Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Gender in the South Caucasus: A Snapshot of Key Issues and Indicators 1 Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia have made progress in many gender-related aspects in the past decade and show outcomes that are in some cases an improvement over the regional Europe and Central Asia (ECA)2 average. Despite this progress, gender disparities remain in endowments (demographics and education), access to economic opportunities (labor markets) and women’s voice in the South Caucasus countries. One of the most salient gender issues in the South Caucasus is that of “missing women”. Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia have a high sex imbalance at birth, with an average of 14 percent more male births than female births (highest in Azerbaijan at 17 percent). Sex ratios have been increasing since the 1990s in the South Caucasus, while staying stable in neighboring countries. Some key country-specific gender issues for the South Caucasus countries (see Annex 2) are: o In Armenia, a high gender wage gap and a low share of women with firm ownership point at remaining gender imbalances in labor markets. Women’s voice in society is hindered by low representation of women in parliament and a low share of firms with women managers. o In Azerbaijan, the labor market is characterized by high gender wage gap and a low share of firms with women ownership. The share of firms with women managers is also low. o In Georgia, net secondary enrollment rates for both boys and girls are below the ECA regional average. Its labor market is afflicted by one of the highest gender wage gaps in the region and a low share of women with firm ownership. In addition to the gender gaps in endowments and in terms of access to economic opportunities revealed by the selected indicators, inequalities may also exist at a disaggregated level (for example, by ethnicity or rural/urban sector). Furthermore, this snapshot does not discuss inequalities in voice in depth, an area in which women lag in across the board in the region as well as globally (as indicated, for example, by their low participation in the political arena). Lastly, this snapshot presents only selected indicators, and is by no means comprehensive. Data accessed in March 2012, unless otherwise indicated. Throughout this note, indicators for ECA refer to the World Development Indicators aggregate “ECA (developing only)”, which includes the following countries: Albania, Kosovo, Russian Federation, Armenia, Kyrgyz Republic, Serbia, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Tajikistan, Belarus, Lithuania, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia ,Turkmenistan, Bulgaria, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Montenegro, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Romania. 1 2 Endowments – Education 93 94 GEO ECA 70 60 50 40 ARM AZE Female Male Source: EdStats, World Bank. Notes: ECA refers to Europe & Central Asia (developing only). 2007 data for Armenia and Georgia; 2009 for Azerbaijan and ECA. *See Annex 1, Section 1 for more information on adjusted net primary enrollment rate. Primary enrollment rates, by sex, (%, adjusted net), 2000-09 100 Female 95 90 85 80 ARM AZE 100 GEO 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 75 2001 ECA Male 95 90 85 80 ARM AZE GEO 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 75 2002 Enrollment rates declined up to the mid-2000s in the South Caucasus countries, when they started to increase again. 93 96 80 2001 Evolution of net primary enrollment rates 85 86 90 2000 The gender gap in completion rates is also small in the South Caucasus. Georgia has the largest gap of the three countries, with boys exceeding girls’ completion rates by 6 percentage points. 94 92 100 2000 Armenia and Georgia have primary enrollment rates comparable to the ECA regional average. Azerbaijan has below regional average rates for both girls and boys. The gender gap in primary enrollment in the South Caucasus countries is low. Primary enrollment rates* (%, adjusted, net), latest % of official school age children Primary enrollment and completion rates ECA Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to Europe & Central Asia (developing only). 