purposes of the Act. Wild Animal Control plans
may be established under this Act. The Conservancy is preparing a Wild Animal
Control Plan for deer, possums and goats.
The Wildlife Act 1953 lists in the fifth schedule animals that are not considered to be
protected. These include: cats, dogs, mustelids, domestic stock (horse, sheep and
cattle), rodents, and selected species of birds, amphibians and lizards.
The Biosecurity Act 1993 allows any organism (plants, diseases, disease vector or
animal other than a human) to be defined as a pest and managed on a national or
regional basis through pest management strategies. These strategies may be
developed at a national or regional level by central or local government (regional
councils) respectively. The Department must comply with the directives of these
strategies on public conservation land.
1
Animals means any mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish (including shellfish) or related organism,
insect, crustacean or organism of every kind, but does not include a human being (National Parks Act S.2)
2
Domesticated dogs will be considered to include registered animals that are currently domesticated
under the responsibility of an owner and kept in a controlled manner for the purposes of pleasure
(including but not limited to companionship and hunting) or are necessary for some other reason such as
a guide dog or companion dog.
74
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
The Resource Management Act 1991 controls the discharge to land which
includes the distribution of poison. Assessment of an application to discharge poison
would include a requirement for public and tangata whenua consultation. The
Pesticides (Vertebrate Pest Control) Regulations 1983 require the approval of a
Medical Officer of Health (for specific substances only), public notification and
notification to other agencies and user groups.
The Department is seeking to control introduced animals in a nationally consistent
manner. A number of national policies and guidelines for the control of animal pests
are being or have been developed. Policies relevant to Te Urewera National Park
include: the National Feral Goat Control Plan, the National Opossum Control Plan and
the Deer Control Policy Statement. These plans provide a system of priority setting at
a national level. The implementation of their priorities is carried out at a conservancy
level. The management of introduced animals in Te Urewera National Park will need to
be consistent with conservancy priorities. In seeking to remove some pest animals, the
Department also recognises that some interest groups see species such as deer and
pigs as a resource in themselves for the opportunities they offer for hunting
experiences and food.
Other organisations may undertake some animal pest control in areas managed by the
Department for purposes other than conservation management. They include the
Animal Health Board, which is responsible for tb-related vector control, and regional
councils who are responsible for control of animals specified in Regional Pest
Management Strategies. Fish and Game New Zealand is responsible for sports fish and
game birds (refer to Sports Fish and Non-indigenous Game Birds section 7.4).
The Department is undertaking a range of monitoring and research projects in Te
Urewera National Park, with the aims of restoring ecosystems, protecting indigenous
species and developing more effective ways of controlling introduced animals and
plants. Some of the more prominent projects include:
·
Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem Restoration Project;
·
Waikaremoana Ecosystem Restoration Project which includes the Kiwi Recovery
Programme;
·
study on the effects of lake level management associated with hydroelectric power
generation.
The role of monitoring and research and how findings are used to direct the control of
introduced animals is continually evolving in accordance with national policies.
Policies on monitoring will be addressed in the monitoring section of this plan.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
75
7.2.1 Objective
7.2.1(a)
Control and, where possible, eradication of introduced animals from Te Urewera
National Park
7.2.2 Policy
PRIORITIES FOR CONTROL
7.2.2(a)
To control and where possible eradicate introduced animals from the park and to
give priority to control of introduced animals that:
i. are identified as a priority for control in accordance with the Department's
national policies, strategies and plans, the Conservation Management Strategy
and wild animal control plans;
ii. occur in small populations where removal will aid the complete eradication of
animals from the park or halt the spread of, or prevent new introductions of
introduced animals in the park;
iii. priority should be given to controlling introduced species in locations where they
pose a threat to indigenous plants and animals identified as rare or endangered.
Explanation: The Department is administering the control of introduced animals at a
national level and control of animals within Te Urewera National Park will be
consistent with those provisions contained in national policies. This includes plans
developed under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 S. 5 (1)(d). Conservancy strategies
will be developed under Conservation Management Strategy and national park
priorities should be consistent with these strategies. Priority should be given to
controlling introduced species in locations where they pose a threat to indigenous
plants and animals that are identified as rare or endangered. The park currently
remains free of some introduced pests such as wallaby. Other pests, such as goats, are
present in localised areas only. It is important that priority be given to ensuring pest
distribution does not increase.
METHODS OF ANIMAL CONTROL
7.2.2(b)
To continue to select methods for introduced animal control that are efficient and
effective , and undertake pest control in co-operation with other agencies and
landowners, and to monitor the effectiveness of methods and any adverse effects
they may cause to ensure that the Department is using the best methods for
introduced animal control.
Explanation: There is a range of options for introduced animal control that the
Department may utilise. These currently include hunting, trapping and poisoning. The
Department will seek to use the best methods possible for pest control and to monitor
effects and effectiveness. General Policy indicates that all available means should be used
for the reduction in pest numbers (policy 9.4). General poilcy 9.7 is relevant when
considering the use of poisons and states that herbicides, pesticides and poisons will be
permitted only under stringent controls and where no effective alternatives are available.
76
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
7.2.2(c)
To consider the use of biological control organisms within the park for controlling,
or where possible eradicating, introduced animals, only where these methods have
been rigorously assessed for biological specificity, effectiveness and any ecological
adverse effects that may arise from release of an organism.
Explanation: The Minister may authorise the use of biological control organisms in
accordance with the provisions of S. 5A of the National Parks Act 1980, but may not
give authorisation if the release is inconsistent with provisions in this management
plan. The Department requires that rigorous assessment be undertaken prior to any
release, but considers that suitable biological control organisms should be considered
for use if they become available.
7.2.2(d)
To encourage recreational hunting and commercial wild animal recovery
operations within the park for the contribution they make towards controlling
introduced animal populations within Te Urewera National Park.
Explanation: Commercial hunting has a role in introduced animal control in the park
and will therefore be encouraged. Recreational hunting can also contribute towards
controlling introduced animal populations and provides a recreational opportunity.
Recreational and commercial hunting will be encouraged through: the provision of
information, huts, tracks and bridges and the issuing of hunting permits. Policies are
provided for allowing the establishment of temporary huts on approved sites for
commercial hunters (see accommodation and wilderness area policies); allowing the
limited use of dogs for pig hunting (see domestic dog policies); and the use of
helicopters for recreational hunter access and commercial wild animal recovery
operations (see aircraft policies). This policy is compatible with General Policy 9.5.
7.2.2(e)
To restrict the issuing of firearm permits in (but not limited to) the following
circumstances:
i.
for locations where there is a significant risk to visitors or staff within the area;
ii. during times when an increase of visitor use occurs.
Explanation: It is an offence to be in possession of or discharge a firearm in the
national park without being authorised by the Minister to do so. This authorisation
comes in the form of a permit. The Department generally encourages recreational and
commercial hunting as a means of pest control apart from the shooting of game birds
(see policy 7.4.2 (b)). However, in some instances (protection of staff and public
safety) permission will be restricted.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
77
7.2.2(f)
To use the Department's wild animal control operations within Te Urewera
National Park where required to reduce animal populations to levels that protect
ecosystems and indigenous, particularly threatened, species.
Explanation: In some instances commercial and recreational hunting may not control
introduced animals at sufficiently low levels. Where necessary the Department may
undertake pest control to ensure sustained control at required levels.
PEST MANAGEMENT ON ADJOINING LAND
7.2.2(g)
To undertake control of introduced animals on land adjoining Te Urewera National
Park in accordance with statutory requirements, where this is necessary to maintain
control within the park.
Explanation: The Department may undertake control of introduced animals outside of
the park in accordance with S. 16 of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977. This is in
recognition of the mobility of most animal pests where the repopulation of the park may
occur from introduced animals on adjacent lands. Landowners will be consulted prior
to operations.
STOCK ENCROACHMENT
7.2.2(h)
To establish and maintain (in consultation with adjoining owners where the fence is
on boundary lines) fencing where it is necessary to protect park values.
Explanation: Fencing may be used to protect the park from stock on neighbouring lands.
National Parks are exempt from the provisions of the Fencing Act 1978. In the past,
the Department has made arrangements to share the cost of fencing along boundary
lines. It is envisaged this practice will continue (subject to financial availability) in order
to retain cooperation with adjoining landowners.
7.2.2(i)
To liaise with owners and occupiers of adjoining land and seek to encourage their
co-operation in preventing stock access and entry into the park.
Explanation: Farmers have a responsibility for stock control, and their assistance will be
sought to protect the park from accidental or intentional release of stock into the park.
78
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4, 5, 5A
Conservation Act 1987 Part III B
Wild Animal Control Act 1977
Wildlife Act 1953
General Policy for National Parks policy 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7 9.8
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.16
Cross-reference
Related policies are located in the following sections:
7.3 Domestic Dogs regarding use of dogs for pig hunting;
7.4 Sports Fish and Non-indigenous Game Birds;
8.4 Horse Access regarding provisions on use of horses for wild animal control;
8.10 Accommodation, Other Buildings and Facilities regarding provisions for
temporary huts;
9.9 Aircraft regarding use of aircraft for the purposes of hunting and animal control.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
79
7.3
DOMESTIC DOGS
The presence of domestic animals in the park is generally inconsistent with the
purpose of national parks. Domestic animals that escape or are released into the park
may cause considerable damage by preying upon indigenous animals in the park, or
through browsing of vegetation.
With the exception of:
·
domestic dogs as provided for in this policy;
·
horses as provided for in horse access provisions; and
·
sports fish and exotic game birds;
all non-indigenous animals in the park will be treated as pests and managed in
accordance with Introduced Animals policy (Section 7.2).
The National Parks Act 1980 imposes restrictions on the taking of dogs into national
parks. Permits may be obtained to allow dog access into the park for activities where
a dog is essential. In this plan the only essential activity is considered to be pig hunting.
The vegetation type and climatic conditions of Te Urewera National Park mean that
feral pigs are found throughout the entire park. Pigs severely affect the succession and
regeneration process of the forest by grazing seedlings, eating berries and rooting up
and eating the roots of a large variety of trees, shrubs and plants. The rooting action
destroys the soil structure, and increases erosion and sedimentation into water ways.
Pigs are omnivorous and have been known to eat eggs and chicks of ground dwelling
birds. Kiwi chicks, in particular, live on the surface of the ground and are at risk of
being destroyed by pigs. Pigs have been recorded taking kiwi at Waikaremoana and
elsewhere. Prior to 1960 there was little control on dogs being taken into the park and
wild and lost dogs became a problem. In 1960 the then Urewera National Park Board
banned all dogs from the Park. Over the next 20 years the pig population in most of
the main catchments soared to extremely high numbers, punctuated by peaks and
troughs due to periodic starvation and disease. During the peak population periods
possum trappers reported starving pigs taking live possums out of traps and it was
common to see dead and dying pigs. The park managers became concerned at the
damage done to the vegetation, soil instability and threat to ground birds, and in 1984
re-introduced dogs into the park for pig control purposes. The dogs taken into the
park must be branded or tattooed, and shall be inspected prior to entry into the park.
The pig hunting season is set at 1 May to the Friday before Labour Weekend to avoid
conflict with other user groups. Some areas of the park are permanently closed to pig
dogs - the Ruakituri catchment, the Waikareiti catchment and the kiwi recovery areas
at Waikaremoana and the Otamatuna Mainland Island A portion of Lake
Waikaremoana catchment is open from 1 May to 30 July only.
This system has worked well, with pigs reduced to acceptable numbers in most
locations, and few problems with lost dogs. Pig hunting with dogs does not eradicate
pigs, but rather controls the population at a low enough level to allow the preservation
of the flora and fauna of the park. Without control of the feral pig population by
hunting with dogs, the population would be likely to reach the extreme levels seen
prior to the re-introduction of pig hunting in 1984. It is therefore considered that the
long-term benefits of pig control using dogs outweighs any short-term intrusion on
park values.
80
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Any person who is a member of the police, a ranger, officer or employee of the
Department, a customs officer or a search and rescue person, may take a dog into the
park without a permit for official purposes. In addition, a blind or partially blind
person or a person who uses a companion dog may also, without a permit, take guide
dogs or companion dogs1 into the park without a permit. Aside from exceptions listed
above, no other provision is made for other domestic animals to be allowed in the park.
This includes pets owned by Department staff working or residing in the park and for
visitors to the park. For the purpose of this policy ‘domestic dogs’ will be considered to
include registered animals that are currently domesticated under the responsibility of
an owner and kept in a controlled manner for the purposes of pleasure (including but
not limited to companionship and hunting) or are necessary for some other reason
such as a guide dog or companion dog.
This policy does not apply to an entire animal species per se. Not all dogs will be
considered to be domestic. When a dog is either not domesticated (i.e. stray/wild dog)
or was previously domesticated but now is unaccompanied and/or uncontrolled
within the park, it will be considered to be a pest animal.
7.3.1 Objective
7.3.1(a)
Prevent damage or disturbance to indigenous flora and fauna caused by domestic dogs.
7.3.2 Policy
7.3.2(a)
To ensure that domestic dogs are excluded from Te Urewera National Park except:
i. any person being a member of the Police, a ranger, an officer or employee of the
Department of Conservation, a Customs Officer, or a search and rescue person
who may take a dog into the park in the course of his or her official duties;
ii. any blind or partially blind person may take a guide dog into the park;
iii. any person who uses a companion dog may take a companion dog into the park;
iv. as otherwise authorised by permit.
Explanation: Guide dogs, companion dogs and dogs used for other special services
(including conservation management activities) are able to be taken into the park
without a permit under S. 56E of the National Parks Act 1980. All other dogs are not
allowed in the park unless a permit is obtained.
7.3.2(b)
To consider applications to take dogs into the national park and to authorise
permits for dog entry provided that:
i. dog entry is for the purposes of pig hunting only;
ii. all dogs must be clearly and permanently identifiable;
iii. a maximum of 3 dogs per party 2 will be permitted;
1
A companion dog is a dog certified by the Top Dog Companion Trust as being a companion dog or dog
under training as a companion dog (National Parks Act 1980 S. 2). Companion dogs perform a
comparable role to guide dogs, except they are used by people who generally have a physical disability or
other mobility difficulties. Companion dogs undergo considerable training before undertaking this role.
2
For the purpose of this provision, a party is considered to be one or more persons applying for a dog
permit who intend to be hunting together/co-operatively.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
81
iv. dogs will only be permitted into the park during the following periods (see Map 5):
1 May - 31 July
Lake Waikaremoana Catchment
1 May – Friday before Labour Day (23 October)
Te Urewera National Park (excluding Lake Waikaremoana Catchment);
v. permits will not be issued to take dogs into the following areas of the park (see
Map 5):
Otamatuna (Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem Restoration Project);
Puketukutuku Peninsular (Lake Waikaremoana Ecosystem Restoration Project);
Proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area2;
Lake Waikareiti Catchment;
vi. dogs must be tied up when not hunting, and at all times must be at least 100m
from any hut or bivouac provided for public use and 25m from any track
provided for public use;
vii. permits will be issued for a specified appropriate time period.
Explanation: Dog entry into the park may only be undertaken in accordance with the
provisions of Part VA of the National Parks Act 1980. Permits authorising dog access
to the park may be considered, provided dogs do not adversely impact on indigenous
species in the park or pose a danger to other park users. Dogs have the potential to
disturb, harm or kill indigenous species. However, pig dogs are considered essential
for recreational hunting – a necessary pest control function in the park. The
requirement for clear and permanent identification will generally be met through
tattoo or freeze branding. The use of alternative identification methods may be
acceptable in future at the Department’s discretion, for example, chip implant. For
the purpose of checking compliance with condition (ii), Department Staff issuing
permits should sight the dog at the time the permit is issued.
Alteration of the above policy for permitting dogs in the park may only be undertaken
following an amendment to this plan. This may need to be undertaken in changing
circumstances, for example, the pig hunting season may be extended or shortened if
pig population levels and pig impacts on the park fluctuate sufficiently to justify an
amendment to the plan. The impacts of dogs on the park, indigenous species and
other park users may also require an amendment to conditions under which permits
will be issued.
Additional conditions may also be imposed on permits to protect wildlife vulnerable to
the impacts of dogs or the safety of members of the public who are likely to be in the
park or in the vicinity of the park. This may include, for example, a requirement that
pig dogs are checked into and out of the park for each hunting trip.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 56A, B, E
General Policy for National Parks Policy 10
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.13, 3.4.2
Cross- reference
Related policies are located in the following sections:
7.2 Introduced Animals.
2
The proposed wilderness area is to be managed as a gazetted wilderness area prior to formalisation of the
status of the area (S. 14 (2) (d) National Parks Act.
82
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
map 5
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
83
84
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
7.4
SPORTS FISH AND NON-INDIGENOUS GAME
BIRDS
The Introduced Animals section 7.2 contains policies for species that are primarily
considered as pest species where eradication or control is the preferred management
goal. Sports fish and non-indigenous game birds are recognised as a recreational
resource and therefore require a separate management regime from other introduced
animals.
Sports fish
Trout fishing is a recreational pursuit undertaken by many park users and park waters
in Te Urewera National Park contain significant trout fisheries. However, trout do
pose some threat to indigenous aquatic species. Trout may cause reductions in
numbers and contractions in habitat range of the native Galaxiid species. Trout also
prey on koura (freshwater crayfish). For this reason the introduction of trout (both
brown and rainbow) into areas within the park where they do not currently reside will
require a permit. Under S.26ZM Conservation Act 1987 and with consideration of S.4
of the National Parks Act 1980, consent is unlikely to be granted to liberate sports fish
into waters in their natural state that have never previously held sports fish. The
Memorandum of Understanding between the Department and the New Zealand Fish
and Game Council reinforces this.
Fishing for sports fish in the park is permitted provided legal means are employed and
anglers hold the appropriate licence from Fish and Game New Zealand.
Non-Indigenous Game Birds
Under the Wildlife Act 1953, animals listed in the First Schedule are declared game.
Game species include: black swan, canada goose, chukar, duck (mallard, grey,
paradise shelduck and New Zealand shoveller duck), partridge, pheasant, pukeko and
quail. New Zealand Fish and Game Council may declare open season for game subject
to a set of conditions, and game may be hunted provided that the hunter holds the
correct licence. However, within the national park, any indigenous species declared to
be game under the Wildlife Act 1953 are to be as far as possible preserved, except
where the New Zealand Conservation Authority otherwise determines. This is in
accordance with the National Parks Act 1980 (S.4(2)(b)). The principles of the
National Parks Act 1980 have precedence over the Wildlife Act 1953. For this reason
indigenous species (New Zealand shoveller duck, grey duck, paradise shelduck and
pukeko) will be managed in accordance with policies in section 5.1. Non-indigenous
game birds will be managed in accordance with section 7.4.
The Department considers it inappropriate to allow the use of shotguns and .22 rifles
in the park for the purposes of non-indigenous game bird shooting. This is primarily
to avoid the risk of target switching to native species and has the additional effect of
preventing non-indigenous game bird hunting in Te Urewera National Park.
Fish and Game Councils
Fish and Game Councils are responsible to the Minister of Conservation and their
function is to manage, maintain and enhance the sports fish and game resource
in the recreational interest of anglers and hunters (S.26Q Conservation Act 1987).
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
85
More particularly, New Zealand Fish and Game Councils seek to:
• assess and monitor sports fish and game bird populations and changes, and habitat
condition;
• maintain and improve access;
• promote and educate;
• assess the cost attributable to management and develop and recommend licence
fees; to cover costs; to represent the region's interests in the determination and
distribution of levies on licences;
• in relation to planning; to represent the interests and aspirations of anglers and
hunters in the statutory planning process, formulate and operate annual
operational work plan, prepare sports fish and game bird management plans,
identify recommendations for research, implement national policy, liaise with
Conservation Boards and to advocate;
• issue licences and sell stamps and associated products.
Sports Fish and Game Bird Management Plans are developed to assist in fulfilling these
functions. Any Sports Fish and Game Bird Management Plan produced for the East
Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy area must not derogate from the Conservation
Management Strategy or override the provisions of the National Parks Act 1980 in Te
Urewera National Park.
Many of the functions of the Department and Fish and Game Councils are
complementary, especially in the area of wetland and aquatic habitat preservation. To
facilitate a professional relationship between the Department and the Council, a
memorandum of understanding has been developed at a national level to clarify and
define matters of common interest and to establish agreed policies. The memorandum
establishes common long term goals, areas of co-operation, agreed standards and
monitoring requirements for the memorandum.
7.4.1 Objective
7.4.1(a)
Management of sports fisheries and non-indigenous game birds in a manner
compatible with the protection of indigenous species and the special status of the
national park.
7.4.2 Policy
7.4.2(a)
To manage sports fish in Te Urewera National Park in a manner that:
i. ensures that protection of indigenous species is not compromised; and
ii. allows use of the recreational opportunities provided by sports fish.
Explanation: Te Urewera National Park must be managed in a manner to ensure that
indigenous species are preserved. Management of introduced species that provide
important recreational opportunities must be in accordance with this primary
requirement.
86
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
7.4.2(b)
Recreational hunting of non-indigenous game birds in the park1 is considered to be
inappropriate.
Explanation: Recreational hunting of non-indigenous game birds in the park is
inappropriate as it may increase the risk of hunters target switching to/poaching of
indigenous species. The issuing of hunting permits will be restricted to centrefire rifles
only in the park. There should not be any permits issued for the use of shotguns (which
are used for game birds). All indigenous species (including those declared to be game
under the Wildlife Act 1953) are protected within the park.
7.4.2(c)
Allow sports fish to be released in park waters by Fish and Game New Zealand
where the species are already present and where there are no adverse effects on
indigenous fish.
Explanation: Provisions exist under S. 26ZM of the Conservation Act 1987 to control
the transfer or release of aquatic life into new locations managed by the Department.
Permits are required therefore to introduce indigenous and non-indigenous species
into water bodies where they do not exist currently. This policy is in accordance with
the Memorandum of Understanding between the New Zealand Fish and Game Council
and the Department.
7.4.2(d)
To liaise and co-ordinate with the Fish and Game New Zealand on matters of
common interest in relation to the management of sports fisheries and game birds
in the park.
Explanation: There is a Memorandum of Understanding between the Department of
Conservation and New Zealand Fish and Game Council as to how matters of common
interest will be managed between the two statutory agencies. The Memorandum of
Understanding should guide the interaction between agencies. In some instances it
may be appropriate to establish protocol at a local level to guide the Department of
Conservation and Fish and Game New Zealand interaction.
7.4.2(e)
To continue to co-operate with other agencies regarding collection of information on
distribution and population of indigenous and non-indigenous fish species in the
park.
Explanation: The Department, Fish and Game New Zealand, National Institute for
Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and other agencies all hold information
related to fish distribution and populations in the park.
1
Note that all indigenous species are protected within the park.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
87
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4
Conservation Act 1987 Part VB
Wildlife Act 1953 S. 4
General Policy for National Parks Policy 11
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.20, 3.3.19, 3.3.23
Cross-reference
Related polices are located in the following sections:
5.1 Ecological and Natural Values - protection of indigenous fish and game birds;
7.2 Introduced Animals - control of other introduced species;
9.1 Concessions (commercial and non-commercial) - regarding concessions for
professional fishing guides;
9.4 Collection of Flora
9.5 Collection of Fauna
9.11 Guiding Services
88
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.0 Access, Recreation and Use
8.1
FOOT ACCESS
The National Parks Act 1980 S. 4 (2) (e) states that the public, subject to any necessary
conditions and restrictions, shall have freedom of entry and access to national parks.
Foot access is an important means of access to the park for many park users, as
vehicular access is limited. The Department facilitates public use and enjoyment of the
park by providing for access through the provision of tracks and other facilities.
Appropriate access enables the public to gain entry to the park in a manner that
ensures impact is kept to an acceptable level. Reducing the impacts of access may
include locating access sites in areas that are more durable, increasing the resistance of
the site to the impacts of access (e.g. through hardening the area) or shielding it from
impact.
Foot access ranges from highly upgraded tracks providing short day walks and passive
recreation opportunities, to longer tracks with good quality facilities such as the Great
Walk Track. The park also has routes with minimal facilities for those seeking
remoteness experiences (such as in the proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area). This
provides a range of recreational opportunities including tramping. The track network
consists of arterial tracks as the main means of thoroughfare, and secondary tracks
branching from the arterials to the less frequented areas of the park. The arterial
tracks are the Horomanga River Walk, Waiau River System, the Whakatane River
System, the Waimana Valley System, the Great Walk Track (Lake Waikaremoana), the
track to Lake Waikareiti and Mangamako – Waihua system.
The existing level of track development in the park is generally adequate. Other than
specific upgrading on the Great Walk Track and the Lake Waikareiti track system, only
minor modifications and continued maintenance to many tracks are foreseen.
Therefore, the management of visitor impact in areas already providing foot access is
the main focus of management. This is particularly important where high use or
certain physical elements (steep slopes or poorly drained ground) occur.
Management will adopt conditions specified in the Department Visitor Service
Standards (Department of Conservation (1998)) for tracking as the standard for foot
access throughout the park.
Legal foot access over private land is desirable to facilitate public access to the park.
