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Gender in the South Caucasus:
A Snapshot of Key Issues and Indicators 1
Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia have made progress in many gender-related aspects in the past
decade and show outcomes that are in some cases an improvement over the regional Europe and
Central Asia (ECA)2 average. Despite this progress, gender disparities remain in endowments
(demographics and education), access to economic opportunities (labor markets) and
women’s voice in the South Caucasus countries.
One of the most salient gender issues in the South Caucasus is that of “missing women”. Armenia,
Azerbaijan and Georgia have a high sex imbalance at birth, with an average of 14 percent more
male births than female births (highest in Azerbaijan at 17 percent). Sex ratios have been
increasing since the 1990s in the South Caucasus, while staying stable in neighboring countries.
Some key country-specific gender issues for the South Caucasus countries (see Annex 2) are:
o
In Armenia, a high gender wage gap and a low share of women with firm
ownership point at remaining gender imbalances in labor markets. Women’s voice
in society is hindered by low representation of women in parliament and a low
share of firms with women managers.
o
In Azerbaijan, the labor market is characterized by high gender wage gap and a
low share of firms with women ownership. The share of firms with women
managers is also low.
o
In Georgia, net secondary enrollment rates for both boys and girls are below the
ECA regional average. Its labor market is afflicted by one of the highest gender
wage gaps in the region and a low share of women with firm ownership.
In addition to the gender gaps in endowments and in terms of access to economic opportunities
revealed by the selected indicators, inequalities may also exist at a disaggregated level (for
example, by ethnicity or rural/urban sector). Furthermore, this snapshot does not discuss
inequalities in voice in depth, an area in which women lag in across the board in the region as well
as globally (as indicated, for example, by their low participation in the political arena). Lastly, this
snapshot presents only selected indicators, and is by no means comprehensive.
Data accessed in March 2012, unless otherwise indicated.
Throughout this note, indicators for ECA refer to the World Development Indicators aggregate “ECA (developing only)”,
which includes the following countries: Albania, Kosovo, Russian Federation, Armenia, Kyrgyz Republic, Serbia,
Azerbaijan, Latvia, Tajikistan, Belarus, Lithuania, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia ,Turkmenistan,
Bulgaria, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Montenegro, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Romania.
1
2
Endowments – Education
93 94
GEO
ECA
70
60
50
40
ARM
AZE
Female
Male
Source: EdStats, World Bank. Notes: ECA refers to Europe & Central Asia
(developing only). 2007 data for Armenia and Georgia; 2009 for Azerbaijan and
ECA. *See Annex 1, Section 1 for more information on adjusted net primary
enrollment rate.
Primary enrollment rates, by sex, (%, adjusted net),
2000-09
100
Female
95
90
85
80
ARM
AZE
100
GEO
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
75
2001
ECA
Male
95
90
85
80
ARM
AZE
GEO
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
75
2002
Enrollment rates declined up to the
mid-2000s in the South Caucasus
countries, when they started to
increase again.
93 96
80
2001
Evolution of net primary
enrollment rates
85 86
90
2000
The gender gap in completion rates
is also small in the South Caucasus.
Georgia has the largest gap of the
three countries, with boys exceeding
girls’ completion rates by 6
percentage points.
94 92
100
2000
Armenia and Georgia have primary
enrollment rates comparable to the
ECA regional average. Azerbaijan
has below regional average rates for
both girls and boys. The gender gap
in primary enrollment in the South
Caucasus countries is low.
Primary enrollment rates* (%, adjusted, net), latest
% of official school age
children
Primary enrollment and
completion rates
ECA
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to Europe & Central Asia (developing only). 2004 –
2007 data for Georgia,, and 2001-2007 for Armenia.
Secondary enrollment rates in
Armenia and Azerbaijan are high
compared to ECA. Enrollment rates
increased in the past decade in all
three countries, with Azerbaijan
standing out for its marked progress.
The gender gap in net secondary
enrollment rates in Armenia,
Azerbaijan and Georgia is low.
Secondary enrollment rates (%, net), latest available
% of official school age
children
Secondary enrollment rates
100
90
89 86
91 92
80 82
77 77
80
70
60
50
40
ARM
AZE
GEO
Female
ECA
Male
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only. 2009 data for
Armenia and ECA; 2007 for Azerbaijan, and 2006 for Georgia.
The gender gap in tertiary education
in the sub-region is large in Armenia,
although the country has the higher
overall enrollment rates. Consistent
with the regional average, women
have higher enrollment rates than
men in Armenia and Georgia. The
gender gap in tertiary enrollment in
Azerbaijan is minimal.
Tertiary enrollment rates (%, gross), 2009
% of official school age
individuals
Tertiary enrollment rates
100
80
60
40
61
57
44
20
19 19
28 23
AZE
GEO
50
0
ARM
Female
ECA
Male
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only.
Subject-related gender
segregation
Based on the Duncan Index, the level
of gender segregation in Azerbaijan
tertiary education is above the ECA
regional average. 40 percent of boys
in Azerbaijan would have to change
their fields of study in order to
equalize enrollments across fields
for boys and girls. The level of this
type of segregation in Georgia is
lower than in ECA, and, in Armenia,
it is comparable to the ECA regional
average.