2004 – 2007 data for Georgia,, and 2001-2007 for Armenia. Secondary enrollment rates in Armenia and Azerbaijan are high compared to ECA. Enrollment rates increased in the past decade in all three countries, with Azerbaijan standing out for its marked progress. The gender gap in net secondary enrollment rates in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia is low. Secondary enrollment rates (%, net), latest available % of official school age children Secondary enrollment rates 100 90 89 86 91 92 80 82 77 77 80 70 60 50 40 ARM AZE GEO Female ECA Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only. 2009 data for Armenia and ECA; 2007 for Azerbaijan, and 2006 for Georgia. The gender gap in tertiary education in the sub-region is large in Armenia, although the country has the higher overall enrollment rates. Consistent with the regional average, women have higher enrollment rates than men in Armenia and Georgia. The gender gap in tertiary enrollment in Azerbaijan is minimal. Tertiary enrollment rates (%, gross), 2009 % of official school age individuals Tertiary enrollment rates 100 80 60 40 61 57 44 20 19 19 28 23 AZE GEO 50 0 ARM Female ECA Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only. Subject-related gender segregation Based on the Duncan Index, the level of gender segregation in Azerbaijan tertiary education is above the ECA regional average. 40 percent of boys in Azerbaijan would have to change their fields of study in order to equalize enrollments across fields for boys and girls. The level of this type of segregation in Georgia is lower than in ECA, and, in Armenia, it is comparable to the ECA regional average. Duncan Index*, 2007 – 2009 average 0.3 ARM 0.4 AZE 0.2 GEO 0.3 ECA 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Duncan Index Source: WDI, original data is based on national household surveys. An average index is calculated based on data for 2007 – 2009. *The Duncan Index measures the percentage of male students that would have to change field of study to equalize enrollments for boys and girls across the academic fields. Endowments – Health The gender gap in life expectancy is larger than the OECD average, but lower than the ECA regional average of 8.9 years. The gap has been narrowing over time due to a relatively more accelerated improvement in male’s life expectancy. Life Expectancy Gender Gap*, in years, 2009 Life Expectancy Gap, years Life expectancy 11 9 9 7 7 6 6 6 5 3 ARM AZE GEO ECA OECD Source: WDI. *The life expectancy gender gap is defined as the difference in female and male life expectancy. Mortality rates for males are much higher than those for females in all three countries. Male mortality rates remain high compared to OECD averages, but are lower than those of many other ECA countries and the ECA regional average. Mortality rates have declined much more rapidly for men than for women. From 2000 to 2009 alone, the mortality rate for men decreased by around 36, 37 and 19 adults, in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, respectively. Maternal mortality rate Maternal mortality has declined in the sub-region over time. In Azerbaijan and Georgia, maternal mortality rates remain higher than the regional level. Male adult mortality rates* (per 1,000 adults), 2009 284 300 250 200 184 164 178 150 118 100 50 0 AZE ARM GEO ECA OECD Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. OECD data for 2007; 2008 for ECA. *Probability that those who have reached age 15 will die before reaching age 60. Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births), 2008 60 Maternal mortality rate Male adult mortality rates (ages 15-60) 48 50 40 30 34 29 20 14 10 ARM GEO ECA OECD Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. Data on Azerbaijan are not available. Adolescent fertility rate The adolescent fertility rate in the South Caucasus is higher than in the ECA region and the average for OECD countries. Nonetheless, it is substantially lower than that of other regions including, for example, Latin America and the Caribbean. 2.5 2 ARM AZE GEO 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1.5 1992 The trend has not been homogeneous across countries and the sub-periods. While in the 1990s fertility rates declined in all three countries, fertility has considerably increased in the early 2000s and remained stagnant through 2009 in Azerbaijan. It rose somewhat in Armenia and continued to decline in Georgia through most of the last decade. 3 1990 Fertility rates have declined in the South Caucasus countries since 1990. Fertility rates (births per woman), 1990-2009 ECA Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only. Adolescent fertility rates (births per 1,000 women, 1519 yrs), 2009 50 Births per 1,000 women Fertility rates 40 43 35 33 28 30 19 20 10 OECD ECA GEO AZE ARM 0 Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. Missing women Source: UN. 1.06 1.04 Least developed countries 1.07 Less developed regions, excluding China 1.11 World 1.15 Georgia 1.17 Armenia 1.20 Azerbaijan 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 China Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia have an alarming sex imbalance at birth, second only to China. Sex ratio at birth 2005-2010 (male per female births) Male births per female births Sex ratio imbalance The issue of missing women in the South Caucasus countries has been progressively worsening since the 1990’s, although