Areas of the park that are deficient in access are the south, east, north-east and northwestern margins. In particular access to the eastern side of the park is limited. Access
on the eastern side is limited to partly formed and partly unformed legal road through
private property. The Mangaone Station access is for foot access only, no dogs or
vehicles are allowed.
The Department has developed strategies to manage the provision of access and
facilities for the public. These include the Visitor Strategy (Department of
Conservation (1996)) and the Visitor Asset Management Systems (Department of
Conservation (2000)). Management of the national park should be consistent with
these provisions.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
89
For the purpose of this section, “track” will be considered to mean any Department
maintained foot access track or route maintained to a standard as defined in the
Department Visitor Services Standards, and does not include animal or horse tracks
throughout the park. Tracks established for conservation management purposes that
the public are not generally aware of, i.e. are not marked on park maps, are not
included in this definition. Where walkways are referred to, this will mean the
walkways established under the New Zealand Walkways Act 1990. There are no
walkways established in the park, as walkways are usually used to gain access across
private land.
8.1.1 Objective
8.1.1(a)
Access and entry to and within the park, provided in a manner that facilitates public
use and enjoyment but does not compromise the values of the park.
8.1.2 Policy
8.1.2(a)
To maintain a system of tracks throughout the park that provides a range of
recreational opportunities including tramping in a manner consistent with
preservation of park values.
Explanation: A system of tracks is established within the park. The Department will
continue to maintain access opportunities and to manage visitor impact. This may
involve altering the management of these tracks as usage changes or even the closure
of some tracks.
8.1.2(b)
To manage the tracks within Te Urewera National Park in accordance with
statutory requirements, and having regard to Department strategies and other nonstatutory management directives.
Explanation: The provision of public access must be consistent with the need to
preserve values of the national park and the policies contained in this management
plan. Non-statutory strategies such as the Visitor Strategy and the Visitor Asset
Management Programme guide management of public conservation lands from a
national level. The East Coast Hawke’s Bay Recreation Strategy will provide guidance
at a conservancy level. Regard should be had to these directives while being mindful of
the supremacy of statutory documents over non-statutory strategies. Refer to 4.1.2(f)
for community involvement in the maintenance of tracks and facilities.
90
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.1.2 (c)
To liaise with landowners whose property is adjoining the park to seek to establish,
maintain or enhance legal public access to the park over private land particularly
where access is limited other than adjoining the proposed Ruakituri Wilderness
Area.
Explanation: There are a number of instances where public access to the park is
limited and adjoining land is in private ownership. The public is reliant on the goodwill
of landowners for provision of public access across their properties. Where desirable
the Department may become involved to facilitate access to the park.
8.1.2(d)
In the event that establishment of new tracks, changes of grade, alterations of route
or closure of tracks is being considered, assessment should include (but not be
limited to) consideration of the following:
i. the impact on visitor experience and interpretation and recreational
opportunity of the proposed change/closure;
ii. the need to provide for access;
iii. the need to establish a track with minimum disturbance to park values through
measures such as, avoiding areas that have high ecological or historic values, or
by employing specialised construction techniques;
iv. means by which the track may be constructed so as to generate minimum future
maintenance requirements;
v. alternative means of providing for the recreational opportunity the new track is
seeking to establish;
vi. the provisions of relevant national or conservancy strategies;
vii. the results of consultation with tangata whenua and the wider community;
viii. the need to have regard to the objectives of the New Zealand Walkways policy
and the role that tracks within the national park may have in forming links in the
New Zealand Walkway system, or other strategic recreational opportunities;
ix. the need to retain the integrity of the Proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area.
Explanation: Establishing tracks within a national park may have considerable impact
on the park and careful evaluation is required before this is undertaken. The park
contains an established network of tracks. It is possible that in the future the
Department may consider constructing new tracks. This policy will guide the
construction of new tracks. This is consistent with General Policy 18.1, 18.3 and 18.6.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
91
8.1.2(e)
Where legal access to the park over private land has been negotiated, the
Department (with the consent of landowners) will ensure that access boundaries
are clearly defined.
Explanation: Access may be arranged under the Walkways Act 1990 whereby a
gazetted easement is established between the Department and the landowner. In the
interests of facilitating access to the park, the Department will seek to clarify
boundaries for public access.
8.1.2(f)
To provide information on public access opportunities to and within the park and
raise awareness of the rights and responsibilities involved when crossing private land.
Explanation: Conflict may arise when members of the public inadvertently trespass
onto private land or behave in an inappropriate manner while crossing private land.
Public access across private land is available due to the goodwill of the landowner and
this should be respected. Providing information on the rights of the public to use legal
public access, and the responsibilities that accompany this opportunity, will reduce
possible confusion and conflict between those who wish to gain access to the park and
landowners who are allowing their land to be used as an accessway. Note that this
information is not restricted to foot access and may contain information on vehicular
access opportunities also.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4 (2) (e), 9
New Zealand Walkways Act 1990
General Policy for National Parks Policy 18
Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.2, 3.4.3
Cross-reference
Related policies are located in the following sections:
5.3 Specially Protected Area Zone – Lake Waikareiti Islands - access to islands;
5.4 Proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area - foot access;
8.10 Accommodation, Other Buildings and Facilities - provision of access facilities.
92
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.2
VEHICLE ACCESS
Under the National Parks Act 1980 S. 4 (2)(e) freedom of entry and access to the park
must be allowed provided that park values are preserved. To ensure park values are
preserved, vehicle access is restricted to formed legal and park roads, see exceptions in
policy 8.2.2(f). Vehicular access is an important form of access to Te Urewera National
Park given the isolated and inland locality of the park and the rugged topography of
the area. Land tenure adjacent to the park can constrain access and present
management difficulties. Roads established to and within the park form an important
access component for the public. Additional roading within the park is not seen as
necessary or desirable in terms of providing public use and enjoyment and preserving
the park’s natural values. Further access would impact upon the wilderness character
of the park and would involve damage or removal of vegetation and landscape
alterations.
There are two categories of roads within the park. These comprise legal public roads,
both formed and unformed (paper roads), and park roads.
Legal Roads – formed
There are two main formed public roads into the park: the road that traverses the park
from Wairoa to Murupara; and the Matahi Valley Road. These roads are not part of the
park. The Matahi Valley Road is maintained as far south as Otapukawa Stream by the
Whakatane District Council in liaison with park management. The road that traverses
the park was historically State Highway 38 (SH 38) along the entire length. However,
the state highway status of the road has been revoked in one section (Aniwaniwa to
Ruatahuna) and is now a special purpose road. State highway status remains on the
sections of road within the park between Onepoto and Aniwaniwa.
State highways are administered and maintained by Transit New Zealand under the
Transit New Zealand Act 1989. The special purpose road (Aniwaniwa to Te Whaiti/
Minginui Junction) is under the jurisdiction of local authorities. The Department is also
responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of other special purpose roads and is
funded by Transfund for this purpose. These roads include Mokau, Hopuruahine,
Onepoto and Rosie Bay roads that provide access to Lake Waikaremoana and to
private land within the park. The Department also takes an active interest in working
with the relevant authorities to ensure that any maintenance or realignment of roads
does not unduly impact on the adjoining park.
Aniwaniwa Valley Road is a park road. It was once the only access point into the
Waikaremoana area prior to the park’s establishment and the formation of SH38. Most
of this road has fallen into disrepair and is no longer safe or suitable for normal vehicle
access. Neither the Wairoa District Council (the administering authority), nor the
Department wishes to maintain it as a road. The Department now manages the road in
consultation with the Wairoa District Council, although ownership is still retained by
the District Council. Vehicle access is now terminated at Papakorito Falls with foot
access maintained by the Department to a route beyond here to Ngapakira, on the
park's eastern boundary.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
93
Legal Roads – unformed (paper)
A number of unformed legal roads exist within the park, for example the Matahi Valley
road from Otapukawa stream to Maungapohatu. These are owned by the respective
local authority under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1974. Many of the
unformed roads were agreed to by government as part of the 1921 Lands
Consolidation Scheme to provide access to Maori land.
Park Roads
A park road is not a legal public road established under the Public Works Act 1981, but
rather an access route provided by the Department within the park. Park roads are
located on land within the national park and remain under the jurisdiction of the
Department.
A park road may be closed if it is not supporting its original function. Road closure
may also be considered where due to excess maintenance costs and safety factors, the
Department regards the road as unnecessary. In such a situation the road may be
phased out and possibly maintained as foot access where necessary.
For example, the Pukareao road is an old logging road (not a legal road) which
traversespark land and provides access to private land. It is no longer required for its
original function but remains open for 4 wheel drive vehicles and foot access. This
road provides an access point for hunters and landowners. It is maintained as a foot
access track, leading into the Pukareao and Horomanga catchments as part of the park
track and hut network. Examples of park roads in Te Urewera National Park include:
·
historic road to Onepoto Redoubt (DOC use only);
·
Waikaremoana Motor Camp access road;
·
sewerage pond access road (DOC use only);
·
sewerage sprinkler line access road (DOC use only);
·
Pukareao access road;
·
Okui access road;
·
parts of Whakangaere access road;
·
Maungapohatu road.
The Maungapohatu Road extends from SH 38 from the Huiarau Summit to private land
at Maungapohatu. It was originally constructed in the late 1950’s by a timber company
for indigenous logging, which had logging rights on the Maungapohatu land. Logging
activity ceased many years ago and the road has in recent times been used for access to
Maungapohatu by the owners.
Maungapohatu is an enclave of special significance to tangata whenua.
94
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Vehicle Access and Use of Roads
Under the S56 (1)(f) National Parks Act 1980, bylaws have been established regulating
the use of vehicles in the park in accordance with General Policy for National Parks
19.6. Mountain bikes are defined as vehicles in the Land Transport Act 1998 and
therefore must be operated in accordance with bylaws. Bylaws prevent any person
from driving a vehicle in any part of the park apart from a formed road, or campsite,
except in emergencies or where necessary for proper and beneficial management,
administration and control of the park.
8.2.1 Objective
8.2.1(a)
Provision for vehicular access to and within the park in a manner compatible with
preservation of values within the park.
8.2.2 Policy
8.2.2 (a)
To liaise with relevant authorities to ensure that any improvements, design or
maintenance on state highways through or adjoining the national park, will be
undertaken in accordance with the Roading Guidelines (Appendix C – General
Policy for National Parks).
Explanation: The road running through from Onepoto to Aniwaniwa and Te Whaiti
Minginui Junction through to Murupara is classified as state highway, and any work
associated with this roadway must be in accordance with the guidelines in the General
Policy Appendix C (with necessary changes to agencies referred to). This policy is
consistent with General policy for National Parks 19.1. The Department will generally
support the enhancement of vehicle access on existing roads through the park (for
example through sealing), provided that adverse effects associated with
improvements are addressed.
8.2.2(b)
To liaise with local authorities responsible for public legal roads through or
adjoining the park, to ensure that maintenance is undertaken to a standard and in a
manner that is compatible with park values.
Explanation: The road that runs from Aniwaniwa to Te Whaiti Minginui Junction is
classified as special purpose road and is the responsibility of Wairoa District Council
and Whakatane District Council. The Department will seek to work with the relevant
authorities to ensure that maintenance is compatible with the park. This policy is
consistent with General Policy for National Parks 19.2.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
95
8.2.2(c)
To oppose construction of new roads or formation of surveyed legal but unformed
roads within Te Urewera National Park where such an activity would adversely
affect park values.
Explanation: The development of a new road or the formation of a paper road has a
significant impact on the park. Impacts may include landscape and aesthetic impacts,
earth disturbance including possible archaeological site damage and vegetation
removal and impacts upon the wilderness character of the park. New roads may also
increase the risk of the spread of weeds, pests and diseases. Public access is considered
to be adequately provided for and it is unlikely that proposals for additional roading
will be favourably assessed. This management plan does not have any jurisdiction over
public roads that run through the park. Any area in which a public road is constructed
within a park must be excluded from the park under S. 11 of the National Parks Act
1980. This policy is consistent with General Policy for National Parks 19.3 and 19.4.
Road construction may also be subject to resource consent requirements under the
Resource Management Act 1991.
8.2.2(d)
To consider the closure of park roads where they are no longer required for:
i. public access to or within the park;
ii. public access to private land surrounded by the park;
iii. conservation management purposes.
Explanation: Park roads are managed by the Department. Where roads no longer serve
the purpose for which they were created or are maintained, they will be closed or
allowed to revert to means of foot access only.
8.2.2(e)
To liaise with the authorities responsible for the administration of roads and state
highways within and adjoining the park when the Department is considering the
alteration or establishment of accessways onto the road.
Explanation: The Department will liaise with Transit or local authorities when
proposing access work which may affect the roading network within or adjacent to
the park.
8.2.2(f)
To continue to enforce bylaws which prevent the use of vehicles operating on other
than formed roads within the park except for the purposes of:
i. search and rescue;
ii. conservation management where no reasonable alternatives exist.
Explanation: Off-road vehicles (including mountain bikes) used on unformed legal
roads or unsurveyed areas in the park have a considerable impact on the area through
vegetation damage, erosion, degradation of water quality and destruction and
disturbance of indigenous animals. For this reason access will be limited to specific
circumstances in accordance with General Policy for National Parks 19.6.
96
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.2.2(g)
To establish bylaws where necessary to control the use and parking of vehicles
within Te Urewera National Park
Explanation: As future user pressure on the park increases there may be a need to
establish bylaws in accordance with S. 56 (1) (f) to control the use and parking of
vehicles in the park. As this is a ten year plan there is a need to provide for possible
future bylaws in addition to those established for off-road vehicles.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Park Act 1980 S. 11, 14 (2) (d), 55(2)
Transit New Zealand Act 1989
Public Works Act 1981
Land Transport Act 1998
Local Government Act 1974
General Policy for National Parks Policy 19
Resource Management Act 1991
Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.1, 3.4.2
Cross-reference
Relevant policies are located in the following sections:
8.1 Foot Access
8.3
ACCESS FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
The National Parks Act 1980 S. 4 (2) (e) states that the public, subject to any necessary
conditions and restrictions, shall have freedom of entry and access to national parks.
The Department maintains a network of tracks and facilities throughout the park that
covers a range of recreational opportunities and user groups. Currently there is
limited provision of tracks for people with physical disabilities in Te Urewera National
Park. This is due to the difficult terrain and remote nature of the park. Short walk
tracks are most suited for people with disabilities. In general short walk tracks are well
formed, up to one hour’s easy walking suitable for most ages and fitness levels. Some
may cater specifically for physically disabled people, but should only be developed or
maintained to a barrier free standard where there is a demonstrated demand or
significant potential use by physically disabled people. Examples of such tracks are in
the Matahi Valley including the Ngutuoha Nature Trail. Where a track has been
developed to a barrier free standard, the facilities associated with the track including
bridges, shelters, toilets and display signs should also cater for people with disabilities.
Under S. 38 and 47A of the Building Act 1991 the Department is required to make
provision for access, parking and sanitary conveniences for people with disabilities in
new buildings or during alteration of an existing building1 .
1
The Building Act Section 47A (6) defines a person with a disability as any person who suffers from
physical or mental disability to such a degree that he or she is seriously limited to the extent to which he
or she is seriously limited in the extent to which he or she can engage in the activities, pursuits and
processes of everyday life.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
97
The Building Act 1991 implications for the Department are that buildings where
people with disabilities may be expected to visit or work (visitor centres and buildings
and facilities associated with designated barrier-free walking tracks) must have
adequate provision made for access (e.g. ramps etc). Buildings in locations where
people with disabilities are not expected to visit or work (such as backcountry huts)
are not generally expected to comply with Building Act 1991 requirements. The
Department and the Building Industry Authority have developed a draft “Means of
Compliance with the New Zealand Building Code” to address this issue.
There are a number of buildings in the park that people with disabilities may be expected
to visit or work in, including the Aniwaniwa Visitor Centre and Lake Waikaremoana
Motor Camp, that do not adequately provide for people with disabilities. The Lions
Camp does have toilet, shower and access facilities suitable for people with disabilities.
Building Act 1991 requirements may be enforced if these buildings are modified in the
future although waivers or modification to these requirements for alterations to existing
buildings may be obtained under the Building Act 1991.
Huts within the park do not provide access and facilities for persons with disabilities, as
these buildings are located in areas where disabled people are not expected to visit or
work. This means that the standards in S. 47A of the Building Act 1991 do not apply.
8.3.1 Objective
8.3.1(a)
Adequate provision of access and facilities for people with disabilities.
8.3.2 Policy
8.3.2(a)
To ensure that all new buildings and any existing buildings undergoing alteration
work comply with the Building Act 1991, with respect to access and facilities for
people with disabilities where required.
Explanation: The Department has a legal requirement to make provision during
construction of new, or alteration to existing buildings in which people with
disabilities may be expected to visit. However, due to the remote locality of some
buildings, huts for example, access and facilities for people with disabilities may not be
required. Draft “Means of Compliance with New Zealand Building Code” address the
situation where buildings are constructed or altered in areas where people with
disabilities are not expected to visit or work.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act S. 4(2) (e)
Building Act 1991 S. 38, 47A
General Policy for National Parks Policy 18.4, 20
Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.2, 3.4.3
Cross-reference
Related policies are located in the following sections:
7.3 Domestic Dogs - access of guide dogs and companion dogs to the park.
98
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.4
HORSE ACCESS
Use of horses can impact on natural and historic values by introducing and spreading
weeds, damaging tracks or historic sites, trampling vegetation, and degrading hut
environments. Horses in the park may also affect the experience of other track users.
For this reason the Department has sought to restrict the use of horses in the park. The
Department will continue to allow the controlled use of horses in Te Urewera National
Park for access to private land, for conservation management purposes and for wild
animal control through concessions. The impacts of horses in the park will be
controlled by the requirement to remain on the designated tracks. It is not considered
appropriate to provide for recreational horse use.
Horses have been used in Te Urewera region since the early 1840’s by Tuhoe people
for transport to their lands and settlements, and for hunting, predominantly in the
Whakatane, Waimana, Waiau and Horomanga Valleys. In the early 1950’s horses were
commonly used in the Whakatane, Waiau and Waimana Valleys for the packing and
guiding of recreational hunters. Horse use in the park peaked in the early 1960’s
through to the mid 1980’s when venison recovery and possum fur became profitable.
Landowners continue to use horses as a means of access to their private land holdings
within the park, and are also used as means of travel between the Tuhoe communities
at Ruatahuna, Ruatoki, Waimana and Maungapohatu. Generally horses have played a
significant role in the social and economic aspects of Tuhoe communities by providing
an important transport link to private land surrounded by the park and between Maori
communities.
Horses are also used for conservation management and wild animal control. In the
past there has been considerable interest in allowing horses into the park for purely
recreational purposes and horse trekking trips, though this has not been permitted.
8.4.1 Objective
8.4.1(a)
Controlled horse use in specified areas within the park may be permitted, provided that
natural and historic values and the public's enjoyment of the park is not compromised.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
99
8.4.2 Policy
8.4.2(a)
To provide for horse use on traditional horse tracks in the Waiau, Whakatane,
Horomanga, Mangamako -Waihua and Waimana valleys as defined on Map 6 for the
purposes of:
i. conservation management1 ;
ii. as a means of direct access by landowners and occupiers to private land
surrounded by the park where an authorisation is obtained. Authorisations may
be granted at the discretion of the Minister of Conservation; and
iii. hunting provided that a permit is obtained. Permits may be issued where
appropriate and at the discretion of the Minister of Conservation.
Explanation: Horse use in the national park will be limited to the identified areas and
for specific purposes only. This policy is in accordance with General Policy for
National Parks 10.4.
8.4.2(b)
To monitor the appropriateness of the provisions in the plan in relation to the use of
horses for conservation management and hunting at any time and, should the need arise,
to further restrict or alter conditions under which horses shall be used within the park.
This shall be through the formal change process as prescribed under the Act.
Explanation: The Department is continually evolving conservation management
(including pest control) techniques. This means that more beneficial, less impacting
methods of conservation management may be developed and used in the future
reducing the need to use horses. This policy does not refer to traditional horse use for
access to private land that will be allowed to continue as provided for in policy 8.4.2 (a).
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4, 5
General Policy for National Parks policy 10.4
Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.2
1
Conservation management purposes will be considered to include work undertaken by the Department
(or other agencies/individuals contracted by the Department to do so) for the purposes of managing the
park, including department wild animal control and may include the use of commercial wild animal
recovery operations as a means of pest control.
100
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
map 6
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
101
102
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.5
BOATING AND PERMANENT MOORINGS
Introduction
The park provides excellent opportunities for rafting, canoeing and other recreational
boating activities using motorised and non-motorised craft. While boating activities
allow for access within the park and provide for recreational opportunities, the scale
of boating activities may need to be restricted to some degree.
The natural values of the park may be altered through the effects of motorised craft
operation such as noise and shoreline erosion. Boating activities may also result in
discharge of rubbish and effluent into the environment. For policies and information
pertaining to effluent and fuel disposal, please refer to sections 5.2 Park Waters and
Hydroelectric Power Generation, 8.6 Lakeshore Camping and Lakeshore Anchoring
and 8.8 Waste and Refuse Disposal. The risk of transfer of aquatic weeds into the water
of Lake Waikaremoana and Waikareiti via boats must also be considered. In particular,
it is important to ensure that the ecological significance of Lake Waikareiti is not
compromised. In addition, some boating activities may impact on other park users.
This may occur due to the effects of noise and disturbance or incompatible activities
undertaken in the same location such as swimming and waterskiing.
Bylaws may be used to control boating activities on navigable waters in the park.
These bylaws aim to reduce potential conflicts between boating activities, park values
and other users.
Home Bay is generally regarded as being the only safe, large all-weather boat harbour
on Lake Waikaremoana and has become the centre of boating activity. Boating
facilities including moorings, jetties and boat ramps are located in Home Bay. Fifteen
permanent recreational moorings are provided at Home Bay, eleven of which are
available on a three yearly concession period to applicants. The other four relate to
boats with historical moorings. These recreational moorings are to facilitate the
enjoyment of the park, not for the long term storage of boats. In addition five
commercial mooring sites are provided.
The number of boats which may be moored at Home Bay is restricted by the availability
of unexposed sites in water at an appropriate depth for mooring. An alternative
mooring pattern may assist in providing additional mooring sites and this will be
investigated. The pre-emptive use of boat moorings is prevented by the three year
concession system for recreational sites and limits on duration of use of commercial
sites at Home Bay. Boat ramps are provided at Home Bay, Onepoto, Rosie Bay and
Mokau. There are also four floating jetties located in Home Bay.
8.5.1 Objective
8.5.1(a)
Boating undertaken in a manner which is compatible with park values and minimises
the possibility of conflict with other park users.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
103
8.5.2 Policy
8.5.2(a)
To seek bylaws, as necessary, for the control of boating activities in the park to
maintain natural values and provide for enjoyment and safety of park users.
Explanation: Bylaws may be established under S. 56 of the National Parks Act 1980.
Bylaws may be necessary to control boating activities, control possible adverse effects
of these activities and provide for public safety. Activities on the surface of the water
are currently controlled by the Water Recreation Regulations 1979, but these
regulations expire in 2003.
8.5.2(b)
To raise awareness with boat users and fisherpersons about the potential threat of
transfer of aquatic weeds through the use of fishing equipment and boats and how
risk of transfer may be avoided.
Explanation: Preventing the transfer of weeds to the lakes is the most effective
approach to address this issue, as extermination of the weeds once they become
established is costly and time consuming and may not be effective. Community
support for appropriate cleaning of equipment and boats will limit the probability of
transfer of weeds.
8.5.2(c)
To limit the use of boats (motorised or non-motorised) on Lake Waikareiti to the
following circumstances only:
i. use of boats for management purposes; or
ii. use of the boats provided by the Department or a concessionaire for public hire
at Lake Waikareiti.
Explanation: Lake Waikareiti has exceptionally high water quality and is the largest of
the few lakes in the North Island that remain free of introduced aquatic macrophyte
weeds. For this reason it is important that the risk of weed transfer is minimised and
boating activities are therefore restricted.
There are a number of hire dinghies provided at Lake Waikareiti for recreational
purposes. As the hire boats are for use on Lake Waikareiti exclusively, there is no risk
of transfer of weed. This policy is in accordance with General Policy for National Parks
23.4
8.5.2(d)
To provide and maintain ramps and jetties in Home Bay, Onepoto, Rosie Bay and
Mokau, Lake Waikaremoana for boating activities to limit the environmental effect
of boating activities and to provide for access and enjoyment for park users.
Explanation: There are a number of facilities provided at present. It is not anticipated
that provision of additional facilities will be necessary given the current level of
demand. These established facilities will be maintained and the provision of additional
structures considered as necessary only where they will not impact on the natural
values of the park or have adverse impacts on other users of the park..
104
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.5.2(e)
To enable mooring concessions to be issued to the following boats which have a
historical association with Lake Waikaremoana that are solid timber construction
and are not readily transportable by trailer, provided that the boat is maintained in
a condition that is satisfactory to park management:
i. Idilia;
ii. Belle Isle;
iii. Riperata;
iv. Rawene.