Duncan Index*, 2007 – 2009 average
0.3
ARM
0.4
AZE
0.2
GEO
0.3
ECA
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Duncan Index
Source: WDI, original data is based on national household surveys. An average
index is calculated based on data for 2007 – 2009. *The Duncan Index measures
the percentage of male students that would have to change field of study to
equalize enrollments for boys and girls across the academic fields.
Endowments – Health
The gender gap in life expectancy is
larger than the OECD average, but
lower than the ECA regional average
of 8.9 years. The gap has been
narrowing over time due to a
relatively
more
accelerated
improvement
in
male’s
life
expectancy.
Life Expectancy Gender Gap*, in years, 2009
Life Expectancy Gap,
years
Life expectancy
11
9
9
7
7
6
6
6
5
3
ARM
AZE
GEO
ECA
OECD
Source: WDI. *The life expectancy gender gap is defined as the difference in
female and male life expectancy.
Mortality rates for males are much
higher than those for females in all
three countries. Male mortality rates
remain high compared to OECD
averages, but are lower than those of
many other ECA countries and the
ECA regional average.
Mortality rates have declined much
more rapidly for men than for
women. From 2000 to 2009 alone,
the mortality rate for men decreased
by around 36, 37 and 19 adults, in
Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia,
respectively.
Maternal mortality rate
Maternal mortality has declined in
the sub-region over time. In
Azerbaijan and Georgia, maternal
mortality rates remain higher than
the regional level.
Male adult mortality rates* (per 1,000 adults), 2009
284
300
250
200
184
164
178
150
118
100
50
0
AZE
ARM
GEO
ECA
OECD
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. OECD data for 2007; 2008 for ECA. *Probability that
those who have reached age 15 will die before reaching age 60.
Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births), 2008
60
Maternal mortality
rate
Male adult mortality rates (ages
15-60)
48
50
40
30
34
29
20
14
10
ARM
GEO
ECA
OECD
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. Data on Azerbaijan are not available.
Adolescent fertility rate
The adolescent fertility rate in the
South Caucasus is higher than in the
ECA region and the average for OECD
countries.
Nonetheless,
it
is
substantially lower than that of other
regions including, for example, Latin
America and the Caribbean.
2.5
2
ARM
AZE
GEO
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1.5
1992
The trend has not been homogeneous
across countries and the sub-periods.
While in the 1990s fertility rates
declined in all three countries,
fertility has considerably increased in
the early 2000s and remained
stagnant through 2009 in Azerbaijan.
It rose somewhat in Armenia and
continued to decline in Georgia
through most of the last decade.
3
1990
Fertility rates have declined in the
South Caucasus countries since 1990.
Fertility rates (births per woman), 1990-2009
ECA
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only.
Adolescent fertility rates (births per 1,000 women, 1519 yrs), 2009
50
Births per 1,000
women
Fertility rates
40
43
35
33
28
30
19
20
10
OECD
ECA
GEO
AZE
ARM
0
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members.
Missing women
Source: UN.
1.06
1.04
Least developed
countries
1.07
Less developed
regions,
excluding China
1.11
World
1.15
Georgia
1.17
Armenia
1.20
Azerbaijan
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
China
Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia have
an alarming sex imbalance at birth,
second only to China.
Sex ratio at birth 2005-2010 (male per female births)
Male births per female
births
Sex ratio imbalance
The issue of missing women in the
South Caucasus countries has been
progressively worsening since the
1990’s, although the increasing trend
has subsided in the second half of the
2000s.
Male births per female
births
Evolution of the missing women Sex ratio at birth 1990-2010 (male per female births)
phenomenon
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2005 2005-2010
ARM
AZE
GEO
World
Source: UN.
Access to economic opportunities – Labor markets
With the exception of Armenia,
women’s labor force participation
rates in the South Caucasus are higher
than those of the ECA region as a
whole,
although
they
remain
significantly lower than men’s labor
force participation rates in all three
countries.
Labor force participation rate, (% population, ages 15 64), 2009
100
% population
Labor force participation rate
74
80
60
66
77
72
59
55
75
58
79
65
40
20
0
ARM
AZE
GEO
Female
ECA
OECD
Male
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. Data accessed in June 2012.
Changes in labor force participation
have been heterogeneous across
countries. From 2000 to 2009 female
labor force participation increased in
Azerbaijan and Georgia, but decreased
drastically in Armenia. Male labor force
participation increased somewhat in
Georgia, but decreased both in Armenia
and Azerbaijan.
Labor force participation rate, % point changes, 20002009
percentage points
Changes in labor force participation
4
4
2
1
1
-2
-5
-8
-11
-5
-10
ARM
-1
-4
AZE
Female
0
GEO
ECA
2
-1
OECD
Male
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. Data accessed in June 2012.
The South Caucasus countries have
some of the lowest female wages
relative to men’s in the ECA region for
monthly earnings.
This could be due to occupational
segregation, differences in hours
worked and productivity, and
discrimination.