the increasing trend has subsided in the second half of the 2000s. Male births per female births Evolution of the missing women Sex ratio at birth 1990-2010 (male per female births) phenomenon 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2005 2005-2010 ARM AZE GEO World Source: UN. Access to economic opportunities – Labor markets With the exception of Armenia, women’s labor force participation rates in the South Caucasus are higher than those of the ECA region as a whole, although they remain significantly lower than men’s labor force participation rates in all three countries. Labor force participation rate, (% population, ages 15 64), 2009 100 % population Labor force participation rate 74 80 60 66 77 72 59 55 75 58 79 65 40 20 0 ARM AZE GEO Female ECA OECD Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. Data accessed in June 2012. Changes in labor force participation have been heterogeneous across countries. From 2000 to 2009 female labor force participation increased in Azerbaijan and Georgia, but decreased drastically in Armenia. Male labor force participation increased somewhat in Georgia, but decreased both in Armenia and Azerbaijan. Labor force participation rate, % point changes, 20002009 percentage points Changes in labor force participation 4 4 2 1 1 -2 -5 -8 -11 -5 -10 ARM -1 -4 AZE Female 0 GEO ECA 2 -1 OECD Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. Data accessed in June 2012. The South Caucasus countries have some of the lowest female wages relative to men’s in the ECA region for monthly earnings. This could be due to occupational segregation, differences in hours worked and productivity, and discrimination. Unemployment rate 16 17 10 5 7 7 8 6 6 ECA OECD 0 AZE GEO Female Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. 2007 data for Armenia. Self-employed, by sex (%), 2008 65 63 63 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 52 40 38 19 20 ARM AZE GEO Women ECA 11 16 OECD Men Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. Female earnings relative to $1 male earnings (cents), latest available 100 80 77 64 60 55 57 40 20 0 ECA Monthly wages gender gap 22 20 GEO Azerbaijan and Georgia, the two countries with the highest selfemployment rates, also have the highest share of rural population in the sub-region (48 and 47 percent, respectively), and higher than the ECA average of 36 percent. 30 AZE Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia have much higher self-employment rates than ECA and OECD and, in contrast with the ECA regional average, self-employment rates are higher for women than for men. 35 ARM Self-employment 40 ARM % of employed Armenia has the highest female unemployment rate in the South Caucasus and the highest gender gap, with women representing around 61 percent of the total unemployed. Georgia also has high unemployment rates for both men and women, compared to ECA and OECD. In Azerbaijan, the unemployment rate is the lowest in the sub-region, and is higher for men. Unemployment rate 15+, 2008 (%) Cents Unemployment rate Source: UNECE. Notes: Gender pay gap is the difference between men’s and women’s average earnings from employment, shown as a percentage of men’s average earnings. Data for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia is for 2010, and 2007 – 2011 for ECA. Data accessed in September 2012. Sectoral employment The services and agricultural sectors absorb most women workers in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Compared to the regional and OECD averages, a smaller share of women are employed in the services sector in the South Caucasus countries, compensated by a relatively larger proportion in agriculture. The South Caucasus countries display a move away from services and into agriculture for female workers, in contrast with the regional patterns. Percentage points 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 0 ARM AZE GEO ECA Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. Data shows the difference between the share of men and women employers as a percentage of total employment. Sectoral employment (% of total employees), 2008 % of total male or female employed Armenia and Georgia have low gender gaps in the share of employers (lower than the regional average); Azerbaijan’s gap is larger, driven by a larger concentration of male employers in the labor market. 5 100 Agriculture 80 60 49 40 57 40 37 39 51 15 16 20 3 4 0 ARM AZE GEO Female % of total male or female employed The average share of employers (as a percent of total employment) is low, on average, in the ECA region. Gender gap among employers (% points), 2008 100 ECA OECD Male Industry 80 60 40 20 35 25 18 8 7 ARM AZE 17 18 34 12 4 0 Female % of total male or female employed Gender gap among employers 100 40 ECA 85 66 43 53 35 45 OECD Male Services 80 60 GEO 39 49 62 33 20 0 ARM AZE Female GEO ECA OECD Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. 