Explanation: The above mentioned boats. are historically associated with the park and
are privately-owned. They are of solid timber construction and not readily
transportable by trailer. Provided that these boats do not fall into disrepair, provision
should be made for their mooring at the lake. Mooring concessions will be
administered in accordance with S. 49 of the National Parks Act 1980 and Part IIIB of
the Conservation Act 1987 and standard mooring fees will apply.
8.5.2(f)
Except as provided for in policy 8.5.2(e), an appropriate number of recreational
mooring sites will be available at Home Bay, Lake Waikaremoana through
concessions under the following conditions:
i. mooring concessions may be sought in accordance with Part IIIB of the
Conservation Act 1987 under S. 49 of the National Parks Act 1980;
ii. to better facilitate public enjoyment of the Park, it is considered mooring
concessions should only be issued for a term not exceeding three years;
iii. in the event that the number of applications exceeds mooring sites, a ballot will
be held to allocate mooring sites to applicants;
iv. in the event that a mooring concession is surrendered prior to the end of the
three year term, the concession for that mooring site will be made available to
applicants for the balance of the term remaining in accordance with this policy.
Explanation: It is necessary to establish a three-year ballot system to prevent preemptive and exclusive use of the moorings. Moorings facilitate boat users enjoyment
of the park. Currently eleven mooring sites are considered appropriate. This is in
addition to four sites that are utilised by boats with a historical mooring provided for in
policy 8.5.2 (e). The number of moorings that may be provided is limited by the
topography of the lakebed and the area in the lee of the prevailing wind.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
105
8.5.2(g)
To provide an appropriate number of commercial mooring sites at Home Bay, Lake
Waikaremoana under the following conditions:
i. mooring concessions may be sought in accordance with Part IIIB of the
Conservation Act 1987 under S. 49 of the National Parks Act 1980;
ii. mooring concessions will be issued for a term to match the term of the
commercial concession but should not exceed five years;
iii. in the event that the number of applications exceeds mooring sites a ballot will
be held to allocate mooring sites to applicants;
iv. the commercial mooring concession will only be granted for the duration during
which the commercial concession is exercised;
v. in the event that the commercial concession is surrendered prior to the end of
the term, the concession for that mooring site will be made available to
applicants for the balance of the term remaining in accordance with this policy.
Explanation: A number of commercial operations are being undertaken on Lake
Waikaremoana that require moorings at Home Bay. It is inappropriate to restrict
recreational opportunity by allocating recreational mooring sites to commercial
operators. Therefore provision is made for mooring of boats for the duration of the
concession. Currently five moorings will be provided for this purpose.
8.5.2(h)
To require that any boats moored at the recreational or commercial mooring sites at
Home Bay (except for those provided for in policy 8.5.2 (e)) are:
i. readily trailerable; and
ii. of a dimension and size to ensure that boats will not collide with adjacent moored
boats or cause moorings to drag during rough weather conditions.
Explanation: These conditions seek to protect the park from the adverse effects of the
operation of heavy lifting gear in the park for the purpose of moving oversized boats.
Although Home Bay offers a relatively sheltered mooring location, boats should not be
of a size that damage would result during rough weather conditions.
8.5.2(i)
To provide for mooring sites for management purposes in the event that this
becomes necessary.
Explanation: Additional moorings for Department boats may be necessary for
management purposes.
106
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.5.2(j)
To investigate alternative mooring arrangements and to rationalise the use of
suitable mooring areas within Home Bay, and optimise the number of mooring sites
available.
Explanation: The current mooring system does not make efficient use of space and
more boats could be moored within a similar sized footprint on the lake by rearranging
the anchoring system. The Department will investigate the alternatives for a more
efficient anchoring system.
8.5.2(k)
To seek bylaws to prohibit the use of motorised personal water craft (including jet
skis) on park waters.
Explanation: Motorised personal water craft have the potential to detract from the
enjoyment of the park by other users due to the noise emitted during operation. For
this reason the Department will seek bylaws to ensure that these vehicles will not be
operated in the park.
8.5.2(l)
To require that boats are not used for permanent or semi-permanent
accommodation except for short-term duration associated with non-commercial
recreational activities.
Explanation: General policy for National Parks policy 23.3 states that accommodation
on boats may only be undertaken during the course of normal cruising. Restrictions on
long-stay accommodation in boats on park waters are required to control effects such
as inappropriate effluent disposal. The Department will seek bylaws to implement
this policy and shall continue to monitor the use of boats whilst on the lake.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 60
Resource Management Act 1991 S. 31 (e)
Water Recreation Regulations 1979
General Policy for National Parks Policy 23
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.12, 3.4.2, 3.4.4
Cross-reference
Related polices are located in the following sections:
7.1 Introduced Plants - boating restrictions for the prevention of spread of aquatic
weeds.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
107
8.6
LAKESHORE CAMPING AND LAKESHORE
ANCHORING
Introduction
Lake Waikaremoana is a popular area for a range of recreational activities including
fishing, boating, tramping, camping and kayaking, resulting in a concentration of
people staying in the area. The Department has provided a range of facilities around
the edge of the lake associated with the Great Walk. These include tracks, huts,
designated campgrounds and toilet facilities. In addition, informal camping where
facilities are not provided is allowed anywhere in the national park except as provided
for in bylaws or the management plan (General Policy for National Parks 25.10).
However, there are an increasing number of people who choose to camp in areas
other than the designated campsites. This is an attractive option, as it provides a sense
of isolation and independence from other users in the park. This style and location of
camping does however potentially have increased impacts on the park compared to
the “hardened” designated campsites, as vegetation has not been previously removed,
there are no established toilet facilities and fire places are not provided. Enforcement
of the “pack in – pack out” policy in relation to rubbish is also an issue for lakeshore
camping.
Similar issues are beginning to emerge in relation to lakeshore camping on the shores
of Lake Waikareiti. Pressure from camping at Lake Waikareiti is of particular concern
also, as suitable camping sites are limited to a small area adjacent to the hut where the
environmental impacts are becoming evident. Given the unique values of Lake
Waikareiti it is important that the adverse effects of camping are controlled.
Increased visitor pressure on Lake Waikaremoana also occurs due to boat users
anchoring in areas other than at Home Bay. In Home Bay, recreation moorings are
controlled by a three year term mooring concession system. Throughout the rest of
the park, anchoring is currently unregulated. Boat users often anchor in areas other
than at the Home Bay established mooring sites while cruising the lake or on holiday in
the general area. These park users may or may not be using the boat for
accommodation; some may be self-contained, some may choose to use Great Walk
facilities and others lakeshore camp. Boats on the lake may therefore be used for
temporary accommodation, as a means of access and transport or for recreational
activities such as fishing and skiing.
Definitions
For the purposes of this section:
Lakeshore camping will be considered to be any camping within 500 metres of the
shores of Lake Waikaremoana or Lake Waikareiti in a site which is not a designated
camp site provided by the Department.
Lakeshore anchoring1 will be considered to be the temporary anchoring of any boat on
Lake Waikaremoana (other than at permanent recreational or commercial mooring
sites provided in Home Bay).
1
Anchoring may include securing boats to either the lakebed via an anchor or lakeshore via an anchor or
tying up using a land line to secure objects such as trees or rocks.
108
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Note: Currently campers are not permitted in an area that is within 500 metres of the
Great Walk track or facilities. This buffer seeks to reduce park user conflict.
Anchoring of boats may occur close inshore, including within 500m of the Great Walk
track and facilities, provided that the occupants are either booked into the Great Walk
facilities, or are fully self contained onboard their boat, i.e. cooking and sleeping
onboard. Toilets are available to all park users free of charge. Picnicking on shore is
permitted.
The Department is currently not regulating these activities, and is advocating for
environmentally sensitive practices amongst campers and boat users who are
temporarily residing in areas outside the regulated sites, i.e. outside designated
campsites and Home Bay moorings respectively. This situation needs ongoing
monitoring to determine that the park is not being adversely affected, and that these
activities are being undertaken in a manner which does not damage the values of the
park or cause conflict with other park users.
8.6.1 Objective
8.6.1(a)
Lakeshore camping and lakeshore anchoring to be undertaken in a manner that does
not damage park values or result in conflict with other park users.
8.6.2 Policy
8.6.2(a)
To allow lakeshore camping around Lake Waikaremoana except within 500m of
any Great Walk track or facility while such camping does not result in adverse
effects including but not limited to:
i. destruction of vegetation; or
ii. rubbish accumulation; or
iii. inappropriate effluent disposal; or
iv. impacts on other park users’ enjoyment of the area.
Explanation: Provided that lakeshore camping is not adversely affecting park values
or other park users this activity will be allowed to continue. Monitoring will be
undertaken in accordance with policy 8.6.2 (e) to ensure that lakeshore camping does
not adversely impact upon the park. Bylaws will be established to restrict camping in
areas closer than 500m to Great Walk tracks and facilities.
8.6.2(b)
To allow lakeshore camping at Lake Waikareiti in the designated camping zone1.
and to seek a bylaw that will prevent lakeshore camping within 500m of the
lakeshore of Lake Waikareiti.
1 For the purposes of this policy, the designated camping zone is that area contained within a 50m radius
of Sandy Bay Hut. For clarification, this includes those sections of the foreshore of the lake contained
within the designated camping zone.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
109
Explanation: Non-regulation of camping at Lake Waikareiti has resulted in damage to
vegetation, accumulation of litter and inappropriate disposal of effluent. In order to
prevent further damage to the area it is necessary to restrict camping to the designated
camping zone. Bylaws will be used to implement this policy. By limiting camping to
the immediate environs of the hut, adverse effects are controlled through preventing
the proliferation of campsites around the lake and by requiring campers to locate
within close proximity to the toilet facilities while still providing for a popular
recreational opportunity.
8.6.2(c)
To encourage lakeshore campers within 500 metres of Lake Waikaremoana to
utilise sites in which toilet facilities are provided, or to ensure that effluent is
deposited at toilet waste collection stations or otherwise removed from the park.
Explanation: Camping is particularly popular at Lake Waikaremoana, as boating
access to secluded campsites is attractive to recreators. Should sites without facilities
be utilised campers will be expected to use portable toilets or similar, and to dispose of
contents at stations or ensure removal from the park. In future, bylaws may be
established to give effect to this policy.
8.6.2(d)
To allow lakeshore anchoring of boats in Lake Waikaremoana provided that:
i. anchoring is for a short term duration and is not undertaken in a permanent or
semi-permanent manner, being for a non-commercial recreational activity;
ii. where boat users choose to use any or all of the facilities (not including the
toilets), booking and full payment for use of these facilities will be required;
iii. boats are not left unattended for longer than 5 days.
Bylaws will be used to implement this policy.
Explanation: Toilets are provided in the park free of charge, and all park users are
encouraged to utilise these facilities. However, if boat users intend to use other Great
Walk facilities, booking and full payment will be required. There is no requirement for
boats to be anchored a set distance away from Great Walk huts and shelters, as hut
congestion will not occur if boat users do not use the facilities. If boat users choose to
use facilities then congestion will be managed (as with other park users), under the
booking system. This policy allows for boating recreational activities on the lake and is
consistent with General Policy for National Parks policy 23.3.
8.6.2(e)
To monitor the effects of lakeshore camping and lakeshore anchoring to ensure
that the activities are undertaken in a manner compatible with the values of the
national park. Monitoring may include assessing the occurrence or impact of
adverse effects including but not limited to:
i. destruction of vegetation; or
ii. rubbish accumulation; or
iii. inappropriate effluent disposal; or
iv. impacts on other park users’ enjoyment of the area.
110
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Explanation: Should monitoring indicate that unacceptable adverse effects are
occurring, bylaws may be amended to address these issues.
8.6.2(f)
To raise awareness with park users who are participating in lakeshore camping and
lakeshore anchoring to ensure that adverse environmental effects do not occur; and to
seek the co-operation of users in complying with management policies in this regard.
Explanation: The Department is managing this issue by educating the public on
appropriate practices and seeking voluntary compliance as a first management
alternative. (An example of this is educating boat users of the potential negative effects
on bird life due to noise and wakes created by the inappropriate use of boats.) This
allows the public freedom of entry and access to the park and provides for recreational
opportunities not available in designated campsites and huts. This policy may,
however, be reviewed should the need arise in accordance with the policy below.
Note that the disposal of sewage generated by lakeshore camping is one of the more
prominent issues in the Lake Waikaremoana catchment. Refer to Waste and Refuse
Disposal policy (Section 8.8) regarding provision of toilet facilities within the park,
and Park Waters and Hydroelectric Power Generation (Section 5.2) for policy seeking
to raise awareness of the need to avoid the adverse effects of human waste, fuel, soaps
and detergents.
8.6.2(g)
To review management options for the control of lakeshore camping and lakeshore
anchoring at any time, and to consider a stricter (regulatory or alternative) regime
of management if unacceptable adverse effects arise from lakeshore camping and
lakeshore anchoring.
Explanation: If the Department becomes aware that unacceptable adverse effects are
arising in relation to lakeshore camping and anchoring, the Department reserves the
right to seek an alternative management regime to address the issue.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 4
General Policy for National Parks Policy 23, 25.10
Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.2, 3.4.3, 3.4.4
Cross-reference
Related polices are located in the following sections:
5.2 Park Waters and Hydroelectric Power Generation regarding the raising of
awareness of the need to avoid the adverse effects of human waste, fuel, soaps and
detergents.
8.8 Waste and Refuse Disposal regarding provision of toilet facilities within the park.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
111
8.7
VISITOR SAFETY AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Recreating in the natural environment entails a degree of risk that is impractical and
often impossible to remove. It is therefore not possible to guarantee complete visitor
safety in the national park. An element of risk is involved in many activities undertaken
by people in their daily lives and a degree of risk is to be expected when recreating in
an isolated and undeveloped natural area of New Zealand. For many people the
freedom and independence of recreating in national parks (and the associated risk that
this entails) is an important part of the recreational experience. While individuals are
primarily responsible for their own safety and the safety of those within their care, all
reasonable precautions will be taken by management for the safety and protection of
visitors and those within their care.
Risk may be posed by a range of natural elements in the park including changing
weather patterns, and the challenge this may pose including wind, rain, snow and
rapidly changing temperatures. Rugged terrain and other natural elements such as
rivers and lakes also pose risk to visitors. The isolation of areas of the park increases
risk as assistance is not readily available in many cases. Visitors may be exposed to risk
when they incorrectly use structures, facilities or firearms within the park.
Unprepared and inexperienced visitors put themselves at increased risk as they lack
the knowledge, skills and equipment necessary to safely enjoy the park.
Many of these risks are beyond the direct control of the Department or visitors
themselves. However, risks may be managed by advising visitors and concessionaires
of the risks and how to avoid or minimise them. Risk may also be managed by
removing exposure to the risk itself.
Other agencies also have responsibilities for public safety and health including:
·
Civil Defence
Regional Councils have the responsibility to prepare a regional civil defence plan to
deal with all matters of civil defence within its region as do territorial authorities within
their districts. The Department has responsibilities under the Civil Defence Act 1983.
·
Search and Rescue
New Zealand Police are responsible for search and rescue. The Department will offer
assistance to any search and rescue operations undertaken on public conservation
land.
Other organisations such as Civil Aviation Authority and Transit New Zealand are
responsible for safety associated with aerial and road transport.
·
Public Health
Local Authorities and the Regional Health Authorities are responsible for public health
in the park.
8.7.1 Objective
8.7.1(a)
Park users are aware of risks in the park and risks are reduced where possible.
112
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.7.2 Policy
8.7.2(a)
To raise an awareness of the natural hazards in the park, and to promote safe and
responsible attitudes and actions among park users through the provision of information, while recognising park users are primarily responsible for their own safety.
Explanation: The Department will attempt to minimise risk to both visitors and
concessionaires by making them aware of the risks associated with the park and ways
that they may minimise or avoid those risks. Methods may include verbal advice,
publications, displays and signs, or marking of areas of high risk to prevent access.
8.7.2(b)
To ensure all structures and facilities constructed for visitor and concessionaire use:
i.
meet building and engineering requirements and Department building safety
standards;
ii. are suitable for the location and the user group for which they are constructed;
iii. are regularly checked and maintained.
Explanation: The Department has a legal requirement for the construction of buildings,
which it is obliged to meet. In addition, the Department will ensure that the structures
that are provided in the park are suitable for the skill and experience of the user group
and the values for which the area is managed .
8.7.2 (c)
To assist and co-operate with the New Zealand Police and Search and Rescue
groups, and with other authorities who have responsibilities for public health and
safety in Te Urewera National Park where appropriate.
Explanation: Search and rescue, civil defence and public health authorities all have
responsibilities with which the Department will assist. Department staff may
contribute expertise useful during emergency visitor safety operations.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
General Policy for National Parks Policy 28
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.8.1, 3.4.6
Civil Defence Act 1983
Cross-reference
Related polices are located in the following sections:
7.3 Domestic Dogs regarding search and rescue dogs in the park.
8.8 Waste and Refuse Disposal regarding toilet facilities; and
8.9 Fire Control;
9.1 Concessions regarding requirement for safety
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
113
8.8
WASTE AND REFUSE DISPOSAL
Inappropriate disposal of rubbish and waste may impact on the natural values of the
park, and the ability of park users to use and enjoy the park, and to do so safely. For
example, if rubbish is not taken out by park visitors it impacts on amenity and
conservation values. If human waste is not correctly disposed of or otherwise removed
from the park, waterways may be polluted, and the surrounding area contaminated.
This has the effect of degrading the park environment and also may endanger the
safety of other park users, through the spreading of parasites and gastronomic
infections. The issue of possible seepage of toilet wastes into Lake Waikaremoana and
Lake Waikareiti has been addressed through the development of a sealed vault toilet
system at all huts and formal campsites around the lakes. Vault contents are
transported back to the Home Bay oxidation pond for secondary treatment, along
with all sewage reticulated from the campground and Aniwaniwa. Oxidation pond
effluent is being pumped onto Ngamoko Range outside the Waikaremoana catchment
for sprinkle irrigation disposal onto forested slopes. Trees absorb the moisture
through their root systems and it is mostly consumed through the transpiration
process. Periodic monitoring of lake water quality is undertaken to determine that
there is no pollution of the lake by sewage.
The disposal of human waste and other refuse in the park must therefore be
undertaken carefully to avoid or minimise the adverse effects of disposal. It is
important to ensure that the public is aware of the appropriate means of disposing of
rubbish and waste. Public understanding, support for, and co-operation with rubbish
and other waste disposal initiatives is vital.
The Department will assist in the management of rubbish and other waste by raising
awareness of the need for the public to take responsibility for refuse disposal. The
Department and other organisations have developed the New Zealand Environmental
Care Code that addresses a range of issues including disposal of rubbish and human
waste. In addition, the Department provides for the containment and disposal of toilet
waste.
8.8.1 Objective
8.8.1(a)
Prevent rubbish and human waste causing adverse effects in the park.
8.8.2 Policy
8.8.2(a)
To continue to promote the “pack in – pack out” policy in relation to the
management of visitor rubbish and to raise awareness amongst park users of the
need to take responsibility for rubbish and other waste in the park and ensure its
appropriate removal or disposal.
Explanation: Provision of a rubbish removal service in the park diminishes visitor
responsibility for disposal of rubbish and does not encourage visitor self sufficiency in
waste management. Rubbish removal is also expensive. Visitors will therefore be
required to take all rubbish items brought into the park with them on their departure.
In this instance ‘rubbish’ includes all unused or unwanted items including uneaten food.
114
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.8.2(b)
To carry out a review of the current bylaws to give effect to this plan and ensure
rubbish is removed from the park or disposed of appropriately.
Explanation: Bylaws clarify the visitors responsibility for rubbish in the park and
encourage visitor compliance with the “pack in – pack out” policy. These shall be
reviewed and possibly amended to give effect to this plan.
8.8.2(c)
To continue to establish and upgrade toilet facilities in Te Urewera National Park to
minimise, and where possible prevent, adverse impacts on natural values including
water quality and aesthetics. Provision, location and type of toilet facilities will be
determined by sensitivity of the environment and level of use or requirement for
facilities.
Explanation: Toilet facilities provided along the Lake Waikaremoana Great Walk track
are equipped with fully contained vaults. Contents are removed from the site by barge
to the treatment pond at Home Bay and subsequent disposal of treated effluent outside
of the lake catchment. In less utilised areas of the park small-scale facilities such as pit
toilets are provided where appropriate. Continual review and upgrade of provision of
these facilities throughout the park is necessary.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
General Policy for National Parks Policy 28.5
Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.4
Cross-reference
Relevant policies are located in the following sections:
5.2 Park Waters and Hydroelectric Power Generation regarding policy seeking to
raise awareness of the need to avoid the adverse effects of human waste, fuel, soaps
and detergents.
8.6 Lakeshore Camping and Lakeshore Anchoring regarding disposal of toilet waste
during lakeshore camping.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
115
8.9
FIRE CONTROL
The Minister of Conservation is the fire authority for state areas as defined by the Forest
and Rural Fires Act 1977 and is responsible for fire prevention and suppression within
these state areas. State areas include national parks and a 1km contiguous fire safety
margin around the perimeter of the park. Beyond this the local authority or the Rural
Fire District is the fire authority. The Conservancy has responsibilities as defined under
the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977, Forest and Rural Fires Regulations 1979 and the
Rural Fires Management Code of Practice. As part of the requirements of the Act, the
Department also seeks to liaise and co-operate with other fire authorities and rural fire
organisations to provide an effective rural fire fighting force in the East Coast Hawke’s
Bay Conservancy.
The Department manages fires according to the Fire Plan, produced in accordance with
the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977 on an annual basis. The Fire Plan details fire
detection and suppression procedures, personnel and fire equipment details, the
command structure for managing a fire incident, prevention procedures and standing
instructions to be followed in the event of a fire in or adjoining the park. Whether fires
are naturally, accidentally or deliberately lit, priority will be given to controlling threats to
life, property and buildings and areas of high conservation values (in that order).
8.9.1 Objective
8.9.1(a)
Prevention of, and where required, control of fire to ensure that lives, property and
buildings and conservation values are protected from fire.
8.9.2 Policies
8.9.2(a)
To promote and carry out fire control measures where fire occurs within Te Urewera
National Park, or within the established 1km fire safety margin, which are a threat to
life, property or conservation values in accordance with the current Fire Plan.
Explanation: It is the duty of the Department as a Fire Authority to promote and carry
out fire control measures within state areas. The Fire Plan includes all state areas and
is reviewed annually and fire control in Te Urewera National Park should be
undertaken in accordance with this Plan.
8.9.2(b)
To manage all existing and new buildings in accordance with Department of
Conservation Standard Operating Procedures to ensure compliance with the
relevant legislation.
Explanation: There are a number of statutes enacted which the Department must
comply with in relation to building standards and provision for visitor safety including
the Building Act 1991 and the Fire Services Act 1975. The Department has formulated
a number of standard operating procedures (SOP) that establish standards for
facilities on public conservation land. Te Urewera National Park facilities should
therefore be managed in accordance with these SOPs.
116
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.9.2(c)
To require a fire permit to be obtained prior to the lighting of any fire in the open air
within Te Urewera National Park or within the established 1km fire safety margin,
except as provided in policy 8.9.2 (d).
8.9.2(d)
To authorise the use of campfires in Te Urewera National Park for the purposes of
cooking and warmth provided that a fire ban (prohibited fire season) is not in place
and that the following conditions are met:
i. the fire is more than three metres from any tree, log, overhanging vegetation or
any flammable material;
ii. the fire must not be left unattended and must be completely extinguished, by
dousing with water, before departure from the site;
iii. fires are kept as small as practical and should not be lit in windy conditions;
iv. only dead wood and burnable rubbish to be used;
v. rubbish not completely burned must be removed from the park.
Explanation: The Department has established a 365 day per year restricted fire season,
meaning that all fires within the park or within the established 1km safety barrier
require a permit, unless lit in an approved fire place. Conditions (i –iv) outline the
conditions for an approved fireplace. Permits for fires will therefore be required
within the park and for fires in areas adjacent to the park which are included in the
1km safety buffer.
8.9.2(e)
To encourage use of alternative cookers in preference to camp fires in Te Urewera
National Park.
Explanation: Use of cookers is preferred to open fires as vegetation is not required for
fuel and camp site scorch marks are not created. Cookers also pose a reduced threat
of fire risk to the park.
8.9.2(f)
To seek the co-operation of landowners and occupiers adjacent to the park to protect
the park in instances where fire is used as a management tool on adjacent lands.
Explanation: In the event that fire may be used as a management tool for areas adjacent
to the park, it is important that the threat of uncontrolled burnoffs escaping into the
park are avoided.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977
Building Act 1991
Fire Service Act 1975
Forest and Rural Fires Regulations 1979
Rural Fires Management Code of Practise
General Policy for National Parks Policy 14
Conservation Management Strategy
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
3.3.14
117
8.10
ACCOMMODATION, OTHER BUILDINGS AND
FACILITIES
Contents of this Section
The establishment of structures may only be undertaken in accordance with the
management plan. This section therefore will establish provisions to guide the
assessment of applications and establishment of any terms and conditions on
approved applications under S. 50 (1)(a), (c), (d). This section also contains policy for
the assessment of renewal of licences for huts and accommodation structures, that
were established historically, and have or retain a degree of limited public use under
S.50 (4), (5).
Note: Establishing structures for purposes other than accommodation, or establishing
structures which are constructed for accommodation but are not available for general
public use (for example club huts or private enterprise), will require an application
under the concessions provisions. Refer to Concessions, and Structures and Utilities
policies. (Section 9.1 and 9.2 respectively.)
Buildings in the Park (S.50)
1.
Provision of accommodation, other buildings and facilities by the
Department of Conservation
Facilities and accommodation in the Aniwaniwa area include the Aniwaniwa Area
Office and visitor centre and the Waikaremoana Motor camp. The Onepoto area is the
south-eastern entrance to the park, where visitors can first view Lake Waikaremoana
and the park beyond. Facilities in the Onepoto area include a day shelter, toilets,
parking areas, and boat ramps. Onepoto is also an access point to the lake track and
to the residential subdivision adjacent to the park.
The Mokau and Hopuruahine areas located on the shores of Lake Waikaremoana west
of Aniwaniwa are popular camping, boating and fishing localities. Mokau contains
basic facilities such as toilets, a boat ramp and fish waste/rubbish disposal facilities to
cater for a large influx of summer visitors each year. Hopuruahine has few essential
amenities and is principally an informal camping location.
The Waimana Valley is a very popular camping and recreation destination for many
local visitors and a main northern access point into the park. Relatively easy vehicular
access into the valley via the Matahi Valley Road contributes to making the valley a
popular summer holiday attraction. A focal point of the valley is the Tauranga River
and the grassed river terraces. Camping sites have a ‘back-to-nature’ atmosphere.
Eight Acre Campsite provides standard toilet and water supply for hand washing
purposes. Other facilities in this area include a seasonally manned ranger station at
Orouamananui, toilet facilities, and day shelter. The facilities and services provided
here are particularly suitable for family groups and those with physical disabilities.
Huts are provided by the Department in the park for management purposes and for
visitor accommodation. The hut system as presently established, is considered
adequate for the intended purposes and provides a standard of huts which are in
harmony with the natural landscape. In popular huts, solid fuel heating stoves are
supplied in preference to open fire places. This aims to reduce firewood consumption
and to encourage park users to supply their own portable cooking facilities. Adequate
water supply and sanitary facilities are provided where necessary and practicable.
118
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
The Department is currently rationalising the facilities that are provided on public
conservation lands. Facilities such as huts, tracks and bridges were originally
constructed by the former New Zealand Forest Service for pest control purposes. The
location and design of these facilities in some cases is not appropriate for recreational
purposes today. The Recreational Opportunity Spectrum and the Visitor Asset
Management Programme (VAMP) will be utilised across the conservancy and at a
national level to determine the location and types of facilities in Te Urewera National
Park.
Visitor services such as waste and refuse disposal, interpretation, visitor safety and
public health and provisions for access are addressed specifically in this plan, and
policy for these matters may be found in other sections of this plan.
Only the Department has provided structures in the park under S. 50 (1)(a).
2.
Facilities established under previous legislation/structures administered
under a lease or licence.
Club huts which are located in Te Urewera National Park include:
·
Whakatane Lions Club Outdoor Education Centre, Ngutuoha, Waimana Valley;
·
Wairoa Anglers Hut at Mokau, Lake Waikaremoana;
·
Urewera-Raukumara Hut on the Aniwaniwa Road, Waikaremoana.
·
Fish and Game New Zealand building at Home Bay.
The Whakatane Lions Club have built and maintained an Outdoor Education Centre at
Ngutuoha in the Waimana Valley. The lodge is principally used as an educational
facility with conservation, safety and bushcraft principles being taught to the many
school children and adults who visit there. The camp also serves as a search and rescue
base when the need arises. As the camp is non-exclusive, general public use is available
through the appropriate channels.
The Wairoa Anglers Club hut at Mokau and Urewera–Raukumara Hunting Club hut in
the Aniwaniwa Valley are restricted to club members. However, any member of the
public is able to apply for membership and gain access to the huts. As these private
buildings were built prior to 1990, their continued existence has been permitted in
accordance with General Policy for National Parks and administered under licence (S.
50 (4) National Parks Act 1980). The past establishment of these buildings does not set
a precedent for the establishment of additional private facilities, as these were
previously established under different legislation. Current legislation requires that
public access to all new structures is maintained.
8.10.1 Objective
8.10.1(a)
To retain the natural character of the park by limiting development within the park.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
119
8.10.2 Policy
ASSESSING APPLICATIONS UNDER S. 50 (1)
8.10.2(a)
To provide and maintain, or allow for, a range of accommodation, other buildings
or facilities to:
i. provide for public access and enjoyment of the park; or
ii. facilitate conservation management;
in a manner that ensures that there is minimal adverse effects to park values.
Explanation:While the park currently contains a range of structures established in
accordance with S. 50 of the National Parks Act 1980, it is envisaged that additional
structures may need to be established over the term of this plan and provision is made
accordingly.
8.10.2(b)
To consider the following when assessing any proposals for the establishment of
new, or upgrade of existing accommodation, other buildings or facilities:
i. potential adverse effects of the structure on the following:
a) indigenous terrestrial and aquatic plants, animals, ecosystems and water quality;
b) landscape, landform and geological features;
c) historic and archaeological sites;
d) sites of significance to tangata whenua;
e) public access and enjoyment of the park by other park users;
f) safety of those using the structure;
ii. the means by which these adverse effects may be avoided, remedied or
mitigated;
iii. location of the structure and consideration of alternative locations for the
structure where this would result in a reduction of adverse effects;
iv. the need for the structure to enhance recreation access opportunity for park
users, to provide for visitor safety, or to protect park values including the
complementary role its provision would have with other assets in the park;
v. the results of consultation with tangata whenua, the East Coast Hawke’s Bay
Conservation Board and, as appropriate, interested user groups and
organisations;
vi. the need to comply with statutory requirement for structures.
Explanation: Establishing new or upgrading facilities is expensive and impacts on the
park, such as by detracting from the natural values. Should any new development be
proposed by the Department or any other individual or body, careful assessment will
be required. This may include obtaining a resource consent under the Resource
Management Act 1991.
120
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
8.10.2(c)
To avoid, remedy or mitigate any adverse effects by ensuring terms and conditions
on accommodation, other buildings and facilities, proposals are established which
may include (but are not limited to) the following:
i. restrictions on the type of structure, including matters such as design, materials
and maintenance;
ii. specification of the location, timing and duration in which the structure may be
established;
iii. provisions ensuring public access and use of the structure in this regard;
iv. control of activities associated with the structure's construction such as
vegetation clearance, earth disturbance, establishment and on-going rubbish
and waste disposal including stormwater, greywater and sewage disposal;
v. minimum safety standards.
Explanation: The need to address adverse effects on the park when the Department or
other persons or bodies erect structures under S. 50 must be addressed. This includes
addressing matters such as landscaping and visual appearance of the hut, sewage and
stormwater considerations and legal requirements for buildings under statute. These
matters are considered under the General Policy for National Parks 25, Conservation
Management Strategy and addressed in the Department Visitor Service Standards
policy.
8.10.2(d)
To consider the following when assessing Department proposals for the
establishment of new, or upgrade of existing accommodation, other buildings or
facilities:
i. the economic costs and benefits of establishing the structure;
ii. national and conservancy priorities for structure provision;
iii. recreational opportunities spectrum considerations.
Explanation: In addition to the need to address adverse effects, the Department will
consider the economic costs, and priorities established under the Visitor Asset
Management Programme, which outlines the direction for management across the
conservancy. Any East Coast Hawke's Bay Recreation Strategy will give guidance as to
how public access and enjoyment may be enhanced. Also refer to any standards
developed by the Department for visitor standards.
8.10.2(e)
To assess applications for new, replacement, or extensions to existing buildings on
a case by case basis, where existence of any established buildings will not necessarily
form a precedent for the replacement or extension of existing buildings or
construction of new buildings.
Explanation: This policy is consistent with General Policy for National Parks Section
25.6.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
121
8.10.2(f)
To promote the establishment of accommodation, other buildings or facilities to
locations outside the park boundaries wherever possible.
Explanation: There are several settlement areas near the park (Ruatahuna, Murupara,
Taneatua, Wairoa and Tuai/Kaitawa), which could feasibly provide good locations for
accommodation facilities (such as buildings and camp grounds) for those wishing to
recreate in the park, should the demand for accommodation increase.
8.10.2(g)
To allow the establishment of temporary accommodation for the purposes of
conservation management (including wild animal control) where necessary within
the park, provided the facility is removed once it has fulfilled its original purpose.
Explanation: Under S. 50 (1)(c) the Department may establish accommodation for
rangers and Department officers where necessary. This is consistent with General
Policy for National Parks Section 25.1. Conservation management purpose buildings
should not be used for general recreational use. Their purpose is temporary only and
they should not be allowed to be incorporated into the visitor asset system by default.
They will therefore be removed following completion of the conservation
management purpose for which they were established.
8.10.2(h)
To seek bylaws for the management and use of huts and camping grounds
associated with tracks throughout the park to limit use of these facilities as follows:
a) All huts within the park, except for those on the Great Walk (Panekiri, Waiopaoa,
Marauiti, Waiharuru, Whanganui) or subsequently added to the Great Walk, and
Sandy Bay hut are open to the public on a ‘first come, first served’ basis with a
maximum consecutive bunk use of three nights. A standard hut fee will be changed.
b) All huts on the Great Walk (Panekiri, Waiopaoa, Marauiti, Waiharuru,
Whanganui) and all campsites on the Great Walk (Waiopaoa, Korokoro, Maranui,
Waiharuru, Tapuaenui), and any huts or campsites subsequently added to the Great
Walk, and Sandy Bay hut are open to the public by booking bunks in huts or sites in
camping sites via a booking system on a ‘first come, first served’ basis. A standard
hut fee will be charged.
The maximum stay at these facilities will be as follows:
1 October - 30 April
huts and shelters
1 May - 30 September huts
shelters
2 consecutive nights
3 consecutive nights
5 consecutive nights
Explanation: This policy establishes a booking system to control congestion on the
more heavily used facilities in the park. Refer to 9.1.2(d) and 9.1.2(e) for policy on use
of facilities by concessions.
122
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
PROVISION FOR S. 50 (4), (5) (B)
8.10.2(i)
To provide for:
i. Whakatane Lions Club Outdoor Education Centre, Ngutuha, Waimana Valley;
ii. Wairoa Anglers Hut at Mokau, Lake Waikaremoana;
iii. Urewera-Raukumara Hunting Club hut on the Aniwaniwa Road, Waikaremoana;
iv. Fish and Game New Zealand building at Home Bay;
by way of a licence under S. 50 (4) of the National Parks Act 1980 for the life of these
facilities and as long as park values are not compromised.
Explanation: Facilities established under previous legislation will be managed under
licence. All new licences to occupy will contain conditions to ensure that there would
be no change in operations, that the organisations continue to have open membership
and will not have automatic right of replacement in the event of loss through fire or
other means.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 50
General Policy for National Parks Policy 24, 25
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.8.3, 3.4.3, 3.4.5
Building Act 1991
Resource Management Act 1991
Cross-reference
Relevant policies are located in the following sections:
4.2 Park Interpretation and Public Information;
8.6 Lakeshore Camping and Lakeshore Anchoring;
8.7 Visitor Safety and Public Health;
8.8 Waste and Refuse Disposal;
9.1 Concessions;
9.2 Structures and Utilities.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
123
8.11
TRIGONOMETRIC STATIONS
Topographical high points within Te Urewera National Park form an important part
of the land survey system within the East Coast. Fixed points (trigonometric stations)
provided the basis for surveys.
The Survey Act 1986 S. 61 enables any surveyor authorised by the Surveyor General to
enter and install survey marks, which includes pegs and beacons. The establishment of
these structures does not require a concession, as would most other structures within
the park but surveyors are required to give the Department notification of their
intention to do survey work in the park. A resource consent may be required in some
instances.
At present there are numerous trigonometric stations located throughout the park.
The Department will seek to work with relevant authorities to minimise the impacts of
any current and future trigonometric stations.
8.11.1 Objective
8.11.1(a)
Adverse effects of trigonometric station are avoided or minimised.
8.11.2 Policy
8.11.2(a)
To work co-operatively with the relevant authorities :
i. to reduce any adverse visual effects of existing survey beacons within the park;
ii. to ensure that the maintenance of ‘lines of sight’ are undertaken with the
minimum of vegetation clearance.
8.11.2(b)
To advocate for the installation of survey markers which require minimal vegetation
trimming and disturbance.
Explanation: The Department will seek to minimise the effect of current and possible
future survey beacons. This may be achieved through a number of initiatives, for
example, the use of GPS (global positioning systems) and state of the art survey
equipment. This is preferred over permanent beacons as vegetation trimming and
disturbance is not required.
LEGISLATION
Survey Act 1986 S. 58, 61
Land Act 1948 S. 36
Public Works Act 1981
Resource Management Act 1991
124
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
125
9.0 Concessions Assessment
9.1
CONCESSIONS (COMMERCIAL AND NONCOMMERCIAL)
A concession confers the right to carry out a trade, business or occupation in the park.
Concessions may be issued in the form of a:
·
lease - provides the lease holder an exclusive possession of the land for the activity
authorised by the lease;
·
licence - a grant that provides for non-exclusive use of land and associated activity;
·
permit - a grant of rights to carry out an activity that does not require an interest in land;
·
easement - a grant of an interest in land that gives the grantee the right to some
benefit from the land such as a right of way, for example laying pipes for water
extraction.
Under S. 60 (1)(j) of the National Parks Act 1980 it is an offence to conduct any activity
requiring a concession without authorisation.
Concessions may be issued for land administered by the Department and no
jurisdiction is provided for over private land. This means that no concession may be
issued for land that is surrounded by the park but in private ownership, e.g. Maori
enclaves. The Department has developed Standard Operating Procedures for the
processing of concessions that guide the Department in how national consistency will
be achieved in meeting statutory guidelines.
Concessions may be either commercial or non-commercial in nature, and may be for
recreational or non-recreational purposes. The Department issues concessions under
S. 49 of the National Parks Act 1980 in accordance with the Conservation Act 1987 Part
IIIB. Concessions may be issued for a range of activities including:
·
services (such as guiding and transport);
·
grazing and non-extracting uses such as filming and research;
·
structures (such as facilities including communication and power transmission,
buildings, accommodation, and pipes); and
·
organised public events such as competitive sporting events.
Not all structures to be established within the park are to be assessed under S.49
National Parks Act 1980. See Accommodation, other buildings and facilities (Section
8.10) for policy on structures assessed under S.50 National Parks Act 1980.
Issuing of recreational and tourism concessions facilitates the provision of
opportunities for the public through the provision of facilities and services. Tourism
concessions may contribute to enhancing and maintaining environmental
interpretation, increased visitor awareness, increased support for the environment
and for sound environmental practices and has a significant economic benefit for the
region. However, concessions which provide these opportunities must be compatible
with the protection or preservation of the natural, cultural and historic resources of
the park and provide for the needs of other park users such as entry, access and
enjoyment of the area.
126
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Other non-recreational concessions may provide services or opportunities such as
telecommunication services.
A concession is not required for (S. 17O Conservation Act 1987):
·
any activity carried out by the Minister or Director General in the exercise of
functions, duties or powers under the Conservation Act 1987 or any other act or
otherwise authorised;
·
mining activity1 authorised under the Crown Minerals Act 1991;
·
activities necessary to save or protect lives or health, to prevent serious damage to
property or avoid actual or likely adverse effects on the environment;
·
recreational activities carried out with no specific gain or reward.
Concession applications must contain specified information as outlined in S.17S of the
Conservation Act 1987. In assessing any application the Minister shall have regard to
matters outlined in S.17U of the Act and must be satisfied that the concession:
·
can be granted without permanently affecting the right of the public in respect of
the park;
·
is not inconsistent with S. 4 of the National Parks Act 1980;
.
is consistent with the East Coast Hawke's Bay Conservation Management Strategy
and this plan.
Members of the public may become involved in the concession process. The
Department will publicly notify the intention to grant any new lease or licence. Before
granting any permit or easement, the Minister may, if having regard to the effects of the
permits or easement, he or she considers it appropriate to give public notice of the
intention to do so give such notice (Section 17t(5)). Concessionaires may also play an
important role in disseminating information about the park to clients, undertaking
advocacy function and generally giving effect to policies in the plan through
compliance conditions.
Relevance of Plan Sections for Concession Applications
Concession applications may be lodged for a range of activities, structures and
services. Two types of policy will be used to assess any concession application.
1.
Generic policy will be used to assess every application lodged. These policies
provide general guidance on the assessment of the application and the
establishment of conditions should the concession be granted.
2.
Additional policy will also be provided to give guidance when assessing specific
applications as follows:
· structures including non-accommodation buildings, communication and power
transmission facilities, advertising and signs and other utilities and facilities;
· non-extractive uses such as filming, guiding and transport services;
· extractive uses such as collection of specimens;
· other activities such as military activities and organised public events.
Research may be considered to be an extractive or non-extractive type concession in
the park depending on the type of activity associated with the research.
1
Mineral exploration, prospecting and mining is not a concession as permission for access is administered
under the Crown Minerals Act 1991, not the National Parks Act 1980 or the Conservation Act 1987.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
127
Cross referencing will be provided where policies relevant to assessment of
concessions are contained in other sections of the plan.
Note that some concession activities may also require resource consent authorisation
under the Resource Management Act 1991.
CONCESSIONS GENERAL
9.1.1 Objective
9.1.1(a)
Concessions will be considered where the activity is undertaken in a manner
compatible with the preservation of natural, archaeological and historic values, and in
a way that does not compromise the use and enjoyment of the park by other users.
9.1.2 Policy
9.1.2(a)
To assess and process applications for concessions for Te Urewera National Park on
a case by case basis in accordance with:
i. National Parks Act 1980;
ii. where relevant General Policy for National Parks;
iii. Part IIIB of the Conservation Act 1987;
iv. relevant policies in the Conservation Management Strategy; and
v. the objectives and policies of this plan.
Explanation: All types of concessions whether commercial, non-commercial,
recreational or non-recreational will be assessed according to the statutes and policies
above. General Policy for National Parks contains provision for concessions including
Concession Policy for National Parks in Appendix B. This policy has largely been
superseded by the Conservation Act 1987 Part IIIB provisions. The Conservation Act
1987 outlines a range of matters including contents of applications (17S), process for
complete application (17T), matters to be considered by the Minister (17U) and
power of the Minister to impose and enforce conditions (17X). The Conservation
Management Strategy policy 3.4.5 outlines matters for consideration when assessing
application for concessions.
128
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
9.1.2(b)
To assess applications for concessions having regard to, (but not being limited to)
the following:
i. the nature of the activity and the type of structure or facility (if any) proposed to
be constructed;
ii. potential adverse effects of the activity, facility or structure on the following (ag), and the means by which these effects may be avoided, remedied or mitigated:
a)
indigenous terrestrial and aquatic plants, animals and ecosystems;
b)
landscape, landform and geological features;
c)
historic and archaeological sites;
d)
sites of significance to tangata whenua;
e)
access to and enjoyment of the park by other park visitors who may be
in the vicinity of the concession activity; including:
i)
hut use and capacity,
ii)
public access,
iii)
visitor setting including party size and interaction, and
iv)
noise levels,
f)
safety of concession clients;
g)
safety of non-participating members of the public;
iii. location of the concession, especially in areas with special protection status and
the purposes for which these areas are managed;
iv. alternative locations for the activity, facility or structure where this would result
in a reduction of adverse effects;
v.
results of public consultation and advice provided by tangata whenua;
vi. the ability of the applicant to carry out the activity, including holding the
necessary qualifications and certification for the activity undertaken and
meeting any industry standards.
Explanation: This policy outlines consideration for assessing concession applications.
This policy is consistent with statutory requirements for assessing applications.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
129
9.1.2(c)
To ensure conditions on concessions are established that avoid, remedy or mitigate
adverse effects which may include (but not be limited to) the following:
i. restrictions on the type of activities, facilities or structures permitted and the
manner in which the concession is undertaken, such as design, materials,
maintenance, public access and associated activities such as vegetation
clearance, earth disturbance and rubbish and waste disposal;
ii. specification of the location, timing and duration in which the concession may be
exercised;
iii. minimum safety standards;
iv. maximum number of participants or size and scale of the activities undertaken
by the concession;
v. promotional restrictions and requirement to ensure accuracy of any information
or interpretation provided;
vi. setting of rent, fee or royalties in accordance with Conservation Act 1987 S. 17Y;
vii. requirements for the restoration of the site and removal of structures or facilities
at the expense of the concessionaire, or the vesting of such facilities in the
Crown as appropriate;
viii. requirements for inspection and monitoring.
Explanation: Conditions may be attached to ensure that adverse effects are avoided,
remedied or mitigated.
9.1.2(d)
Concessionaires and their clients may use facilities (except for Great Walk Facilities)
on a ‘first come, first served’ basis with other users (unless otherwise determined by
the Department) and will not be given exclusive use of any facility unless
appropriate in terms of Part IIIB of the Conservation Act 1987. Concessionaires
and their clients will not be permitted to book Great Walk facilities between and
including 20th December and 31st January.
Explanation: Concessionaires may only book facilities on the Great Walk outside the
heavy use summer period. The public access to the Great Walk facilities should not be
compromised by concessionaires holding a monopoly on this area. No restrictions
apply to other facilities in the park. This policy is consistent with Conservation
Management Strategy policy 3.4.5.8. Refer to 8.10.2(h) for policy on use of huts and
shelters throughout the park.
9.1.2(e)
Concessionaire use of facilities in the park will be controlled during the life of the
plan should the need arise to ensure that equitable use of facilities by both the public
and concessionaires and their clients is maintained.
Explanation: The use of facilities by concessionaires is not posing a problem at
present. However, during the life of this plan it is possible that the Department may
need to change the management of this situation in the event that congestion or
conflict may occur with public and concessionaire use of facilities. An example of
conditions that may be imposed on concessionaires is the requirement to carry or
provide tents for their entire party for use in case huts are occupied. Any new
management system should aim to ensure that public access to facilities is provided
for, while affording concessionaires certainty regarding access to facilities.
130
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
9.1.2(f)
To require concessionaires to ensure that the safety of clients involved in their
concession activity is maintained and that the safety of other park users is not
compromised.
Explanation: All concessionaires must provide safe opportunities for those using the
facility or service they provide, and be considerate of the safety of other park users in
the vicinity. This policy is consistent with Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.5.10.
9.1.2(g)
To monitor concessionaire compliance with conditions, and monitor the
effectiveness of conditions to ensure they are effective in controlling any effects of
the concession activity.
Explanation: This policy is consistent with Conservation Management Strategy policy
3.4.5.10.
9.1.2(h)
To encourage concessionaries to notify and consult with tangata whenua and
affected parties when lodging an application for a concession and to notify the
Department of the initiatives they have taken in this regard.
Explanation: Concessionaires will be encouraged to undertake appropriate
notification and consultation when lodging an application and to notify the
Department of the initiatives they have taken in this regard. The Department will
provide advice to concessionaires as to who should be consulted with and ensure that
adequate consultation is undertaken.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 49, 57
Conservation Act 1987 Part IIIB S. 17O – 17ZJ
General Policy for National Parks Policy 26 and Appendix B (Concession
Policy in New Zealand National Parks)
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.6, 3.3.8.1, 3.3.8.2, 3.3.8.3, 3.4.2, 3.4.4,
3.4.5
Resource Management Act 1991
Cross-reference
Related policies are located in the following sections:
5.2 Park Waters and Hydroelectric Power Generation;
7.3 Domestic Dogs;
7.4 Sports Fish and Non-indigenous Game birds;
8.4 Horse Access;
8.5 Boating and Permanent Moorings;
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
131
8.6 Lakeshore Camping and Lakeshore Anchoring;
8.9 Fire Control;
8.10 Accommodation, Other Buildings and Facilities;
9.2 Structures and Utilities;
9.3 Advertising and Signs;
9.6 Mineral Exploration, Prospecting and Mining;
9.7 Grazing;
9.8 Research;
9.9 Aircraft;
9.10 Transport Services;
9.11 Guiding Services;
9.12 Military Manoeuvres;
9.13 Organised Public Events;
9.14 Filming.
9.2
STRUCTURES AND UTILITIES
Focus of these provisions
This section provides guidance for the assessment of proposals for structures and
utilities that require a concession. Concession applications for structures and utilities
should be assessed under policies in this section and in conjunction with Concession
(commercial and non-commercial) policies. This section provides guidance for
applications dealing with structures and utilities which may be established in the park
but which are not specifically used for, or necessary to enhance public access, use and
enjoyment of the park or for conservation management purposes. Concessions will
not be granted for structures or utilities within the park where alternative locations or
structures are available in accordance with S.17U (4) Conservation Act 1987.