2007 data for Georgia. Women’s Voice Women’s political participation Women have low political participation in the South Caucasus countries. The share of women in parliament is very low in all three countries. In addition, the share of women ministers in ECA is 13 percent on average, much lower than the Africa (18) and LAC (24) averages.* Countries like the United States and the United Kingdom have 23 and 24 percent share of women ministries, respectively. * Average is calculated with data for 47 African countries with available data and, and 28 LAC countries. For ECA, average includes 27 countries. Women’s participation in business Women’s political participation (%) 7 ARM 9 AZE 11 16 GEO 7 13 ECA 0 5 10 18 15 20 Share of women among ministers, 2010 (%) Share of women in the parliament (lower or single house), 2006 - 2011 (%) Source: UNECE. Share of women in the parliament data is 2007 for Armenia and 2011 for Georgia; no data available for Azerbaijan. Share of firms with female (%), 2009 The share of firms with female participation in ownership is particularly low in Azerbaijan compared to the rest of the sub-region and ECA. In addition, the share of women in top management positions is well below the average for ECA in Armenia and Azerbaijan. 32 ARM 13 AZE 11 5 GEO 41 20 ECA 37 19 0 10 20 30 Participation in Ownership 40 50 Top Manager Source: WDI. According to information compiled by the U.S. State Department, the Government of Georgia fully complies with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s standards to combat human trafficking; the Government of Armenia does not fully comply, but is making significant efforts to bring the country in compliance with these standards. The Government of Azerbaijan is currently on the U.S. State Department’s Tier 2 Watch List (See Annex 2, Section 2 for more information). Trafficking in persons tier placements*, 2011 4 3 Tier Trafficking in persons 2 2WL 2 1 1 0 ARM AZE GEO Source: U.S. State Department Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. 2.5 corresponds to TIER 2 Watch List. See Annex 2, Section 2 for more information. *The chart does not reflect the number of persons trafficked. Annex 1. Additional Information 1) The adjusted primary net enrollment rate reflects the total number of pupils of the official primary school age group who are enrolled at primary or secondary education levels, expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population. It differs from the primary enrollment rate in that it also includes the official primary age group who are enrolled in secondary education (e.g., from skipping grades or entering school earlier). 2) TIER 1: Countries whose governments fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s (TVPA) minimum standards; TIER 2: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards. TIER 2 WATCH LIST Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards AND: a) The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; b) There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or c) The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year. TIER 3: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so. Source: U.S. State Department, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Annex 2. Selected gender-related indicators by country Health and demographics ECCU Country IDA Life expectancy gap Maternal mortality ratio Education Labor Europe and Central Asia** 9 34 1.07 64 96 122 1 Russia 12 39 1.06 69 98 135 2 Belarus 12 15 1.06 68 102 144 2 Moldova 8 32 1.06 63 102 2 Ukraine 11 26 1.06 67 3 Armenia 6 29 1.15 3 Azerbaijan 6 38 3 Georgia 7 4 Albania 4 Share of Share of women women in with firm parliament ownership 58 18 0.7 36 15 19 .. 40% 55 69 9 0.7 33 14 14 2WL 50% 2 62 7 0.7 53 35 25 2WL 0% 2 134 46 4 0.8 53 24 21 2 33% 3 98 125 62 10 0.8 47 8 28 2 0% 1 62 102 128 0.31 69 14 0.6 32 9 13 2 67% 6 1.17 59 96 99 0.36 65 6 0.5 11 11 5 2WL 67% 3 48 1.11 62 95 125 0.23 59 18 0.6 41 7 20 1 0% 2 6 31 1.07 53 98 56 21 0.7 11 16 20 2 100% 1 Bosnia & Herzegovina x 5 9 1.07 58 103 130 41 27 33 19 14 1 0% 1 4 FYR Macedonia 4 9 1.08 57 98 119 50 28 36 33 19 1 0% 1 4 Kosovo*** 4 43 26 32 11 33 2 0% 3 4 Montenegro 5 15 1.08 58 101 128 26 11 24 2 0% 1 4 Serbia**** 5 8 1.08 57 102 130 0.25 29 22 16 2 100% 1 5 Bulgaria 7 13 1.06 59 96 131 0.24 5 Croatia 7 14 1.06 62 104 127 5 Czech Republic 6 8 1.06 60 101 138 5 Estonia 10 12 1.06 67 102 5 Hungary 8 13 1.06 63 5 Latvia 10 20 1.04 5 Lithuania 11 13 5 Poland 9 5 Romania 5 x x x x 0.30 FY11 portfolio performance Share of Women Share of gendertrafficking: women informed # projects Tier managers projects(% Placement* ) Voice SubjectFemale Ratio of Ratio of Female Gender gap Share of related earnings Sex ratio at female/mal female/mal labor in labor