For guidance on assessing proposals for accommodation, other buildings and facilities
(structures and facilities that do not require a concession and are assessed under S. 50)
see policy in Accommodation, Other Buildings and Facilities. (Section 8.10)
Structures may include but are not limited to:
·
buildings for non-accommodation purposes;
·
buildings which are constructed for accommodation but are not available for
general public use or are constructed by private enterprise.
Utilities may include (but are not limited to) pipelines or cables for the distribution or
transmission of:
132
·
natural or manufactured gas, petroleum, geothermal energy;
·
telecommunication;
·
broadcast (radio) facilities;
·
electricity;
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
·
water;
·
drainage;
·
sewage.
There are some structures and utilities which may need to be located within the park.
These facilities may also facilitate the management of the park itself. The location of
these structures and utilities in the park may cause adverse effects such as impacts on
the landscape and amenity values of the area, disturbance of vegetation and restriction
of visitor use where structures or utilities are located. Utilities and other facilities are
therefore managed under the concession provisions, whereby a licence or easement is
required before the activity may be undertaken. Should a concession be granted
conditions may be established in accordance with S. 17X Conservation Act 1987 to
address adverse effects. General Policy for National Parks policy 31 provides some
guidance in these matters.
All structures and utilities that require a concession will be assessed in accordance with
part III B of the Conservation Act 1987.
9.2.1 Policy
9.2.1(a)
To seek that cables be preferably installed underground and facilities co-located
where ever possible.
Explanation: These methods serve to avoid or minimise some of the adverse effects of
the utilities.
9.2.1(b)
Access to telecommunication and power facilities and other utilities will be by foot
or air except where road vehicular access is already provided.
Explanation: In order to avoid the adverse effects of road construction, access to
utilities should be by foot or by air.
9.2.1(c)
To discourage the establishment of exclusive use private facilities in Te Urewera
National Park to which the public have restricted access to, or are denied use of the
facility.
Explanation: Restrictions on public access may only be established “as necessary for
the preservation of native plants and animals or for the welfare in general of the park”
(S. 4 (2) (e)). The restriction of public access for other purposes, for example through
the establishment of exclusive use private facilities is not compatible with the
principles for national parks. Applications seeking to restrict public access will
generally be declined.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 49, 57
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.8.1, 3.3.8.3
General Policy for National Parks Policy 3, 24, 25, 31
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
133
9.3
ADVERTISING AND SIGNS
Signs may be required in the park for a range of reasons. These include signage to
enhance visitor experience and safety and to minimise visitor risks. Signs may also be
used to protect the park by managing visitor impacts on natural and historic
resources. General policy provides for signs and interpretation of boundaries,
entrances, tracks and features of particular interest where appropriate. Advertising
within the national park is not considered appropriate.
The erection of unauthorised signs is an offence under S. 60(1) (i) of the National Parks
Act 1980.
9.3.1 Policy
9.3.1(a)
To discourage the erection of signs within the park except where they:
i. provide for enhanced visitor experience;
ii. provide for visitor safety; or
iii. are required to manage visitor impacts on natural, historic and cultural values to
protect park values.
Consideration of concession applications for signs may include (but not be limited
to the following):
a) the need to avoid proliferation of signs and maintain visual amenity in the park;
b) requirement as to design, presentation and wording of signs; and
c) restrictions on location and size of signs.
Explanation: Concessionaires or local authorities may wish to erect signs in the park.
Advertising will not be permitted. While it is recognised that signs may enhance visitor
experience and protect the park, the Department reserves the right to control signs.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 49
Conservation Act 1987 Part IIIB
General Policy for National Parks Policy 24.4
Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.2, 3.4.3
Cross-reference
Related polices are located in the following section:
4.2 Park Interpretation and Public Information
134
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
9.4
COLLECTION OF INDIGENOUS FAUNA
(including removal for traditional cultural purposes)
Te Urewera National Park is to be managed to ensure that indigenous animals1 within
the park are preserved. However, the Act does provide for the taking of some species
in special circumstances. Removal of fauna from the park may only be undertaken
when written permission is granted by the Minister for such activities, consistent with
the management plan for the park (S.5 of the National Parks Act 1980).
General Policy for National Parks notes that collection of indigenous fauna for scientific
research, education purposes and traditional use by Maori for food or cultural
purposes may be provided for in the management plan, noting that the requirements
of other legislation must be adhered to. The provisions of the Act as they relate to
indigenous species in the park are outlined below.
Indigenous fauna (except eels and whitebait)
The Department administers the Wildlife Act 1953 which provides for the absolute
protection of wildlife, although some exceptions are provided for. However, as the
Wildlife Act 1953 does not override the National Parks Act 1980 provisions in relation
to indigenous species within park boundaries, these indigenous species fall within the
preservation focus of the National Parks Act 1980.
Through implementing General Policy this management plan will allow applications
for the taking of indigenous fauna for limited purposes, depending on whether that
indigenous fauna under consideration for collection is found alive or dead.
Eels and Whitebait
Eels have been traditionally harvested from some rivers within the park. Knowledge of
eel ecology is limited, but it is evident that, because they breed only once, eels are
vulnerable to over-fishing. The eel fishery in Lake Waikaremoana is limited to a small
number of large eels due to difficulties in re-populating the lake because of
impediments to passage out to sea. Larger eel populations are contained within rivers
in the park, for example the Waiau and Ruakituri Rivers.
Eel fisheries are managed by the Ministry of Fisheries under the Fisheries Act 1983
through the promulgation of Fisheries (Amateur Fishing) Regulations 1986. The
Department controls access to those fisheries in the national park. The Fisheries
(Amateur Fishing) Regulations 1986 state that no restriction is imposed on the taking
of fish or aquatic life for the purposes of hui, tangi or traditional non-commercial
fishing use approved by the Minister (subject to conditions that the Minister may
consider necessary for the overall conservation and management of the fishery).
There are no customary or cultural rights for the commercial harvest of eels, as these
were extinguished by the Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992
(s10). Traditional cultural harvest of eels can therefore only be permitted for noncommercial, traditional use. Commercial eel fishing, which may only be undertaken
with the approval of the Minister, is not provided for in this management plan.
1
Animal means any mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish (including shellfish) or related organism,
insect, crustacean or organism of every kind; but does not include a human being (S.2 National Parks Act
1980)
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
135
The Department also administers regulations related to eels and whitebait under the
Conservation Act 1987. These regulations are also subject to the National Parks Act
1980 provisions in the park. Freshwater Fish Regulations 1983 prevent the intentional
killing or destruction of indigenous fish. This prohibition does not extend to taking of
whitebait, eels or other indigenous fish for the purposes of scientific research, human
consumption or as otherwise regulated. Whitebait Fishing Regulations 1994 impose
no restriction on the taking of whitebait for the purposes of hui and tangi.
Provision is made in the plan for the non-commercial, traditional cultural use of eels
and for removal of eels for conservation management or scientific research purposes.
Whitebait harvesting is typically not undertaken in the park, as large numbers of these
species are not generally found in park waters, as their freshwater habitat is in streams
in the vicinity of the coast.
9.4.1 Objective
9.4.1(a)
Interference with indigenous animals, nests and eggs within the park only to occur in
exceptional circumstances.
9.4.2 Policy
INDIGENOUS ANIMALS (EXCLUDING EELS)
9.4.2(a)
To assess applications affecting live indigenous animals or the nests or eggs of
indigenous animals, that would otherwise be an offence under the Act only where
essential for:
i. conservation management; or
ii. scientific research.
Explanation: Interference with live indigenous animals, their eggs or nests (except for
eels - see policy below) within the park, will only be considered in specific
circumstances. National Parks Act 1980 provides for preservation of indigenous
animals, and interference will only be considered where it is essential for conservation
management or research.
9.4.2(b)
To assess applications affecting indigenous animals that have died of natural causes,
or the nests or eggs of dead indigenous animals that would otherwise be an offence
under the National Parks Act 1980 on a case by case basis. Authorisation should
only be granted for the following purposes:
i. conservation management purposes;
ii. scientific research purposes;
iii. traditional cultural purposes;
iv. educational purposes.
Explanation: Where indigenous animals have died in the park of natural causes, their
removal may be considered on a case by case basis.
136
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
9.4.2(c)
When assessing applications for activities impacting on live or dead indigenous
animals or the nests or eggs of indigenous animals that would otherwise be an
offence under the National Parks Act 1980, to take into consideration (but not be
limited to) the following:
i. the need to ensure that natural values are preserved and natural functions of
ecosystems are maintained;
ii. the species affected and their relative abundance, significance and sensitivity;
iii. any management regime established for the species under consideration;
iv. where appropriate, the results of consultation with tangata whenua.
Explanation: Assessment of applications will be undertaken to ensure that impacts on
species in the park are avoided where appropriate, and conditions are established on
concessions to address the adverse effects of the proposed activity.
9.4.2(d)
To ensure that when assessing applications for activities impacting on live or dead
indigenous animals or the nests or eggs of indigenous animals that would otherwise
be an offence under the National Parks Act 1987:
i. no commercial gain or reward whether monetary or otherwise is derived;
ii. where an alternative source of species exists outside the park, preferential
collection from the alternative source will be required where appropriate.
Explanation: In some circumstances, authorisation will not be granted regardless of
the purposes of collection.
POLICY FOR EELS
9.4.2(e)
To assess applications and provide recommendations to the Minister on noncommercial traditional cultural use of eels from park waters by tangata whenua,
and provide where necessary for the establishment of a process between the
Department and tangata whenua for the management of non-commercial
traditional cultural use of eels from park waters provided that:
i. traditional harvesting methods are used; and
ii. the demands do not significantly impact on the population of the species or
other natural values;
iii. the process may be periodically reviewed by the Department in conjunction with
tangata whenua to ensure that adverse effects do not occur.
Explanation: General Policy for National Parks notes that provision should be made
for the traditional use of indigenous animals by tangata whenua. The use of nets in the
park waters can increase the risk of the spread of vigorous aquatic weeds. The
potential risk will be a factor during the considerations of these applications.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
137
9.4.2(f)
To assess applications affecting eels (other than for traditional cultural purposes)
that would otherwise be an offence under the National Parks Act 1980, only where
necessary for:
i. conservation management; or
ii. scientific research.
Explanation: In some situations other than for cultural purposes it may be necessary to
provide for interference with eels.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 5(2), 60
Conservation Act 1987Part IIIB
Wildlife Act 1953
Fisheries Act 1983
Fisheries Act 1996
Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992
Freshwater Fisheries Regulations 1983
Whitebait Fishing Regulations 1994
Fisheries (Amateur Fishing) Regulations 1986
General Policy for National Parks Policy 8, 11.5, 15.5
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.24
9.5
COLLECTION OF INDIGENOUS FLORA
(including removal for traditional cultural purposes)
Te Urewera National Park is to be managed so as to ensure the preservation of
indigenous plants. However, in special circumstances collection of flora may be
authorised consistent with the primary principles for management of the park.
Removal of flora from the park may only be undertaken in accordance with the correct
authorisation, in accordance with S. 5 of the National Parks Act 1980. The Minister or
Director General of Conservation may undertake removal of indigenous flora for
conservation management purposes under S. 17O(3)(d) of the Conservation Act
1987.
Removal of indigenous flora from Te Urewera National Park may be considered for a
number of reasons including conservation management, scientific research, traditional
cultural purposes or education. The effect of removal of flora for any of these
purposes will impact on the park in a similar manner regardless of the reason for
removal. However, the legitimacy of removal will differ from case to case, and in some
instances removal may be provided for. This will however, be subject to the need to
ensure that the values of the park are protected and that indigenous flora and
ecosystems are preserved.
138
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Requests to collect plants for educational, scientific or conservation management
purposes from Te Urewera National Park are sporadic and each application will be
assessed on a case by case basis. Tangata whenua may wish to collect plants for a
range of uses including collection for:
·
kai (food);
·
rongoa (medicine);
·
fibres for kits, mats, tukutuku panels and other crafts and
·
timber for carving, restoration and construction of traditional buildings.
The collection of flora by tangata whenua may be ongoing. In some instances, it is
appropriate for management of traditional cultural use to be undertaken through a
process established between the Department and tangata whenua. This avoids the
need for separate applications to be assessed for every instance of use.
9.5.1 Objective
9.5.1(a)
Indigenous flora and ecosystems preserved and removal of indigenous flora provided
for on an extremely limited basis.
9.5.2 Policy
9.5.2(a)
To assess applications affecting indigenous flora that would otherwise be an
offence under the National Parks Act 1980 in the following circumstances only:
i. for the purposes of conservation management, scientific research, cultural
purposes or education and
ii. where natural values are preserved and natural functioning of ecosystems is
maintained.
Explanation: Any removal of plants may only be considered if management objectives
for the park are met (S. 4 and 5 National Parks Act 1980).
REMOVAL OF FLORA FOR TRADITIONAL
CULTURAL PURPOSES
9.5.2(b)
To assess applications for non-commercial traditional cultural use of indigenous flora
and provide where necessary for the establishment of a process between the
Department and tangata whenua for the management of cutting, destruction and
taking of indigenous flora (other than trees) for the purpose of traditional cultural use
provided:
i. plants are not rare, vulnerable, or endangered, and the demands do not
significantly impact on a population of species or other natural values;
ii. the process is periodically reviewed by the Department in conjunction with
tangata whenua to ensure that adverse effects do not occur.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
139
Explanation: Tangata whenua may wish to take plant material on an ongoing basis for
food, weaving and other cultural use. The need to take plant material for medicinal
purposes is not easily anticipated. For these reasons it is inappropriate to require an
individual application to be lodged by tangata whenua for each instance of plant
material collection. The establishment of a process between the Department and
tangata whenua will need to be within the constraints of legislation, national policy and
guidelines and this management plan. Removal of trees and other long lived flora are
not included in this policy, as removal of trees has a larger impact on park values and
will be assessed in accordance with General Policy for National Parks and policy
below.
9.5.2(c)
When applications for timber for traditional cultural purposes are received,
application for timber for marae carving is considered preferable to requests for
timber for waka.
Explanation: For clarification, the Department considers that timber is better utilised
for whakairo (carving) e.g., poupou, maihi, amo, tekoteko and koruru for marae.
Waka construction requires a considerable amount of timber and may not be fully
utilised following completion.
GENERAL POLICY FOR REMOVAL OF FLORA
9.5.2(d)
When considering applications for the cutting, destruction or taking of indigenous
flora (alive or dead) from the park, an assessment shall include the following:
i. the types of species to be collected and their relative abundance, significance and
sensitivity;
ii. any management regime established for the species or the site from which
cutting, destruction or taking is proposed;
iii. the sustainability of cutting, destruction or taking;
iv. where appropriate, the results of consultation with tangata whenua.
9.5.2(e)
To ensure that when assessing applications for indigenous flora removal:
i. where an alternative source of flora exists outside the park, preferential
collection from the alternative source will be required where appropriate;
ii. where applications for timber are authorised, permits for fallen or dead standing
trees will be issued in preference to live trees.
140
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
9.5.2(f)
Permits for cutting, destruction or taking of indigenous flora are considered
inappropriate in the following circumstances:
i. where species are threatened or locally uncommon unless the purpose of
cutting, destruction or taking is essential for scientific or conservation
management purposes;
ii. where indigenous flora is from any of the Lake Waikareiti Islands, unless the
purpose of cutting, destruction or taking is essential for scientific or
conservation management purposes.
9.5.2(g)
Permits for cutting, destruction or taking of indigenous flora will not be issued
where the purpose of the activity is for gain or reward.
Explanation: These policies guide the Department's assessment of applications for
removal of flora. Assessment criteria seeks to ensure that adverse effects of removal do
not arise and clarify instances where removal will not generally be authorised. Note
that these provisions will guide the Department where appropriate when developing
a process for management of traditional cultural use of flora and when reviewing that
management process should it prove necessary.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 5, 60 (d)
Conservation Act 1987 Part IIIB
General Polices for National Parks Policy 8.1 – 8.11
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.24
9.6
MINERAL EXPLORATION, PROSPECTING AND
MINING
(concessions and access provisions)
Introduction and definition
This chapter contains policy for assessing applications for mineral prospecting,
exploration and mining. It also covers other activities such as removal or wilfully
damage to stone, mineral and gravel, or wilful digging, cutting, excavation or damage
to turf that would otherwise constitute an offence under the National Parks Act 1980
(S. 60(1) (d) and (e) respectively).
Mining under the Crown Minerals Act 1991 is defined as:
“Means to take, win or extract, by whatever means, a mineral existing in it’s
natural state in land, or a chemical substance from that mineral or chemical
substance; but does not include prospecting or exploration.”
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
141
Although typically mining is perceived to be associated with large scale commercial
activity, by definition, mining may include removal of any quantity of material for a
variety of purposes including conservation management, “non-prospecting” research,
education or traditional customary use.
The process of gaining authorisation for prospecting, exploration or mining activities
in the park is convoluted and requires a variety of consents, permits and concessions
under various Acts depending on the mineral under application, the location from
where it is being removed, and the party seeking authorisation.
·
Crown Minerals Act 1991 S. 8 minerals permit
The Crown may issue permits to authorise prospecting, exploration or mining of
minerals under S. 25 of the Crown Minerals Act 1991. No area of Te Urewera National
Park has been excluded from issue of permits under any mineral programme or
excluded for access by Order in Council. Not all minerals require a mining permit;
exceptions include sand, shingle and the natural materials in the bed of a river.
Obtaining a permit to prospect, explore or mine does not automatically provide
access permission to the holder of that permit.
·
Crown Minerals Act 1991 S. 61 access arrangement
A 1997 amendment to the Crown Minerals Act effectively prohibits access
arrangements, hence mining within National Parks. However, in some circumstances
the Department may process applications seeking access as outlined in the Crown
Minerals Act 1991 S. 61 (1A). In those circumstances the application must be assessed
in accordance with criteria outlined in the Crown Minerals Act 1991. This includes
consideration of the objectives and purposes of the National Parks Act 1980 and
provisions of this plan and the Conservation Management Strategy. The Minister shall
also have regard to the safeguards against potential adverse effects and any other
matters considered relevant.
·
Resource Management Act 1991 S. 9 (1) and 13
A resource consent may be required for prospecting, exploration and mining activities
depending on the scale, type and location of the activity and the effects which occur.
Territorial authorities and regional councils are responsible for assessing resource
consent applications for land use, and beds of lakes and rivers respectively.
·
National Parks Act 1980 S. 49
If an access arrangement is not required under S.61 of the Crown Minerals Act, it is
likely that a concession may be required by the applicant.
The Minister of Conservation is responsible for assessment of S.61 Crown Minerals Act
1991 access arrangements and National Parks Act 1980 concession permits. The
digging, cutting, excavation or damage of turf in the park either associated with mining,
prospecting or exploration or some other activity will require a concession under S. 49
National Parks Act 1980. If an access arranagement has been granted under the Crown
Minerals Act, a concession for these associated activities would not be necessary.
Notwithstanding the historical gravel extraction from Te Urewera National Park,
prospecting for, exploration of, and mining minerals in the park is considered to be an
inappropriate activity and is incompatible with national park values and principles.
Any future requests for access to the park for river gravel or other minerals will
generally be declined.
142
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
The Department may seek to use minerals sourced from within the park for
conservation management purposes, for example gravel, to maintain tracks and park
roads. The Department as administrator of the national park is not required to obtain
a National Parks Act 1980 concession, nor a S.61 Crown Minerals Act 1991 access
permit. A Crown Mineral Act 1991 S. 25 minerals permit will be required by the
Department for minerals other than sand, shingle and gravel located in the bed of a
lake or river or for uses set out in S.8(2)(a) of the Crown Minerals Act. Should the
Department propose to undertake conservation management activities associated
with mining in the bed of a lake or river, a S.13 resource consent may be required.
Should the Department wish to access minerals from land within the park outside the
bed of a lake or river, a resource consent may also be required in accordance with S. 9
of the Resource Management Act 1991. As this activity is not considered to be
consistent with the management plan for the park, a S. 4(3) Resource Management Act
1991 exemption is not available.
9.6.1 Objective
9.6.1(a)
Te Urewera National Park is protected from the adverse effects of prospecting,
exploration and mining activities.
9.6.2 Policies 1
9.6.2(a)
To recognise that exploration and mining for minerals in Te Urewera National Park
is an activity that is generally incompatible with the values of the national park and
the principles under which the park is managed.
Explanation: Mining and mineral exploration have the potential to adversely impact on
the scenic, historic, cultural and scientific values of the park and to impact on the
public access to and appreciation of the park. Mining is essentially incompatible with
the management principles for Te Urewera National Park. Prospecting may be
undertaken in a manner in which minimal adverse effects occur. Granting prospecting
access does not imply that access for exploration or mining will necessarily follow.
9.6.2(b)
To require rigorous assessment of any application for mineral prospecting,
exploration or mining or any activity associated with stone, mineral, gravel or turf
that would otherwise be considered to be an offence under the National Parks Act
1980, including evaluation of the following:
i.
assessment of the extent to which the effects of the activity on the natural and
ecological (including terrestrial and aquatic), historic and cultural features and
landscape of the park and on public access are avoided, remedied or mitigated;
ii. the requirement to protect areas of special status (such as (proposed)
wilderness areas and specially protected area zones);
iii. protection of sites of significant historical or cultural values;
iv. consideration of the results of consultation with tangata whenua, East Coast
Hawke’s Bay Conservation Board and other interested parties.
1
These policies will be used (in addition to other policies in the plan) to assess concession applications
under the National Parks Act and access arrangements under S.61 of the Crown Minerals Act.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
143
Explanation: When assessing applications the policies of this plan must be considered.
This includes all relevant polices in the plan including concession policy and other
policies adressing the proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area, specially protected area
zones, historic heritage and ecological management. In addition, other statutory
instruments such as the National Parks Act 1980 and the Conservation Management
Strategy must also be considered. The East Coast Conservation Management Strategy
contains a number of policies that should be directly referred to.
9.6.2(c)
Where access arrangements to the park, or concessions are issued for the purposes
of mineral prospecting, exploration or mining, or for any other activity associated
with stone, mineral, gravel or turf that would otherwise be considered to be an
offence under the National Parks Act 1980, stringent conditions and monitoring will
be established to ensure that:
i. in the event adverse effects are not avoided, that compensation is required to
secure a net conservation benefit; and
ii. rehabilitation and restoration is undertaken where necessary.
Explanation: In the event that an access arrangement to the park for the purposes of
mineral prospecting, exploration or mining are granted, conditions will be attached to
address the effects of the activity and the operation monitored.
9.6.2(d)
Authorisation of applications for activities affecting stone, mineral, gravel or turf
that would otherwise be an offence under the National Parks Act 1980 may be
considered for small samples required for conservation management, traditional
cultural purposes, scientific research or education purposes, provided that the
activity complies with the policies of this plan.
Explanation: This policy recognises that not all activities that may be permitted by
parties other than the Department associated with minerals, are large scale
commercial activities. The removal of small samples from the park may be undertaken
in a manner consistent with park principles. All applications received will be
considered on a case by case basis in accordance with general concession policy and
other relevant provisions. If an access arrangement has been granted under S. 61(1A)
of the Crown Minerals Act, a concession will not be necessary. In the event that
permission is granted, conditions addressing the amount, type and source/site of
specimen collection may be specified to avoid adverse effects.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 18, 60, 66, 69
Crown Minerals Act 1991 S. 8, 25, 61, 61(1A), 61(1B)
Resource Management Act 1991 S. 4, 5, 9, 13
General Policy for National Parks Policy 29
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.8, 3.3.8.2
144
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
9.7
GRAZING
Grazing may be considered as a means of controlling unwanted grass or noxious
plants, where it does not compromise natural or historic values, and where retirement
from grazing or disposal of the area are not appropriate options. Historically the
Waimana Valley was grazed but this is no longer undertaken. There are two small
sections of the park that are currently grazed, the Horomanga Base horse paddock and
a small paddock near Murupara field centre. It is not anticipated that there will be any
increase in the area of land that is grazed for conservation management purposes in
the future.
Any application for grazing will therefore need to be assessed as a concession under
the relevant provisions and statutes. Grazing must be in the public interest, public
access across the land shall be maintained and the duration of such licences should
normally be for terms of five years. Grazing is not considered appropriate in Te
Urewera National Park. Therefore, grazing will not be specifically provided for in this
plan.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 51
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.8.3
General Policy for National Parks Policy 12
9.8
RESEARCH
It is not the purpose of this management plan to set priorities for research to be
undertaken in the park, but rather to control the effects any research undertaken may
have. This includes impacts on the natural and historic values of the park itself and also
on the ability of the public to enjoy the park.
Te Urewera National Park offers a unique opportunity for research. A considerable
amount of research is currently being undertaken in the park including some
associated with:
·
Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem Restoration Project;
·
Waikaremoana Ecosystem Restoration Project (including the Kiwi Recovery
Programme);
·
monitoring the effects of lake level management for hydroelectric power
generation.
Where research is undertaken by, or for, the Department (or under contract) a
concession is not required (S. 17O (3) (d) Conservation Act 1987). However, when
research activities are undertaken by parties other than the Department an
authorisation will be required for any activities associated with that research that
would otherwise constitute an offence under the National Parks Act 1980.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
145
While the Department supports research initiatives, particularly where results may
assist in conservation management or interpretation, research applications will need
to be assessed under relevant concession policy. When assessing applications for a
research concession, consideration must be taken of Concession (commercial and
non-commercial) policy and any specific policies relevant (for example, collection of
flora and fauna and other material, and structures and utilities) along with policies in
this section.
9.8.1 Policy
9.8.1(a)
To encourage and assist research in the park that is beneficial or associated with
conservation-related resources and/or their management and interpretation
through:
i. the provision of advice, expertise and logistical support; and/or
ii. assisting applicants efforts to secure funding.
Explanation: Research may yield information important for the effective management
or interpretation of the park and may be of considerable benefit to the Department.
However, any research must be undertaken so as to ensure that adverse effects on the
natural and physical values in the park are avoided or minimised and that the public's
enjoyment of the park is not diminished.
9.8.1(b)
To require that the results of any research to be made available to the Department.
Explanation: Once held by the Department, this information may be used for
conservation management or interpretation purposes and may also be made available
to the public if requested.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
General Policy for National Parks Policy 15
Conservation Management Strategy 3.2.3, 3.3.3, 3.3.9, 3.3.12, 3.3.13, 3.3.18
146
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
9.9
AIRCRAFT
The control of airspace is undertaken by the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand
under the Civil Aviation Act 1990 and Civil Aviation Rules. Unless landing, aircraft are
not permitted to operate below 152 metres (500ft). The Department is not able to
control over-flying above public conservation land. The Department does however,
control landing, take off and hovering over the park. A concession is required for this
activity. Concessions are not required for emergency landings, search and rescue, and
aircraft operated by the New Zealand Defence Force or the Civil Aviation Authority of
New Zealand. Similarly, the Department does not require a concession to operate an
aircraft for conservation management purposes.
Aircraft1 in Te Urewera National Park may be used for four main purposes:
·
conservation management purposes (including wild animal control operations);
·
search and rescue operations and during emergency situations;
·
recreational access including for recreational hunting and other activities;
·
commercial wild animal recovery operations.
Helicopters may cause disturbance of the qualities of solitude, peace and natural quiet
for visitors in the park. Due to the remoteness of much of the park and the rugged
untracked terrain, helicopters are used to access the remote areas of the park. There
is a need therefore to provide for a level of helicopter use that allows commercial wild
animal recovery, conservation management and recreational benefits to be realised,
while taking into account the need to minimise the adverse effects that aircraft have on
other users of the park. There has historically been an issue of proliferation of
helicopter landing sites surrounded by the park and associated damage to the park
through vegetation clearance, establishment of campsites and particularly the nonremoval of rubbish. Helicopters landing on private land within the park have also been
a cause for concern for land owners. For these reasons, the use of designated
helicopter landing sites has been adopted.
Management of aircraft in Te Urewera National Park will aim to minimise the effect of
helicopter use while allowing for appropriate use. Previously, recreational aircraft
access has been limited to recreational hunters carrying a hunting permit. It is
recognised that other recreators in the park may benefit from the access advantages
provided by helicopters, and for this reason access to the park via helicopters is no
longer restricted to hunters. The commercial wild animal recovery operators as a
means of pest control are provided for through policy, which allows that aircraft used
for these purposes may be permitted to land in areas other than at designated landing
sites.
For clarification, there are two distinct forms of wild animal control mechanisms
mentioned in this section:
·
Commercial wild animal recovery operations – activities undertaken by
concessionaires under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977;
·
Wild animal control operations – “shoot and destroy” activities (no commercial
motivation for activity) undertaken by the Department (or other agencies/
individuals contracted by the Department), for the purposes of reducing numbers
of wild animal pests in the park.
1
As defined in the Civil Aviation Act means any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from
the reactions of the air, otherwise than by the reactions of the air against the surface of the earth.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
147
9.9.1 Objective
9.9.1(a)
Provision of limited air access to the park, in a manner that minimises the adverse
effect of aircraft use on the values of the park and on other park users in the vicinity.
9.9.2 Policies
9.9.2(a)
Aircraft hovering and landing throughout Te Urewera National Park for:
i. conservation management purposes1;
ii. search and rescue operations;
iii. emergency operations
is considered to be appropriate.
Explanation: Concessions are not required for these activities under section S. 17ZF
Conservation Act 1987. ‘Conservation management purposes’ includes Department
funded wild animal control “search and destroy” operations to control wild animal
numbers (see definition). Other conservation management operations carried out by
other agencies may require a concession and will be considered under policy 9.9.2(c ).
9.9.2(b)
When considering applications for concessions, to ensure that except as provided
for in policy 9.9.2 (a) and 9.9.2 (d), aircraft hovering below 152 metres (500 feet)
and landing in the:
i. proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area;
ii. Lake Waikaremoana catchment2; and
iii. Galatea Faces/ Horomanga to State Highway 38 as illustrated on Map 7
will be considered to be inappropriate.
Explanation: The Ruakituri Wilderness Area and the Lake Waikaremoana catchment
are areas where the noise created by aircraft may have a considerable impact upon
other recreationists in the park. Note that this policy also restricts the landing of
amphibious planes or float planes on Lake Waikaremoana and Lake Waikareiti.2 Air
access to the proposed Ruakituri Wilderness Area is inconsistent with provisions in the
National Parks Act 1980 for the management of wilderness areas. Exclusion of
landing in the Galatea Faces/ Horomanga to State Highway 38 area must also be
included to retain consistency with the Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.2.8.
The Conservation Management Strategy is due for review by 2008.
9.9.2(c)
When considering applications for concessions, to ensure that except as provided
for in policy 9.9.2 (a) and 9.9.2 (d), to require that hovering below 152 metres (500
feet) or landing of aircraft in Te Urewera National Park be limited to specified
landing sites as defined in Appendix 4.
1
For the purpose of this policy, conservation management purposes will be considered to include work
undertaken by the Department (or other agencies/individuals contracted by the Department to do so) for
the purposes of managing the park including Department wild animal control and recovery operations.
2
The Lake Waikareiti catchment is included in the Waikaremoana catchment.
148
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Explanation: Establishing designated landing sites will prevent the proliferation of
landing pads in the park, minimise the area of vegetation which is damaged or
removed to create landing sites, and helps address the issue of rubbish left at multiple
landing sites throughout the park. This will also prevent the accidental landings on
private land. Landing sites will be identified in natural clearings and platforms. This
policy applies to the hovering and landing of aircraft for all purposes for which a
concession is required, for example, recreational hunting and other recreational
related access (tramping, fishing etc). Landing sites must also be used for refuelling
operations undertaken by aircraft including refuelling performed by commercial wild
animal recovery operations. Provision is made for the review of the designated landing
sites as necessary (see policy 9.2.2(f)). Any sites that are permanently closed shall be
allowed to regenerate back to their natural state. Establishing designated landing sites
is in accordance with General Policy for National Parks 21.2.
9.9.2(d)
When considering applications for concessions, to consider authorising wild animal
recovery operators to hover below 152 metres (500 feet) above ground level or
land in areas of the park, in addition to designated landing sites for the purposes of
commercial wild animal recovery operations (excluding refuelling activities) only.
Explanation: To restrict commercial wild animal recovery operators to the use of
designated landing sites would effectively make these operations uneconomic and
unworkable and the advantages of pest control would not be realised. This policy may
be used to give wild animal recovery operators permission to land to recover wild
animals in areas of the park in addition to designated landing sites. Refuelling,
however, must be undertaken at designated landing sites in accordance with policy
9.9.2 (c) to prevent the proliferation of disposal of fuel containers throughout the
park.
9.9.2(e)
When considering applications for concessions, to ensure that commercial wild
animal recovery operations do not occur during the red deer roar (15 March – either
30 April inclusive, or some later date to include Easter) or through the Christmas
holiday period (20 December – 31 January inclusive) throughout the park.
Explanation: Restrictions on air access during the Christmas holiday period is to
ensure that fewer aircraft disturb the natural quiet of the park while still providing
opportunities for aerial transport for summer holiday makers. Restrictions on
commercial operations during the roar provides opportunities for recreational
hunters to pursue trophy heads without the need to compete with commercial
operations.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
149
9.9.2(f)
To monitor the appropriateness of the provisions of the plan in relation to aircraft
access to, landing and hovering in the park (including the location of specified
landing sites) and, should the need arise, to further restrict or alter the conditions
under which access may be allowed. This shall be through the formal plan change
process as prescribed under the Act.
Explanation: The provisions in the plan may need to be amended in the future to
respond to changing or possible escalation of adverse effects of aircraft operations.
The Department retains the ability to amend these policies.
9.9.2(g)
The construction of any airstrip or landing field in the park will be considered to be
inappropriate.
Explanation: Unlike helicopter landing pads, airstrips and landing fields require the
removal of a considerable amount of vegetation and alteration of the landscape. Such
large scale development is not considered appropriate in a national park.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 14, 56
Conservation Act 1987 Part IIIB
Wild Animal Control Act 1977
Civil Aviation Act 1990
General Policy for National Parks Policy 21 (21.2, 21.4, 21.7), 26
Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.2, 2.4.5
150
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
map 7
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
151
152
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
9.10
TRANSPORT SERVICES
The Department has an obligation to allow members of the public freedom of entry
and access to the park. The Department has no jurisdiction over the use of public
roads through the park, as these are not part of the national park. Concessionaires
who provide transport services into the park make enhanced access opportunities
available to the public. It is important that transport services are undertaken in a
manner that allows for preservation of native plants and animals and ensure that the
values of the park are not compromised.
Specific policies are provided for various modes of transportation.
Cross reference
Related polices are located in the following sections:
8.2 Vehicle Access;
8.5 Boating and Permanent Moorings;
9.9 Aircraft.
9.11
GUIDING
Guides provide an important service to visitors to the park in providing opportunities
which allows visitors to travel to areas where they might not usually have the skills,
equipment or confidence to undertake on their own initiative. Guides are also able to
provide enhanced visitor experience by providing additional information about the
park during the trip. As such guiding is generally permitted in the park provided
activities do not impact on the park adversely. Guides may be required to hold suitable
industry qualifications where appropriate.
Under the Conservation Act 1987 S. 26ZJA no person may act as a sports fishing guide
unless he or she holds a current sports fishing guide licence. These are obtained from
Fish and Game New Zealand . The holding of a sports fishing guide licence is separate
from the requirement to hold a concession in Te Urewera National Park for the
purposes of providing guiding services to clients who wish to fish in the park.
9.11.1 Policy
9.11.1(a)
Concession applications for guiding in the park are considered appropriate where
adverse effects on the park and on other park users are avoided, remedied or
mitigated.
Explanation: Due to the benefits that guides provide for visitors, guiding is
generally seen to be an appropriate activity in the park provided it is consistent with
park values.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
153
9.12
MILITARY MANOEUVRES
The Department and the New Zealand Defence Force have negotiated a Defence
Training Agreement (1990) which provides for military training to be carried out on
State Areas (as defined in the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977 – this includes the
national park), provided certain conditions are met. Any Departmental approval to
carry out military exercises will specify terms and conditions to protect natural and
historical resources and visitors. This includes conditions on the use of aircraft, other
machinery or vehicles. General Policy for National Parks notes that the use of military
machinery such as armoured vehicles and other off-road vehicles and military weapons
is not compatible with the preservation of the national park and freedom of public
entry and access.
The New Zealand Defence Force may make available fire fighting assistance to the
Department. Further assistance for various projects including track construction and
maintenance, and transportation of departmental personnel to remote conservation
areas is also often provided.
9.12.1 Objective
9.12.1(a)
Impacts of military training operations are avoided in the first instance and restoration
undertaken where avoidance is not possible.
9.12.2 Policy
9.12.2(a)
To assess applications for New Zealand Defence Force access to Te Urewera
National Park for the purposes of defence training activities, in accordance with the
Defence Training Agreement (1990) and the polices of this plan.
Explanation: The Defence Training Agreement identifies the main issues which need
consideration should access be sought. The policies of this plan provide more specific
guidance. General policy 32.2 notes that specialised training activities may be
permitted.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977
General Policy for National Parks Policy 32
Conservation Management Strategy 3.3.8.1
Department of Conservation and New Zealand Defence Force Training
Agreement 1990
154
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
9.13
ORGANISED PUBLIC EVENTS
Te Urewera National Park may be considered a venue suitable for organised public
events. The park provides an expansive area, in a beautiful setting to which public
access is generally permitted. Recently in New Zealand there has been an increase in
the demand for events of a sporting nature, such as single or multisport events and
large scale public musical performances (“opera in the park” type events). If these
events or similar are permitted, they need to be managed to ensure that adverse effects
on the natural and historical resources in the park do not occur, and that the use and
enjoyment of the park by other users is not unduly compromised.
Concessions for organised public events (of a sporting nature or otherwise) will be
assessed in accordance with standard concession policy. The Conservation
Management Strategy notes that these events may be appropriate where consistent
with the protection of natural, historic and cultural values.
An organised public event will include events that are advertised as open to the general
public and/or may require the temporary exclusivity of use of an area for the duration
of the event. Examples of organised public events include competitive sport events,
musical or theatrical performances, fund raisers or sponsored activities or events
where there is a charge or request for donation associated with participating in, or
observing the activity.
A concession for an organised public event is not required for activities such as a closed
club event, nor for the activities of small groups of park users or individuals.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 49
Conservation Act 1987 Part IIIB
Conservation Management Strategy 3.4.2.6
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
155
9.14
FILMING
The Department receives a number of enquiries for use of the park related to
commercial filming or photography. Commercial filming and photography is defined
as any photography or filming undertaken on lands managed by the Department for
any form of gain or reward. This also includes:
·
photography or filming which produces, or is intended to produce, a product for
sale;
·
photography or filming which produces, or is intended to produce, a product
which is used commercially or is made available for commercial use, including
promotional material;
·
photography or filming which is intended for non-commercial end use, but which
is undertaken by a contractor who undertakes the photography for gain or reward.
These activities are non-extractive and can often be undertaken in a manner that does
not impact on natural and historic values or visitor access and enjoyment of the park.
9.14.1 Policy
9.14.1(a)
Filming or photography concessions in Te Urewera National Park may be
considered appropriate subject to conditions to:
i. control possible adverse effects on park values (including ecological,
archaeological and historic values);
ii. ensure that filming does not compromise sites of significance to tangata
whenua;
iii. the activity does not interfere with the use and enjoyment of the park and other
visitors or deny public access opportunities;
iv. compliance with all other provisions contained within this management plan;
v. require the monitoring of impacts on park values.
Explanation: National parks provide an ideal setting for filming and photography and
these activities can generally be undertaken with minimal impact on the park.
Concessions may generally be issued for these activities provided adverse effects are
addressed.
156
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
10.0 Implementation, Monitoring
and Review
10.1
IMPLEMENTATION
The Department is required to administer and manage the park in accordance with
General Policy for National Parks, conservation management strategies and this
management plan (S. 43 National Parks Act 1980).
Implementation of the plan will be undertaken during both the day to day and
strategic, decision making and management associated with administration of the
park by the Department. The plan is also implemented through the Conservancy’s
annual business planning process.
Decisions on day-to-day management and strategic management of the park will be
guided by policy in the plan. Some of these decisions will be reactive, for example
assessing an application received from a concessionaire. This plan will also guide
decision-making proactively taken by the Department, on how the park should be
managed on a daily basis and into the future. Some of these decisions will have
resource implications that will be identified in the business plan.
The business plan, prepared under S. 41(2)(d) of the Public Finance Act 1989, covers
a 12 month period from 1 July to 30 June each year. The business plan implements
conservancy work priorities established by the Conservation Management Strategy,
annual conservation directions and the purchase agreement. This management plan
will assist in focusing the conservancy effort and funds allocated for Te Urewera
National Park.
The East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservation Board also has a role in the implementation
of this plan to the management of the park. This includes the following functions:
·
recommending management plans and the review or amendment of such plans
(S. 30 (1)(a) National Parks Act 1980);
·
to consider and determine priorities for the implementation of management plans
(S. 30(1)(b) National Parks Act 1980); and
·
to give advice to the Director General or the Authority on the interpretation of any
management plans for the park (S.30 (1)(f)(i) National Parks Act 1980);
·
to give advice to the Director General or the Authority on any other matter relating
to any national park (S. 30 (1)(f)(iii) National Parks Act 1980);
·
to advise the Conservation Authority and the Director General on the
implementation of strategies and plans, including National Park Plans (S. 6M (1) (c)
Conservation Act 1987).
10.1.1 Policy
10.1.1(a)
The Department will undertake decisions, and prepare annual business plans and
attendant work programmes relevant to Te Urewera National Park in accordance
with the provisions of this plan.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
157
Explanation: The Department must manage and administer the park in accordance
with this plan. Decisions and resource allocation must also be in accord with General
Policy for National Parks and the Conservation Management Strategy (S. 43). National
priorities established through annual conservation directions and the purchase
agreement may alter during the term of this plan and will be taken into account when
implementation decisions are made.
10.1.1(b)
To consult the East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservation Board regarding priorities for
implementation of Te Urewera National Park Management Plan prior to the
preparation of annual business plans.
BYLAWS
10.1.1(c)
To seek bylaws to implement the plan and to control and regulate the use of the
park where necessary
Explanation: The plan has been developed to guide the Department in management of
the park and does not in itself regulate the actions of the public. The National Parks Act
1980 outlines activities that the public may not undertake without a permit, but in
some cases additional provisions in the form of bylaws may be required for park
management. Bylaws may be established in accordance with the National Parks Act
1980 S. 56 and may not be inconsistent with the management plan for the national
park.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 30, 43, 56
Conservation Act 1987 S. 6M
Public Finance Act 1989 S. 41
General Policy for National Parks
Conservation Management Strategy Policy 2.4
158
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
10.2
MONITORING
Introduction
Monitoring acts as an important feedback loop in the policy process of problem
definition, policy development, implementation phase and monitoring, evaluation and
review.
Monitoring involves the systematic collection of data over time and analysis and
interpretation of that data. The results of this analysis will allow decision makers to be
informed about the consequences of policy implementation and changes that may be
occurring in the environment, so that decisions on future actions, including the review
of the management plan, may be made in an informed manner.
The Department undertakes a range of monitoring within the park and the theory and
practise of monitoring is continually evolving. Most monitoring is being directed at a
national level through the development of standard operating procedures and
strategies. There is flexibility within these procedures for initiatives, and particular
circumstances at the local level to be taken into account when establishing monitoring
programmes.
Three broad categories of monitoring are applicable to the park:
State of the Environment Monitoring
State of the environment monitoring is undertaken within the park using biological
(including indigenous and introduced species), historic and recreational parameters
and assists in determining the status of environmental health of the park. Due to the
complexity of monitoring ecosystems, environmental indicators and key parameters
must be identified to focus data collection. The type and extent to which monitoring is
undertaken is determined largely by whether the Department is actively managing the
heritage site1 being monitored.
State of the environment monitoring may also include the use of impact monitoring,
which is more specifically targeted to assess the effect on the environment of a
particular activity or to assess new issues emerging.
Where the Department is actively managing heritage sites:
·
outcome monitoring (the measurement of change of the characteristic of interest
of a heritage asset) and
·
results monitoring (the measurement of the changes in the disturbance or pressure
or impediment acting on a characteristic of interest of a heritage site) (Arand and
Stephens, 1999).
is generally undertaken.
For sites where specific management initiatives are not being performed surveillance
monitoring may be undertaken. Surveillance monitoring provides information on the
condition of heritage assets, in order to review and set priorities for actions or to
improve baseline knowledge (ibid.).
1
Heritage site comprises New Zealand's (i) natural heritage such as ecosystems, landforms, indigenous
vegetation, ecological units, indigenous plant and animal species and their genetic pool, populations,
communities and habitats and (ii) historic heritage such as archaeological sites and historic buildings
(Arand and Stephens 1999). This definition has been adopted for the purposes of policies in this section.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
159
Biology/biodiversity
Terrestrial
Monitoring enables an evaluation of conservation performance, measuring
conservation achievement and increasing knowledge of heritage sites managed by the
Department. International obligations also require the development of a national
monitoring system. At notification, considerable work had been undertaken on survey
and monitoring at a national level, (Bellingham, P. et al (2000)), although neither
standard operating procedures or a national strategy have yet to emerge. Associated
work on conservancy monitoring strategies is also in progress.
The national park has a history of collection of information from permanent forest
plots and this will be valuable in contributing to the national monitoring network. In
addition, two research and monitoring projects are currently undertaken in the
national park, Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem Restoration Project and the
Waikaremoana Ecological Restoration Project. Research, and outcome & result
monitoring are undertaken in these intensively managed sites, and both make a
valuable contribution to the research and monitoring work undertaken by the
Department.
Aquatic
The isolation of the water bodies of Te Urewera National Park presents particular
management implications for their native communities. Some populations of aquatic
species within the park have become land locked, which presents a unique
opportunity for monitoring and research that has to date remained largely unrealised
by the scientific community.
Department freshwater fish monitoring focuses on monitoring the distribution and
abundance of threatened fish species and maintaining an inventory of obstacles to fish
passage (such as culverts, dams and other threats). A national freshwater fish strategy
formalising this monitoring work nationally is in the process of being developed, as is
a conservancy strategy.
Surveillance monitoring of species that are not known to be threatened, and of aquatic
invertebrates and native aquatic plant communities to determine their status, presence
and distribution would be advantageous for the management of aquatic communities.
Introduced Species
Monitoring of non-indigenous species generally focuses on outcome and results
monitoring in areas where active management is occurring. Standard operating
procedures have been developed for the control of introduced plants and although
currently no standard operating procedures are established for introduced animals,
many standardised methodologies, techniques and best practises are established.
Limited surveillance monitoring of introduced species in unmanaged areas of the park
occurs.
160
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Historic
The monitoring of historic heritage sites is limited to sites that are actively managed
within the park. Outcome monitoring, assessing the change in condition that has
occurred at the historic site is undertaken annually. This is used to evaluate whether
the management of the site is appropriate or whether deterioration or damage to the
historic site is occurring. Monitoring also assists in setting priorities and allocation of
resources through the business plans. Surveillance monitoring, if undertaken, would
also assist in managing historic resources in the park.
Recreation
Recreation monitoring provides information to assist in the management of the
increasing pressure of visitors on the park. Monitoring information will also
contribute in determining what is an acceptable level of impact. Standard operating
procedures have been developed for monitoring of visitors, and also for assessing the
access to, and safety of recreation sites and structures. Nationally, monitoring of
recreation is evolving from gathering information on visitor number and type
recreating on public conservation land, to assessing visitor satisfaction and evaluating
the success of management initiatives that seek to manage visitor impacts.
Within Te Urewera National Park, a more complete understanding of the range of
visitors recreating in the area, an evaluation of visitor preferences and satisfaction
levels, and determining how the impacts of visitors are best managed, are priorities for
visitor management.
10.2.1 Policy
10.2.1(a)
To undertake monitoring on heritage sites as appropriate, having regard to
national strategies and standard operating procedures.
Explanation: Standard operating procedures and national strategies are being used,
and will continue to be developed to guide the Department in result, outcome and
surveillance monitoring, in a manner that is nationally consistent but which recognises
the need to provide for regional and local circumstances. Historically the Department
has focused monitoring effort into outcome and results monitoring, and has tended to
focus information collection into areas where intensive management is occurring.
National direction will be required to balance this monitoring emphasis with
surveillance monitoring.
10.2.1(b)
To utilise current research and monitoring work being undertaken within the park,
both in contributing to national monitoring research, and in providing a valuable
contribution to management of the park by (including but not limited to):
i. making that information available to the national monitoring community and
interested parties;
ii. utilising information wherever possible to assist in decision making regarding
the management of the park;
iii. supporting the continuance of these initiatives in accordance with national
priorities.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
161
Explanation: Substantial monitoring and research work is being undertaken in the
park through the initiative of the ecosystem restoration projects. Other surveillance
work is also ongoing. Opportunities to maximise the benefit of these projects should
continue to be sought.
Concessions monitoring
Components of concession monitoring include monitoring the compliance of
concessionaires, the impact that concession activities may have on the environment,
and the extent to which the conditions attached to concessions are effective and
relevant in controlling adverse effects.
Guidelines, methodologies and best practise have been developed throughout the
country and a national strategy is being developed to achieve a co-ordinated and
systematic approach.
Regular compliance monitoring work should be undertaken. This is to determine that
businesses are not operating without necessary authorisation, and that authorised
concessionaires are operating in accordance with conditions established. Concession
monitoring should also assess the impacts that may occur on the park and determine
whether cumulative effects are occurring. Evaluating what level of effects may be
considered to be acceptable is problematic but valuable in preventing environmental
or capacity thresholds being breached.
Policy
10.2.1(c)
To monitor:
i. compliance of concessionaires;
ii. the impact that concession activities may have on the environment; and
iii. the extent to which the conditions attached to concessions are effective and
relevant;
in accordance with relevant national standards, established methodologies and best
practise, in a manner that has regard to the scale and type of concession activity
being monitored.