female pop. gender relative to birth e secondary e tertiary participatio participatio 65+ segregation $1 male enrollment enrollment n rate n rate in tertiary earnings 0.40 0.23 63 10 0.8 34 21 26 2 60 11 0.9 34 24 23 1 0.30 61 17 0.7 25 22 18 2 0 170 0.32 71 7 0.7 36 23 26 2WL 0 99 137 0.29 55 13 0.8 42 9 14 2 67 101 182 0.30 71 6 0.8 46 22 31 2 1.04 66 100 151 68 4 0.9 39 19 15 1 6 1.06 62 99 143 0.26 58 14 0.8 48 20 31 1 0% 1 7 27 1.06 60 99 134 0.22 56 16 0.9 48 11 25 2 50% 2 Slovak Republic 7 6 1.05 63 101 159 0.33 61 16 0.7 30 15 20 1 5 Slovenia 7 18 1.05 61 100 145 0.33 67 8 0.9 42 14 16 1 6 Turkey 5 23 1.05 56 91 79 29 47 41 9 12 2 25% 4 8 Kazakhstan 10 45 1.07 68 97 144 74 7 0.6 34 18 25 2 33% 3 8 Kyrgyz Republic x 8 81 1.06 59 99 130 59 23 0.7 60 26 23 2 33% 6 8 Tajikistan 7 64 1.05 57 87 41 60 17 0.6 34 19 12 2 50% 4 8 Turkmenistan 8 77 1.05 59 49 29 8 Uzbekistan 6 30 1.05 57 99 70 0.40 51 26 IDA mean 6 42 1.08 60 98 108 0.31 57 17 Non-IDA mean 8 22 1.06 62 99 136 0.30 61 13 10+ 60+ 1.10+ 65+ 5± from parity Outliers 0.40+ 50 or lower 20+ Flagging criteria Indicator details x x Female minus Per 100,000 Male per male (years) live births female births As % of total 65+ population Ratio Ratio 0.29 Duncan Index % of female population ages 15-64 % of male population ages 15-64 17 0 50% 2 0 0% 1 0 0 0 3 0 40 22 11 2WL 100% 3 1 38 20 16 .. 35% 4 1 35 18 21 .. 34% 1 0.7 or lower 35 or lower 10 or lower 15 or lower 2WL or 3 60% IDA Target Percent of Women's firms with monthly female earnings as % participation of men's in ownership Percent Sources: WDI, GenderStats, UNECE, Enterprise Surveys, U.S. State Department. Data for latest available year. * See Annex 1, Section 2 for more information on U.S. State Department's tier definitions. ** Excluding high-income Europe. *** Missing data on Kosovo is completed with statistics in the Kosovo Gender Diagnostics (WB, 2012). **** The 2012 WDR highlighted Serbia as a country with high sex imbalances at birth. Further work is planned to understand the severity and factors behind the issue in this country. 1: compliance w/ Firms with Trafficking women in top Victims management Protection (%) Act’s; 2WL is 2-Watch List PRMGE monitoring Annex 3. Selected key gender-related issues by country Health and demographics ECCU Country IDA Life expectancy gap Maternal mortality ratio Education Labor Voice SubjectFemale Ratio of Ratio of Female Gender gap Share of related earnings Sex ratio at female/mal female/mal labor in labor female pop. gender relative to birth e secondary e tertiary participatio participatio 65+ segregation $1 male enrollment enrollment n rate n rate in tertiary earnings Europe and Central Asia** Share of women with firm ownership Share of women in parliament FY11 portfolio performance Share of gender# projects informed projects(%) Share of women managers Women trafficking: Tier Placement* .. √ 55 √ √ √ 2 √ √ 2 √ 3 √ 1 √ 1 Russia √ √ .. 2 Belarus √ √ √ 2 Moldova 2 Ukraine 3 Armenia 3 Azerbaijan 3 Georgia 4 Albania 4 Bosnia & Herzegovina x 4 FYR Macedonia 4 Kosovo*** 4 Montenegro 4 Serbia**** 5 Bulgaria 5 Croatia 5 Czech Republic 5 Estonia 5 Hungary 5 Latvia √ √ 5 Lithuania √ √ 5 Poland √ 1 5 Romania √ 2 5 Slovak Republic 5 Slovenia 6 Turkey 8 Kazakhstan 8 Kyrgyz Republic x √ 8 Tajikistan √ √ √ .. 8 Turkmenistan √ .. .. .. 8 Uzbekistan Flagging criteria Indicator details x .. √ x √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ .. .. .. .. .. .. √ 6 √ √ √ √ √ √ .. √ √ √ .. .. √ √ .. √ .. .. .. .. √ .. .. .. √ 3 √ √ √ .. x √ .. √ x √ √ 1 √ .. √ 1 √ 1 √ 3 √ 1 1 0 √ .. √ √ √ √ √ √ 2 0 √ √ 0 √ √ 0 √ √ √ .. 1 0 √ √ 2 0 √ 0 .. √ √ x √ .. √ √ √ 60+ 1.10+ 65+ As % of total Female minus Per 100,000 Male per 65+ male (years) live births female births population 5± from parity Ratio Outliers Ratio 0.40+ .. √ √ x 10+ √ 50 or lower % of female Duncan Index population ages 15-64 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ .. .. .. √ √ .. √ √ 20+ 0.7 or lower 15 or lower 2WL or 3 % of male population ages 15-64 35 or lower Percent of Women's firms with monthly female earnings as % participation of men's in ownership 10 or lower Percent Sources: WDI, GenderStats, UNECE, Enterprise Surveys, U.S. State Department. Data for latest available year. * See Annex 1, Section 2 for more information on U.S. State Department's tier definitions. ** Excluding high-income Europe. *** Missing data on Kosovo is completed with statistics in the Kosovo Gender Diagnostics (WB, 2012). **** The 2012 WDR highlighted Serbia as a country with high sex imbalances at birth. Further work is planned to understand the severity and factors behind the issue in this country. .. - Data not available. 1: compliance w/ Trafficking Firms with Victims women in top management Protection Act’s; 2WL is 2-Watch (%) List √ 4 √ 3 √ 6 √ 4 0 3 60% IDA Target PRMGE monitoring