Explanation: The scale and type of activity that the concessionaire is undertaking and
the potential for adverse effects to arise, will determine the emphasis of monitoring
undertaken. Concessionaires are required to contribute to the cost of monitoring.
Refer to Section 9 Concessions Assessment.
162
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Suitability and effectiveness of policy
Monitoring suitability and effectiveness includes an evaluation of whether policy has
been appropriately developed and how policies are being implemented, the extent
that they influence the management of the park and whether they are effective and
relevant.
Conservation Boards have a statutory responsibility to consider and determine
priorities for the implementation of management plans for national parks and
to advise the Conservation Authority and Director General on the
implementation of conservation management strategies and conservation
management plans for areas within the jurisdiction of the Board (National Parks
Act 1980 S. 30 (1) (b) and Conservation Act 1987 S. 6 (M)(1) (c) respectively).
The Department and the Conservation Board have jointly undertaken this task in
accordance with a Standard Operating Procedure which has been developed to guide
the Department, and to identify Board responsibilities in fulfilling their functions in
accordance with S.6M (1)(c) Conservation Act.
The statutory function of the Board provides a valuable opportunity for an external
agency to assess the Department’s performance in implementing the plan and the
appropriateness of the policies themselves. This is particularly relevant where new
initiatives are being developed (such as helicopter landing sites), or where possible
adverse effects may emerge, triggering the requirement for an alternative
management regime (for example, if escalating impacts of lakeshore camping
occurs).
Policy
10.2.1(d)
To provide information and assistance to the East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservation
Board to enable the board to:
i. provide advice on the implementation of the national park management plan;
and
ii. consider and determine priorities for the implementation of the national park
management plan.
Explanation: Board advice on implementation may include an evaluation of the
effectiveness and relevance of the policies themselves. Advice may in some
circumstances contain reference to the need to review policy.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 30
Conservation Act 1987 S. 6M
Conservation Management Strategy Policy 3.3.10
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
163
10.3
REVIEW
The management plan will be amended or reviewed (in part or in whole) in
accordance with S. 46 – 48 of the National Parks Act 1980. The circumstances that a
review or amendment may be undertaken include:
·
amend or review when it is required to take account of increased knowledge or
changing circumstances (S. 46 (1) National Parks Act 1980);
·
review at intervals of not more than 10 years (S. 46 (3) National Parks Act 1980);
·
amendment initiated by the Director General, after consultation with the
Conservation Board (S. 17I (1) Conservation Act).
However, where the Director General and the Conservation Board consider that an
amendment will not materially affect the objectives or policies expressed in the plan or
the public interest in the area concerned, a simplified process as outlined in S.s 46 (4)(5) and 48 (1) – (4) will be followed.
The management plan must not derogate from the Conservation Management
Strategy and must not be inconsistent with the General Policy for National Parks.
During the 10 year term of this plan, the Conservation Management Strategy will be
reviewed and General Policy for National Parks may also be amended or reviewed.
This may therefore trigger a subsequent amendment or review of Te Urewera National
Park Management Plan.
Therefore amendment or review of Te Urewera National Park Management Plan will
occur in one or more of the following circumstances:
i.
when it is required to take account of increased knowledge or changing
circumstances;
ii.
when amendment has been initiated by the Director General following
consultation with the Conservation Board; and/or
iii.
within an interval of not more than 10 years.
These are the statutory circumstances when amendment or review should be initiated.
Changing circumstances may include for example amendment or review of the
Conservation Management Strategy or General Policy, a shift in the national direction
for conservation management, or where monitoring reveals that existing provisions in
the plan are no longer appropriate or in the case of treaty claim settlement.
LEGISLATION & POLICY
National Parks Act 1980 S. 46, 47, 48
Conservation Act 1987 S. 17 (I)
164
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Glossary
Aircraft
means any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere
from the reactions of the air otherwise than by the reactions of
the air against the surface of the earth (Civil Aviation Act
1990)
Amo
lower posts supporting maihi
Animal
means any mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish (including
shellfish) or related organism, insect, crustacean, or organism
of every kind; but does not include a human being (National
Parks Act S. 2)
Characean
aquatic plant of the family Characeae
Companion dog means a dog certified by the Top Dog Companion Trust as
being a companion dog or a dog under training as a
companion dog (National Parks Act 1980, S. 2)
Conservation Management Strategy
Where stated this refers to the East Coast Conservation Management
Strategy 1998 - 2008
Consultation involves the following:
- a genuine effort must be made to consult; it is not a mere
formality;
- sufficient time for consulting; it is more than prior notice of
a decision;
- the party being consulted must be given relevant and
sufficient information;
- proper consideration of responses from the party consulted,
i.e. an open mind, take notice of what is said and be prepared
to change and even start afresh;
- not obliged to consider irrelevant responses;
-not obliged to agree with responses.
Consulting
involves the statement of a proposal not yet finally decided
upon, listening to what others have to say, considering their
responses and then deciding what will be done.”
To consult with someone therefore is not merely to tell them
or present them with information or facts. Consultation is not
negotiation which has as its object, arriving at agreement
(although the tendency in consulting is to seek to arrive at
consensus). Nor is it partnership, persuading or providing a
veto to any group.
(Wellington International Airport Ltd v Air NZ and others CA
23/92).
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
165
Department
Department of Conservation
Domestic dogs
will be considered to include
registered animals that are currently domesticated under the
responsibility of an owner and kept in a controlled manner for the
purposes of pleasure (including but not limited to companionship
and hunting) or are necessary for some other reason such as a guide
dog or companion dog.
Game
means all animals [and game birds] for the time being specified in
the First Schedule of the Wildlife Act (Wildlife Act 1953)
General Policy
where stated this refers to General Policy for National Parks,
published for National Parks and Reserves Authority, New Zealand
by Department of Lands and Survey (1983). The General Policy for
National Parks was under review at the time of publication of this
plan.
Guide Dog
means a dog certified by the Royal New Zealand Foundation
for the Blind as being a guide dog or a dog under training as a
guide dog (National Parks Act S. 2)
Invasive weed
a weed that can significantly and adversely affect indigenous species
and communities including: genetic variation within species
(within and between populations); the survival of threatened
species or the quality or sustainability or natural communities. The
mere presence of exotic species in a natural area is not enough to
constitute an invasive weed problem. Whether a species is an
invasive weed depends on the nature and significance of its existing
or potential impacts (extract from Glossary of Owen, S.J. (1998))
Kai
food
Koruru
carved head piece of ancestor below tekoteko
Lakeshore anchoring
will be considered to be the temporary anchoring of any boat on
Lake Waikaremoana (other than at permanent recreational or
commercial mooring sites provided in Home Bay)
Lakeshore camping
will be considered to be any camping within 500 metres of the
shores of Lake Waikaremoana or Lake Waikareiti, in a site which is
not a designated camp site provided by the Department of
Conservation
166
Macrophyte
larger multi-celled aquatic plants (e.g. >10cm) with differentiation
of tissue to form distinct stems and leaves/pinnules. Includes
mosses, liverworts and true vascular aquatic plants such as oxygen
weed.
Marae
meeting area of whanau or iwi, focal point of settlement
Maihi
barge boards situated at front of meeting house
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Mining
means to take, win, or extract, by whatever means, a mineral
existing in its natural state in land, or a chemical substance
from that mineral, for the purpose of obtaining the mineral or
chemical substance; but does not include prospecting or
exploration; and “to mine” has a corresponding meaning
(Crown Minerals Act S. 2)
Oligotrophic
lake of low nutrient status, low algae productivity and with adequate
oxygen levels at all times
Poupou
ancestral carvings along walls of meeting house
Personal Water Craft
power driven ship that
(a) has a fully enclosed hull; and
(b)Does not take on water if capsized; and
(c )Is designed to be operated by a person standing, sitting
astride or kneeling on it, but not seated within it (Local
Government Act 1974 Navigational Bylaws section.)
Rohe
margin, territory
Rongoa
medicine, drug (medicinal) , antidote
Route
Generally unformed and lightly cut route catering for the most
experienced back-country visitor
Sports fish
means every species of freshwater fish that the GovernorGeneral may declare, by Order in Council, to be sports fish for
the purposes of this Act; and any such Order in Council may be
expressed to apply to freshwater fish in any specified
freshwater or other waters
(Conservation Act 1987 Section 2)
Tangata whenua in relation to a particular area, means the iwi, or hapu, that
holds mana whenua (customary authority exercised by an iwi
or hapu in an identified area) over that area (Resource
Management Act 1991)
people of a given place (Waitangi Tribunal Report Wai 27)
Taonga
treasure
Tekoteko
ancestral figurehead at apex of maihi
The Department Refers to the Department of Conservation (unless specified
otherwise)
The park
refers to Te Urewera National Park (unless specified otherwise)
Tukutuku
ornamental panels
Waahi Tapu
cemetery, reserved ground
Waka
canoe
Whakairo
carving, engraving
Whakapapa
genealogical lineage
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
167
Acronyms
168
a.s.l
above sea level
ERMA
Environmental Risk Management Authority New Zealand
GIS
Geographic Information System Reference
GPS
Global Positioning System
ICOMOS
International Committee of Monuments and Sites–New Zealand
Charter
NIWA
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
NPRA
National Parks and Reserves Authority
NZCA
New Zealand Conservation Authority
p.a
per annum
SH
State Highway
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
VAMP
Visitor Asset Management Programme
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Bibliography
Ainge, J.T. (1991) New Zealand Environmental Care Code
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Allen, R B; Payton, I J; Knowlton, J E. (1984) Effects of ungulates on structure and
species composition in the Urewera forests as shown by exclosures.
New Zealand Journal of Ecology 7 : 119 – 130.
Annon (1993) International Committee of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS),
New Zealand Charter for Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value Te
Mana O Nga Pouwnenua O te to.
The New Zealand National Committee of the International Council on Monuments and
Sites, Auckland
Arand, J. Stephens, T (1999) Measuring Conservation Management Projects:
Definitions, Principles and Guidelines.- Second Edition
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Atkinson, I A E. (1973) Spread of the ship rat (Rattus r. rattus L.)
New Zealand Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 3 (3): 457 – 472.
Beaven, B.M Harrison, A. Shaw, P. (Eds) (1999) Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem
Restoration Project. Te Urewera National Park Annual Report July 1997 –
June 1998.
Department of Conservation, Gisborne
Beaven, B. Burns, R. Harrison, A. Shaw, P. (2000) Northern Te Urewera Ecosystem
Restoration Project. Te Urewera National Park Annual Report July 1998 –
June 1999.
Department of Conservation, Gisborne
Beggs, J R and Wilson P R (1991) The kaka (Nestor meridionalis), a New Zealand
Parrot endangered by introduced wasps and mammals.
Biological Conservation 56: 23 – 28
Bellingham, P. Wiser, S. Coomes, D. & Dunningham, A (2000) Review of permanent
plots for long-term monitoring of New Zealand’s indigenous forests. Science
for Conservation 151
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Berry J J. (1999) European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L.) and their
significance to the ecological restoration of Boundary Stream Mainland Island,
Hawke’s Bay.
A thesis submitted as part fulfilment for the degree of Master of Conservation Science,
Victoria University of Wellington.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
169
Bremner, A G; Butcher, C F; Patterson, G B. (1984) The density of indigenous
invertebrates on three islands in Breaksea Sound, Fiordland in relation to the
distribution of introduced mammals.
Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 14 (4): 379 – 386.
Brockie R (1992) A living New Zealand forest: a community of plants and
animals.
David Bateman Ltd. Auckland, New Zealand.
Campbell, D J (1978) The effect of rats on vegetation. IN The ecology and control of
rodents in New Zealand Nature Reserves. P R Dingwall, I A E Atkinson, C Hay
(Editor). Information series No. 4
Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.
Department of Conservation (1992) Visitor Monitoring Manual, methods to count,
record and analyse information about visitor numbers
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1993) East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy Historic
Protection Plan (revised annually)
Unpublished Information
Department of Conservation (1994) Historic Resources Strategy 1994 – 2004
Department of Conservation, Gisborne
Department of Conservation (1994) National Opossum Control Plan 1993 – 2002
A strategy for the sustained protection of native plant and animal communities
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1995) Historic Resources Strategy
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1995) National Feral Goat Control Plan 1994 –
2003 A strategy for the sustained protection of native plant and animal
communities
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1996) Collecting of Plant or Animal or Soil Samples
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1996) Visitor Strategy
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1997) Commercial Filming on Conservation Land
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1997) Kaupapa Atawhai Strategy
Department of Conservation, Wellington
170
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Department of Conservation (1998) East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy
Conservation Management Strategy
Department of Conservation, Gisborne
Department of Conservation (1998) Fire Control, Operations, Procedures and
Guidelines. A Resource for Implementing Best Practise in Fire Control
Management
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1998) Preventative Aquatic Weed Management
Strategy for Lakes Waikaremoana and Waikareiti, Te Urewera National Park.
Technical Support, East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy with information
provided by BT Coffey and Associates Limited.
Department of Conservation (1998) Visitor Monitoring Plan
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1999) CMS Implementation Advice Sop: Providing
advice on the implementation of Conservation Management Strategies and
Plans under section 6-M (c) of the Conservation Act 1987.
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1999) Concession Processing
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1999) Ongoing Visitor Structure Inspection
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1999) Standard Operating Procedure for the
Assessment of State Area Fire Safety Margins
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (1999) Weeds Surveillance
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (2000) Draft Aniwaniwa Area Office Collections
Policy for Aniwaniwa Museum
East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy Unpublished Report
Department of Conservation (2000) Draft Museum Procedures Manual for
Aniwaniwa Museum
East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy Unpublished Report
Department of Conservation (2000) East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy Fire Plan
Department of Conservation, Gisborne
Department of Conservation (2000) East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy
Invasive Weeds Management Strategy 2000 - 2010
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
171
Department of Conservation (2000) East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy
Recreation Strategy
Unpublished Report
Department of Conservation (2000) Visitor Asset Management Systems (VAMS)
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (2000) Weed Control Monitoring
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (2000) Weeds Control Plan
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (2001) Department of Conservation’s Policy
Statement on Deer Control
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Department of Conservation (2001) East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy Wilding
Pine Strategy
Unpublished paper
Department of Conservation and Building Industry Authority (2001) Draft Means of
Compliance with the New Zealand Building Code
Unpublished Report
Department of Conservation and New Zealand Defence Force (1990) Defence
Training Agreement
Department of Lands and Survey (1983) Land of the Mist – The Story of Urewera
National Park
Department of Lands and Survey and New Zealand Forest Service (1983) Wilderness Policy
Department of Lands and Survey and New Zealand Forest Service, Wellington
Diamond, J.M. Veitch, C.R (1981) Extinction’s and Introductions in the New
Zealand Avifauna: Cause and Effect?
Science 211: 499 – 501
Dingwall, P R; Atkinson, I A E; Hay C. (1978) The ecology and control of rodents in
New Zealand nature reserves. Information Series No. 4.
Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.
Elliott G and O’Donnell C (1988) Recent decline in yellowhead populations.
Science and Research internal report 29
Department of Conservation Wellington, New Zealand.
Field, B.D Uruski, C.I and other (1997) Cretaceous – Cenozoic Geology and
Petroleum Systems of the East Coast Region, New Zealand. Institute of
Geological and Nuclear Sciences Monograph 19
Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited Lower Hutt.
172
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Fish and Game New Zealand (2000) Draft Sports Fish and Game Bird Management
Plan - Eastern Region
Fish and Game New Zealand, Rotorua
Gallen, R. North A (1977) Waikaremoana – a brief history of the Lakes of the
Urewera National Park
Te Urewera National Parks Board
Howard-Williams, C; Vincent, W F; Davies, J; Law, K D. (1981) Plant ecology of Lake
Waikaremoana – II. Unpublished report, Ecology Division File 27/T/39.
Freshwater Section, Ecology Division; DSIR, Taupo.
Howard-Williams, C; Downs, M T, W F; Davies, J; Law, K D. (1982) Plant ecology of
Lake Waikaremoana – IV. Unpublished report, Ecology Division File 27/T/52.
Freshwater Section, Ecology Division; DSIR, Taupo.
Howard-Williams, C; Law, K; Vincent, C L; Davies, J; Vincent, W F. (1986a) Limnology
of Lake Waikaremoana with special reference to littoral, and pelagic primary
producers.
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 20 (4): 583 – 597.
Howard-Williams, C; Davies, J; Vincent, W F. (1986b) Horizontal and vertical
variability in the distribution of aquatic macrophytes in Lake Waikaremoana.
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 20 (4): 55 – 65.
Jane, G. (1978) The impact of wild animals on the forests of the southern
Urewera.
New Zealand Forest Service, Rotorua. Unpublished report
King C M (1984) Immigrant Killers: Introduced predators and the conservation
of birds in New Zealand.
Oxford University Press, Auckland.
King C. (1990) The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals.
Oxford University Press, Auckland.
Leigh, G S. (1978) Lake Waikareiti – a preliminary survey. Cyclostyled report.
Department of Biological Sciences, Waikato University.
Lynch, I.T (1998) Monitoring Resource Management Performance
Planning Quarterly September : 5 – 9, 26.
Matunga, H. (1995) Maori Recreation and Conservation Estate
Centre for Maori Studies and Research Information Paper No. 6
McEwen, M.W. (1987) Ecological Regions and Districts of New Zealand Third
Edition; Biological Resources Centre publication No. 5 Wellington. Department of
Conservation.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
173
Meads, M J; Walker, K J; Elliott, G P. (1984) Status, conservation and management
of the land snails of the genus Powelliplanta (Molusca: Polmonata).
New Zealand Journal of Zoology (11): 277 – 306.
Ministry for the Environment (1996) The Monitoring Guide. A Practitioners Guide
to Section 35 of the Resource Management Act 1991.
Molloy, J. and Davies, A. (1994) Setting Priorities for the Conservation of New
Zealand Threatened Plants and Animals. Collated by Tisdall
Department of Conservation, Wellington
Moors, P J. (1983) Predation by mustelids and rodents on the eggs and chicks of
native and introduced birds in Kowhai Bush, New Zealand. Wildlife Service
Publication No. 266
Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.
Museums Association of Aotaeroa New Zealand Te Ropu Hanga Kaupapa Taonga
Incorporated (1994) Code of Ethics and Guide to Professional Practise. For
Governing Bodies of Museums and Museum Staff.
Museums Association of Aotaeroa New Zealand Te Ropu Hanga Kaupapa Taonga
Incorporated
National Parks and Reserves Authority New Zealand (1983) General Policy for
National Parks
Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington
National Rural Fire Authority (1991) Revised 2001 Rural Fire Management Code of
Practise
National Rural Fire Authority
New Zealand Conservation Authority (1997) Maori Customary Use of Native Birds,
Plants and Other Traditional Materials. Interim Report and Discussion Paper
Department of Conservation, Wellington
New Zealand Fish and Game Council and Department of Conservation (1996)
Memorandum of Understanding Between the Department of Conservation
(Head Office) and the New Zealand Fish and Game Council
Unpublished Paper
O’Donnell C F J (1996) Predators and the decline of New Zealand forest birds:
and introduction to the hole-nesting bird and predator programme.
New Zealand Journal of Zoology 23 : 213 - 219
Owen, S.J. (1997) Department of Conservation Strategic Plan for Managing
Invasive Weeds
Department of Conservation, Wellington
174
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Ramsay, G W. (1978) A review of the effect of rodents on the New Zealand
invertebrate fauna. IN The ecology and control of rodents in New Zealand nature
reserves. P R Dingwall, I A E Atkinson, C Hay (Editors). Information Series No.
4.
Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.
Shaw, D J. (1986) Wildlife conservation. Urewera/Raukumara Planning Study.
Department of Lands and Survey and New Zealand Forest Service. Unpublished
report.
Shaw, W.B. (1986) Botanical conservation assessment. Urewera/Raukumara
Planning Study.
Department of Lands and Survey and New Zealand Forest Service
Unpublished report
Stokes, E. Milroy, J.W. Melbourne, H (1985) Te Urewera Te Whenua Nga Iwi te
Ngahere. People, Lands and Forests of the Urewera
University of Waikato (unpublished)
Te Puni Kokiri (1998) Review of the Department of Conservation Te Papa
Atawhai Service Delivery to Maori
Te Puni Kokiri – Aroturuki ne te Arotakenga (Monitoring and Evaluation Branch)
Thompson, B.N Braithwaite, R.L Christie, A.B (1995) Mineral Wealth of New
Zealand. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Information Series 33
Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, Lower Hutt
Vincent, W F; Howard-Williams, C; Davies, J; Law, K. (1980) Plant Ecology of Lake
Waikaremoana. Unpublished report, held Ecology Division File 27/T/32,
Freshwater Section, Ecology Division, DSIR, Taupo.
Waitangi Tribunal Report (1991) Ngai Tahu Report (Wai 27)
Whittaker, A H. (1978) The effects of rodents on reptiles and amphibians. IN The
ecology and control of rodents in New Zealand nature reserves. . P R Dingwall,
I A E Atkinson, C Hay (Editors). Information Series No. 4.
Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.
Williams, M.J. (Chairman), K.E. Westerskov,K.E. Johnson, W.B (Game bird Research
Review Sub-committee) (1983) Game bird research in New Zealand : a report
Wildlife Research Liaison Group, Wellington, N.Z.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
175
STATUTES REFERRED TO
Antiquities Act 1975
Biosecurity Act 1993
Building Act 1991
Civil Aviation Act 1990
Civil Defence Act 1983
Conservation Act 1987
Crown Minerals Act 1991
Fire Service Act 1975
Fisheries Act 1983
Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977
Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996
Historic Places Act 1993
Land Act 1948
Land Transport Act 1993
Local Government Act 1974
National Parks Act 1980
New Zealand Walkways Act 1990
Public Works Act 1981
Resource Management Act 1991
Surveys Act 1986
Transit New Zealand Act 1989
Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992
Wild Animal Control Act 1977
Wildlife Act 1953
REGULATIONS REFERRED TO
Fisheries (Amateur Fishing) Regulations 1986
Forest and Rural Fires Regulations 1979
Freshwater Fisheries Regulations 1983
Freshwater Fisheries Regulations 1993
Pesticides (Vertebrate Pest Control) Regulations 1983
Water Recreation Regulations 1979
Whitebait Fishing Regulations 1994
176
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Appendix 1
The Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi
The New Zealand Court of Appeal has determined that the Department’s obligations
to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi1 includes notions of
reasonableness, awareness of other Treaty partner’s views, willingness to
accommodate those views, fairness and good faith. As the Court of Appeal has stated:
“It is the principles of the Treaty which are to be applied, not the literal words." The
Privy Council has characterised the principles as dynamic: “They reflect the intent of
the Treaty as a whole and include, but are not confined to, the express terms of the
Treaty … with the passage of time the principles which underlie the Treaty have
become much more important than its precise terms." The principles are still evolving
through pronouncements of the Courts and the Waitangi Tribunal. In general terms,
the principles are as follows2:
THE ESSENTIAL BARGAIN
Principle 1 – Kawanatanga
To recognise the Crown’s authority to make laws for the good order and security of the
country3.
Principle 2 - Rangatiratanga
To recognise the right of Maori to exercise iwi authority and control over their own
land resources and taonga.
Principle 3 - Oritetanga
To recognise the rights of Maori and non-Maori alike to equality of treatment and
privileges of citizenship.
Principle 4 - Kaitiakitanga
The right of Maori to undertake their duty of Kaitiakitanga (guardianship) over their
land, resources and taonga.
1
NZ Maori Council v Attorney General (1987) 1 NZLR 641
2
Kaupapa Atawhai Strategy 1996
3
This will not include conservation-related purposes
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
177
CO – OPERATION
Principle 5 - Whakawhanaungatanga
To act reasonably and in good faith.
DUTY TO BE INFORMED
Principle 6 – He here kai mohio
To make informed decisions.
ACTIVE PROTECTION
Principle 7 – Tautiaki ngangahau
Where appropriate and to the fullest extent practicable, to take active steps to protect
Maori interests.
AVOID PREJUDICIAL ACTIONS
Principle 8 – Whakatika i te mea he
To avoid action which could create new Treaty grievances.
Principle 9 – Whakatika i te mea he
To avoid actions which would prevent the redress of claims.
178
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Appendix Two
COMMON AND ASSOCIATED SCIENTIFIC NAMES
OF FAUNA MENTIONED IN THE TEXT
(EXCLUDING INVERTEBRATES)
*denotes exotic species
Banded kokopu
Galaxias fasciatus
Korimako
Bellbird
Anthornis melanura
Taiko
Black petrel
Procellaria parkinsoni
Black swan
Cygnus atratus
Whio
Blue duck
Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos
Kokopu
Blue-gilled bully
Gobiomorphus hubbsi
Brown kiwi
Apteryx australis mantelli
Brown teal
Anas chlorotis
Brown trout*
Salmo trutta
Bush wren
Xenicus longipes
Canada goose*
Branta canadensis
Cat*
Felis catus
Cattle*
Bos taurus
Chukar*
Alectoris graeca chukar
Toitoi, Kokopu
Common bully
Gobiomorphus cotidianus
Mako Karariki
Common gecko
Hoplodactylus maculatus
Mokomoko
Common skink
Oligosoma nigreplantare polychroma
Koeaea
Common smelt
Retropinna retropinna
Kokopu
Cran’s bully
Gobiomorphus basalis
Dog*
Canis familiaris
Dwarf galaxis
Galaxias divergens
Karearea
Falcon (New Zealand)
Falco novaeseelandiae
Matata
Fernbird
Bowdleria vealeae
Ferret*
Mustela furo
Goat*
Capra hircus
Grey duck
Anas superciliosa
Hare*
Lepus europaeus occidentalis
Hedgehog*
Erinaceus europaeus occidentalis
Pateke
Matuhi
Karakahia
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
179
Pepepe
Hochstetter’s frog
Leiopelma hochstetteri
Kaka
Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis
Kereru
Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
Kiore (Polynesian rat)
Rattus exulans
Koaro
Galaxias brevipinnis
Kokako
Callaeas cinerea wilsoni
Tuna
Long-finned eel
Anguilla dieffenbachii
Pekapeka
Long tailed bat
Chalinolobus tuberculatus
Parera
Mallard duck
Anas platyrhynchos
Ruru
Morepork
Ninox novaeseelandiae
Korure
Mottled petrel
Pterodroma inexpectata
Mouse*
Mus musculus
New Zealand scaup
Aythya novaeseelandiae
Papango
New Zealand shoveler
(Spoonbill)
Anas rhynchotis variegata
Norwegian rat (brown rat)* Rattus norvegicus
Putangitangi
Paradise shelduck
Tadorna/Casarca variegata
Partridge*
Perdix perdix
Partridge (red-legged)*
Alectoris rufa rufa
Pheasant*
Phasianus sp.
Pig*
Sus scrofa
Piopio
Turnagra capensis tanagra
Possum*
Trichosurus vulpecula
Pukeko
Porphyrio melanotus
Quail
Australian quail
Kakariki
Titipounamu
180
- brown quail*
Synoicus ypsilophorus
Californian quail*
Lophortyx californica
Virginian quail*
Colinus virginianus
Rabbit*
Oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus
Rainbow trout*
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Red crowned parakeet
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae
Red deer*
Cervus elaphus scoticus
Red-finned bully
Gobiomorphus huttoni
Rifleman
Acanthisitta chloris
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Pitoitoi
Tuna
Pekapeka
Kakariki
Robin
Petroica australis longipes
Rusa deer*
Cervus timorensis
Sambar deer*
Cervus unicolor
Sheep*
Ovis aries
Ship rat (black rat)*
Rattus rattus
Short-finned eel
Anguilla australis
Short-jawed kokopu
Galaxias postvectis
Short tailed bat
Mystacina tuberculata tuberculata
Stoat*
Mustela erminea
Torrentfish
Cheimarrichthys fosteri
Tui
Prosthemadera novaeseelandica
Weasel*
Mustela nivalis
Weka
Gallirallus australis
Yellow crowned parakeet Cyanoramphus auriceps auriceps
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
181
COMMON AND ASSOCIATED SCIENTIFIC NAMES
OF FLORA MENTIONED IN THE TEXT
*denotes exotic species
182
Banana passionfruit*
Passiflora mollissima
Blackberry*
Rubus fruticosus
Buddleia *
Buddleia davidii
Contorta pine*
Pinus contorta
Cotoneaster*
Cotoneaster sp.
Curly pondweed*
Potamogeton crispus
Douglas fir*
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Egeria*
Egeria densa
Elodea*
Elodea canadensis
Tree fuchsia
Fuchsia excorticata
Hard beech
Nothofagus truncata
Haumakaroa
Pseudopanax simplex
Hornwort*
Ceratophyllum demersum
Hupiro
Coprosma foetidissima
Hydrilla*
Hydrilla verticillata
Ivy*
Hedera helix
Japanese honeysuckle*
Lonicera japonica
Kahikatea
Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
Kaikawaka
Libocedrus bidwilli
Kakabeak
Clianthus maximus
Kamahi
Weinmannia racemosa
Kawakawa
Macropiper excelsum var. excelsum
Kohekohe
Dysoxylum spectabile
Kowhai ngutu-kaka
Clianthus maximus
Lagarosiphon*
Lagarosiphon major
Leatherwood
Olearia colensoi
Mahoe
Melicytus ramiflorus ssp. ramiflorus
Matai
Prumnopitys taxifolia
Miro
P. ferruginea
Montbretia*
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora
Mountain beech
Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Nikau
Rhopalostylis sapida
Old man’s beard*
Clematis vitalba
Pampas grass
Cortaderia selloana, C. .jubata
Pepperwood
Pseudowintera axillaris
Pseudowintera colorata
Pink pine*
Pinus radiata
Pukatea
Laurelia novae-zealandiae
Radiata pine
Pinus radiata
Ragwort
Senecio jacobaea
Rata (Northern)
Metrosideros robusta
Raupo
Typha orientalis
Red beech
Nothofagus fucsa
Rewarewa
Knightia excelsa
Rimu
Dacrydium cupressinium
Silver beech
Nothofagus menziesii
Silver pine
Lagarostrobus colensoi
Spanish heath*
Erica lusitanica
Tangle fern
Gleichenia dicarpa
Tawa
Beilschmiedia tawa
Tawari
Ixerba brexioides
Water buttercup*
Ranunculus trichophyllus
Willows*
Salix species
Wire rush
Empodisma minus
Wood rose
Dactylanthus taylorii
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
183
Appendix 3
SIGNIFICANT PLANT SPECIES FOUND IN
TE UREWERA NATIONAL PARK
(W. B. Shaw, 1986)
Rare plants found in Te Urewera National Park
Clianthus maximus (Kowhai ngutu-kaka)
Tupeia antarctica (mistletoe)
Myosotis petiolata var. pottisiana (native forget-me-not)
M. saxosa (incl. M. amabilis) (native forget-me-not)
Peraxilla colensoi (korukou)
P. tetrapetala, Alepis flavida (mistletoes)
Urtica linearifolia (creeping nettle)
Dactylamthus taylorii
Plants that Reach a Distributional Limit in Te Urewera
National Park
Bulbinella hookeri (Maori Onion)
northern limit
Brachyglottis lagopus (native daisy) northern limit
Coprosma aspthulata (hukihuki)
northern limit
Epacris alpina (nehenehe)
southern limit
Libocedrus plumosa (kawaka)
eastern limit
Plants with a Very Localised Distribution in Te Urewera
National Park
(i.e. restricted to one or a few small colonies and therefore vulnerable to local
extinction)
Anisotome aromatica (kopoti)
Asplenium trichomanes (maidenhair spleenwort)
Baumea huttonii (native sedge)
Brachyglottis laopus (native daisy)
B. rotundifolia var. (Senecio eleagnifolius) (Shrub daisy)
B. sp. (Senecio kirkii s.s.) (kahurangi)
Carmichaelia odorata (B.sp.) (Senecio kirkii s.s.)
Celmisia gracilenta (native daisy)
184
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
C. spectabilis var. spectabilis x Olearia arborescens (hybrid daisy)
Cheilanthes sieberi (slender rock-fern)
Coprosma depressa (creeping coprosma)
Coriaria arborea x C. kingiana (tutu)
Corokia cotoneaster (korokio)
Dichondra sp. (unnamed sp. C.f. D. brevifolia) (dichondra)
Doodia media subsp. Australis (pukupuku)
Epacris alpina (nehenehe)
Ileostylus micrantha (pirita)
Libertia ixioides (native iris)
Libocedrus plumsoa (kawaka)
Myosotis petiolata var. pottisiana (native forget-me-not)
M. saxosa (incl. M. amabilis) (native forget-me-not)
M. venosa (native forget-me-not)
Olearia capillaris (shrub daisy)
O. ilicifolia (hakeke, kakekehe, kotaratura)
O. arborescens x O. capillaris (hybrid daisy)
O. arborescens x O. ilicifolia (hybrid daisy)
Orthoceras strictum (ikaika)
Pelargonium inodorum (kopata)
Peperomia urvilleana
Peraxilla colensoi (korukou)
P. tetrapetala (pirirangi)
Pilularia novae-zelandiae
Ranunculus insignis (korikori)
Ranunculus sp. (unnamed) (kopukupuku)
Rorippa palustris (marsh cress)
Rumex flexuosus (runa)
Schizaea sp. (c.f. S. australis and S. fistulosa) (comb fern)
Scipus nodosus (club edge)
Triglochin striatum (arrow grass)
Tupeia antarctica (kouorangi)
Uncina divaricata (matau) (hooked sedge)
Urtica linearifolia (creeping nettle)
This checklist should be considered a working list, i.e. it is not fixed and
immutable. As further information comes to hand some species may be deleted
from the list while others may be added.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
185
Appendix 4
HELICOPTER LANDING SITES IN TE UREWERA
NATIONAL PARK
The areas in bold type indicate that the landing site shall be open for the roar
season only (15 March– 30 April)
186
AREA
GRID REF
GIS REF
GIS REF
Blue Tarp
W18 507 589
2851800
6313600
Blue Slip Camp
V18 429 608
2842900
6260800
Bottom Manganuioho Pad (Pig Hunters) W18 492 555
2849200
6255500
Casino Bivy
W16 518 136
2851800
6313600
Central Waiau Hut
V18 443 635
2843300
6263500
Clearing Motuhouhi
W17 651 880
2865100
6288000
Clearing Upper Wairuaiti
W17 529 896
2852900
6289600
Clearing Upper Whenuakite
V17 453 931
2845300
6293100
Duckville Hut
V17 489 084
2848900
6308400
Hanamahihi Hut
W17 556 005
2855600
6300500
Hukitawa Stream Clearing
V18 442 719
2844200
6271900
Kaitawa Stream
W17 519 995
2851800
6299300
Kanohirua Hut
W17 604 811
2860400
6281100
Koaunui Hut
W17 754 094
2875400
6309400
Kotukutuku Stream Clearing
V17 463 882
2846300
6288200
Lances Camp
W17 654 097
2865400
6309700
Lower Te Waiotukapiti Str
V18 456 588
2845600
6258800
Makomako Hut
W17 699 881
2869900
6288100
Manapouri Hut
V17 440 893
2844000
6289300
Mangahoanga Camp
W16 533 263
2853300
6326300
Mangamako Hut
V17 488 138
2848800
6313800
Mangatoatoa Hut
W17 734 888
2873400
6288800
Mangawhero Hut
V17 454 011
2845400
6301100
Mangawhero Stream
V17 474 009
2847400
6300900
Matawhero Clearing
W17 525 961
2852500
6296100
Midway Hut
V17 462 969
2846200
6296900
Ngaheramai Hut
W17 570 935
2857000
6293500
Ohane Hut
W17 624 037
2862400
6303700
Ohora Hut
W16 614 131
2861358
6313051
Onepu Hut
W16 655 121
2865500
6312100
Otanetea Hut
W17 636 934
2863600
6293400
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
Otanetea Stream
W17 625 912
2862500
6291200
Otane Bivy
W17 742 982
2874200
6298200
Otapukawa Hut
W17 724 038
2872400
6303800
Pakiaka Hut
V18 451 661
2845100
6266100
Pukekohu Heli Pad
W18 506 646
2850600
6264600
Puketapu Bivvy
W17 627 896
2862700
6289600
Raropo Stm Headwaters
V17 499 949
2849900
6294900
Right Branch Hut
W17 522 026
2852200
6302600
Rimu Pad
W18 528 598
2852800
6259800
Rocky Pad
W18 524 620
2852400
6262000
Sid’s Bivvy
V18 448 575
2844800
6257500
Takarua Hut
W17 596 948
2859600
6294800
Tataweka Hut
W17 782 964
2878200
6296400
Tauranga River
W17 703 933
2870300
6296400
Taurawharona Hut
W17 666 906
2866600
6290600
Te Awamate Stream
W17 658 011
2865800
6301100
Te Hue Clearing
W17 602 867
2860200
6286700
Te Panaa Hut
W17 678 967
2867800
6296700
Te Pohue Ridge Clearing
W17 541 894
2854100
6289400
Te Pua Hut
W17 708 956
2870800
6295600
Te Taro Stream
W17 645 033
2864500
6303300
Te Totara Forks
V18 484 667
2848400
6266700
Te Totara Hut
V18 466 677
2846600
6267700
Te Waiotukapiti Hut
V18 448 587
2844800
6258700
Twain Bivvy
W16 557 207
2855700
6320700
Twain Heads
W16 542 215
2854200
6321500
Upper Hanamahihi S/bridge
W17 555 970
2855500
6297000
Upper Right Branch Forks
W17 517 058
2851700
6305800
Upper Wairoa Stm Clr
V18 403 647
2840300
6264700
Uruwaea Stream
W17 728 908
2872800
6290800
Waiawa Hut
W17 627 852
2862700
6285200
Waihua Hut
W16 503 178
2850300
6317800
Waihua Stream
W16 533 172
2853300
6317200
Waikare Junction Hut
W17 596 047
2849500
6304700
Waikokopu Bivy
W16 519 216
2851900
6321600
Wairoa Stream Gorge
V18 430 658
2843000
6265800
Whakataka Hut
W18 580 714
2858000
6271400
Whakatatara
W17 653 965
2865300
6296500
Wharekahika Hut
W16 633 203
2863300
6320300
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
187
Appendix 5
Te Urewera National Park Bylaws 1981
Please note that these bylaws will be subject to changes during the duration of this
management plan. Please contact the Department for the most up-to-date bylaws.
SR 1981/70
INDEX
Gazette 2000—
p 1281
SR 1996/363—
SR 1985/338—
Change of Name of the Urewera National Park:
Amendment No 2
Amendment No 1
PURSUANT to section 56 of the National Parks Act 1980, the Minister of Lands hereby
makes the following bylaws.
CONTENTS
1
2
3
4
5
5A
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Title and commencement
Interpretation
Pollution of parks
Disposal of refuse
Camping
Conditions on access to certain places
Camping site charges
Use of park huts
Fires
Vehicles
Parking of vehicles
Aircraft
Competitive sports
Use of spotlight for hunting prohibited
Portable generators
Public address systems
Offences
Penalties
Proceedings under Acts in respect of offences
SCHEDULE
CAMPING SITE CHARGES
188
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
BYLAWS
1
(1)
(2)
Hist. cl.1(1):
Title and commencement
These bylaws may be cited as [Te Urewera National Park] Bylaws 1981.
These bylaws shall come into force on the 1st day of April 1981.
Name “Te Urewera National Park” renamed from “the Urewera National
Park” as from 3 April 2000 by Gazette 2000, p 1281.
2
Interpretation
In these bylaws, unless the context otherwise requires,—
The Act
means the National Parks Act 1980:
Aerodrome means an aerodrome licensed under the Civil Aviation Regulations 1953;
and includes any place which is within the park and which is authorised
under those regulations for use as an aerodrome:
[Camp
includes staying overnight in any vehicle or boat:]
[Camping site
means any area that has been appropriated as a camping site under section
49(1)(d) of the Act or under section 28(1)(i) of the National Parks Act
1952:]
Hut
means a hut, hostel, or other building owned by the Department and
available for public accommodation in the park:
Hut warden means an officer or employee of the Department bearing a written
authorisation from the Commissioner empowering him to supervise the
activities relating to any hut or huts in the park:
[Lake Waikaremoana track
means the Lake Waikaremoana track as defined on a map held at the East
Coast conservancy office of the Department of Conservation at Gisborne:]
Official notice
means a conspicuous notice publicly displayed containing instructions or
directions as to conduct in the park:
Park
means [Te Urewera National Park]:
Road
includes all tracks formed for the use of vehicles and all bridges, culverts,
and fords forming part of any road.
Other expressions defined in the Act have the meanings so defined.
Hist. “Camp”: Definition revoked and inserted on 2 January 1997 by SR 1996/363/2(1) &
(2). The revoked definition is listed below for reference.
“Camp”
includes staying overnight in any vehicle:
Hist. “Camping site”:
Definition revoked and inserted on 2 January 1997 by SR 1996/363/2(1) &
(2). The revoked definition is listed below for reference.
“ ‘Camping site’
means any area that has been appropriated as a camping site under section
49(d) of the Act or under section 28(1)(i) of the National Parks Act 1952:”
Hist. “Park”: Name “Te Urewera National Park” renamed from “the Urewera National
Park”as from 3 April 2000 by Gazette 2000, p 1281.
Hist. “Lake Waikaremoana track”:
Definition inserted on 2 January 1997 by SR 1996/363/2(2).
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
189
3 Pollution of parks
No person shall—
(a)
Wilfully or carelessly pollute in any manner the waters of the park; or
(b)
Wilfully or carelessly spill or cause to be spilled any petrol, oil, or similar substance
in the park.
4
Disposal of refuse
No person shall—
(a)
Leave any object or substance introduced into the park by him, or introduced into
the park and in his possession, in any part of the park other than in a suitable litter
receptacle provided in the park; or
(b)
Bury any refuse in the park.
5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
[5A
(1)
(2)
Hist.
Camping
No person shall, without the prior permission of a ranger or officer or employee
of the Department, camp in the park within 200 metres of a formed road.
Every person who camps on a camping site in the park shall observe any
direction—
(a) Which is—
(i) given to him by a ranger or officer or employee of the Department; or
(ii) brought to his attention by an official notice; and
(b) Which relates to the part or parts of the camping site that may be used for
camping (including a direction that prohibits camping on any part or parts of the
camping site).
Every person who camps in the park, whether on a camping site or otherwise,
shall leave the area on which he camps clean and tidy after use.
No person shall camp in the park for more than 14 consecutive days without the
consent of a ranger or officer of the Department.
Conditions on access to certain places
Any person may have access to—
(a) The Lake Waikaremoana track and all land within 500 metres on either side
of that track:
(b) The area within 100 metres radius of any hut:
(c) Any emergency shelter—
subject to the conditions in subclause (2) of this bylaw.
No person shall camp in any place or part of any place listed in subclause (1) of
this bylaw unless—
(a) That place or that part of the place is a camping site; or
(b) That place is an emergency shelter and that person is camping in that shelter
in an emergency.]
cl.5A inserted on 2 January 1997 by SR 1996/363/3.
6
Camping site charges
Revoked.
Hist. cl.6 revoked on 2 January 1997 by SR 1996/363/5(1). The revoked cl.6 is listed
below for reference.
"6 Camping site charges
Every person who uses the camping site at Home Bay, Waikaremoana shall pay to the
Department the charges set out in the Schedule to these bylaws.”
190
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
7
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
8
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Use of park huts
Except in an emergency, no person shall use any one hut for more than 2
successive nights without the prior consent of a ranger or officer or employee of
the Department.
Every person who uses a hut shall leave it in a clean and tidy condition after use.
No person shall remain in any hut after he has been directed to leave by a ranger
or hut warden on the grounds that he has acted in a manner likely to offend or
annoy other people, or has damaged or appears likely to cause damage to a hut.
No person shall cause or allow any dog for which he is responsible to enter or be
under any hut.
Fires
No person shall light within the park any fire (other than a fire fuelled by gas or
vaporised petrol, oil, or similar substance) within 200 metres of any formed road
unless the fire is in a camping site or in a permanently constructed fireplace.
No person shall light a fire within the park in circumstances where it is likely to
present a fire hazard.
No person shall light a fire within the park (except in a permanently constructed
fireplace) within 3 metres of any tree or dry vegetation.
Every person who lights a fire within the park shall keep that fire continuously
under supervision until it is completely extinguished.
No person shall drop, throw, or otherwise place in any combustible material any
match, lighted cigarette, or other lighted matter, except for the purpose of
lighting a fire as permitted by these bylaws.
Nothing in this bylaw shall exempt any person from the requirement to obtain an
authority or permit to light a fire in the open air within the park pursuant to
sections 23 and 24 of the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977 or any other
requirement of that Act and any regulations made or fire control measures taken
under the authority of that Act.
9 Vehicles
(1)
Except in an emergency or where the Commissioner considers it necessary for the
proper and beneficial management, administration, and control of the park, no
person shall drive a vehicle or permit a vehicle under his control to remain in any
part of the park that is not a formed road or camping site or has not been
appropriated as a parking place under the Act.
(2)
No person shall drive a vehicle on a formed road (not being a public road) within
the park—
(a) If the vehicle is of a class excluded by an official notice from that formed
road; or
(b) If the vehicle is not currently registered or does not display a current warrant
of fitness; or
(c) If the driver does not hold a current driver’s licence for the particular class of
vehicle being driven.
(3)
Nothing in this bylaw shall apply to any person who is operating a vehicle in
accordance with an express authorisation in any lease or licence granted under
any of sections 49 to 51 of the Act or any easement granted under section 54 of
the Act.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
191
10
Parking of vehicles
The driver of any vehicle shall ensure—
(a)
That it is parked in accordance with the directions of any ranger or officer or
employee of the Department, or the directions contained in any official notice; or
(b)
Where no such directions are given, that it is parked in a safe and considerate
manner and position.
11 Aircraft
(1)
Except in an emergency or where authorised by a licence or permit issued under
the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 or where the Commissioner considers it
necessary for the proper and beneficial management, administration, and control
of the park—
(a) No aircraft shall land at or take off from any place within the park that is not
an aerodrome:
(b) No aircraft shall hover over any part of the park.
(2)
The pilot in command of an aircraft which flies in contravention of, or fails to
comply with, subclause (1) of this bylaw commits an offence against these bylaws.
(3)
The Commissioner may, by official notice, prohibit persons from entering any
part of the park that is likely to be affected by the landing or taking off of aircraft
within the park for such a period of time as he considers necessary for the safety
of the public.
(4)
Every person commits an offence against these bylaws who wilfully enters or
wilfully remains on any part of the park at a time when entry to that part of the
park is prohibited by an official notice under subclause (3) of this bylaw.
(5)
Nothing in this bylaw shall apply to any person who is operating an aircraft in
accordance with an express authorisation in any lease or licence granted under
any of sections 49 to 51 of the Act or any easement granted under section 54 of
the Act.
12
(1)
(2)
13
Use of spotlight for hunting prohibited
No person shall use a spotlight within the park for the purpose of identifying or
dazzling prey.
14
(1)
Portable generators
Except in an emergency or where the Commissioner considers it is necessary for
the proper and beneficial management, administration, and control of the park,
no person shall install or operate a portable electric generator in any part of the
park.
Nothing in this bylaw shall apply to any activity carried out on any land that is
being administered under the Tourist and Health Resorts Control Act 1908 or the
Tourist Hotel Corporation Act 1974.
(2)
192
Competitive sports
No person shall, without the prior written consent of a ranger or officer or
employee of the Department, conduct or engage in any competitive sport or in
any organised training for any competitive sport in the park.
Nothing in this bylaw shall apply to any activity carried out on any land that is
being administered under the Tourist and Health Resorts Control Act 1908 or the
Tourist Hotel Corporation Act 1974.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
15 Public address systems
(1)
No person shall install or operate any public address system in the park unless
that system—
(a) Is installed in a building or vehicle; and
(b) Cannot be heard outside that building or vehicle.
(2)
Nothing in this bylaw shall prevent the installation or operation of a public address
system in the park for the purpose of making announcements relating to the
safety of the public.
16 Offences
Every person commits an offence against these bylaws who acts in contravention of or
fails to comply in any respect with any of the provisions of these bylaws [ ].
Hist. cl.16 omitted words “(other than a provision of bylaw 6 of these bylaws)” after “of
these bylaws” on 2 January 1997 by SR 1996/363/4.
17 Penalties
Every person who commits an offence against these bylaws is liable on summary
conviction—
(a)
In the case of an offence against bylaw 11(2) of these bylaws, to a fine not
exceeding $5,000:
(b)
In the case of any other offence against these bylaws, to a fine not exceeding $500.
Penalty
18 Proceedings under Acts in respect of offences
Nothing in these bylaws shall limit or prevent the taking of proceedings under any Act in
respect of any offence committed within the park.
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003
193
[Schedule
Camping Site Charges
Revoked.
Hist. Schedule revoked on 2 January 1997 by SR 1996/363/5(1). The revoked
Schedule is listed below for reference.
SCHEDULE
CAMPING SITE CHARGES
“Caravan and Tent sites—
“Charge for each person of or over the age of 12 years
“Charge for each person under the age of 12 years
“Charge per person for use of power point at caravan site
$4 per night
$2 per night
$1 per night]”
Hist. Schedule revoked and substituted on 2 January 1986 by SR 1985/338/2. The
revoked Schedule is listed below for reference.
“SCHEDULE
“Bylaw 6
“CAMPING SITE CHARGES
“Caravan sites—
“Charge for the first 2 persons
“Charge for each additional person 15 years of age or over
“Charge for each additional person under the age of 15 years
“Charge for use of power point
$3.25 per night
$1.25 per night
60 cents per night
75 cents per night
“Tent sites—
“Charge for the first 2 persons
“Charge for each additional person 15 years of age or over
“Charge for each additional person under the age of 15 years
$2.50 per night
$1.25 per night
60 cents per night”
Dated at Wellington this 19th day of March 1981.
V. S. YOUNG,
Minister of Lands.
Date of notification in Gazette: 20 March 1981.
194
Te Urewera National Park Management Plan 2003