Unemployment rate
16 17
10
5
7
7 8
6 6
ECA
OECD
0
AZE
GEO
Female
Male
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. 2007 data for Armenia.
Self-employed, by sex (%), 2008
65 63
63
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
52
40 38
19 20
ARM
AZE
GEO
Women
ECA
11
16
OECD
Men
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members.
Female earnings relative to $1 male earnings (cents),
latest available
100
80
77
64
60
55
57
40
20
0
ECA
Monthly wages gender gap
22
20
GEO
Azerbaijan and Georgia, the two
countries with the highest selfemployment rates, also have the
highest share of rural population in
the sub-region (48 and 47 percent,
respectively), and higher than the
ECA average of 36 percent.
30
AZE
Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia
have much higher self-employment
rates than ECA and OECD and, in
contrast with the ECA regional
average, self-employment rates are
higher for women than for men.
35
ARM
Self-employment
40
ARM
% of employed
Armenia has the highest female
unemployment rate in the South
Caucasus and the highest gender gap,
with women representing around 61
percent of the total unemployed.
Georgia also has high unemployment
rates for both men and women,
compared to ECA and OECD. In
Azerbaijan, the unemployment rate is
the lowest in the sub-region, and is
higher for men.
Unemployment rate 15+, 2008 (%)
Cents
Unemployment rate
Source: UNECE. Notes: Gender pay gap is the difference between men’s and
women’s average earnings from employment, shown as a percentage of men’s
average earnings. Data for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia is for 2010, and 2007
– 2011 for ECA. Data accessed in September 2012.
Sectoral employment
The services and agricultural sectors
absorb most women workers in
Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
Compared to the regional and OECD
averages, a smaller share of women
are employed in the services sector in
the South Caucasus countries,
compensated by a relatively larger
proportion in agriculture.
The South Caucasus countries display
a move away from services and into
agriculture for female workers, in
contrast with the regional patterns.
Percentage points
4
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
0
ARM
AZE
GEO
ECA
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. Data shows the difference between the share of men
and women employers as a percentage of total employment.
Sectoral employment (% of total employees), 2008
% of total male or female
employed
Armenia and Georgia have low
gender gaps in the share of employers
(lower than the regional average);
Azerbaijan’s gap is larger, driven by a
larger
concentration
of
male
employers in the labor market.
5
100
Agriculture
80
60
49
40
57
40 37
39
51
15 16
20
3 4
0
ARM
AZE
GEO
Female
% of total male or
female employed
The average share of employers (as a
percent of total employment) is low,
on average, in the ECA region.
Gender gap among employers (% points), 2008
100
ECA
OECD
Male
Industry
80
60
40
20
35
25
18
8
7
ARM
AZE
17
18
34
12
4
0
Female
% of total male or
female employed
Gender gap among employers
100
40
ECA
85
66
43
53
35
45
OECD
Male
Services
80
60
GEO
39
49
62
33
20
0
ARM
AZE
Female
GEO
ECA
OECD
Male
Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to highincome OECD members. 2007 data for Georgia.
Women’s Voice
Women’s political participation
Women
have
low
political
participation in the South Caucasus
countries. The share of women in
parliament is very low in all three
countries. In addition, the share of
women ministers in ECA is 13 percent
on average, much lower than the
Africa (18) and LAC (24) averages.*
Countries like the United States and
the United Kingdom have 23 and 24
percent share of women ministries,
respectively.
* Average is calculated with data for 47 African
countries with available data and, and 28 LAC
countries. For ECA, average includes 27 countries.
Women’s participation in business
Women’s political participation (%)
7
ARM
9
AZE
11
16
GEO
7
13
ECA
0
5
10
18
15
20
Share of women among ministers, 2010 (%)
Share of women in the parliament (lower or single house), 2006 - 2011 (%)
Source: UNECE. Share of women in the parliament data is 2007 for Armenia and
2011 for Georgia; no data available for Azerbaijan.
Share of firms with female (%), 2009
The share of firms with female
participation
in
ownership
is
particularly
low
in
Azerbaijan
compared to the rest of the sub-region
and ECA. In addition, the share of
women in top management positions
is well below the average for ECA in
Armenia and Azerbaijan.
32
ARM
13
AZE
11
5
GEO
41
20
ECA
37
19
0
10
20
30
Participation in Ownership
40
50
Top Manager
Source: WDI.
According to information compiled by
the U.S. State Department, the
Government of Georgia fully complies
with the Trafficking Victims Protection
Act’s standards to combat human
trafficking; the Government of
Armenia does not fully comply, but is
making significant efforts to bring the
country in compliance with these
standards. The Government of
Azerbaijan is currently on the U.S.
State Department’s Tier 2 Watch List
(See Annex 2, Section 2 for more
information).
Trafficking in persons tier placements*, 2011
4
3
Tier
Trafficking in persons
2
2WL
2
1
1
0
ARM
AZE
GEO
Source: U.S. State Department Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in
Persons. 2.5 corresponds to TIER 2 Watch List. See Annex 2, Section 2 for more
information. *The chart does not reflect the number of persons trafficked.
Annex 1. Additional Information
1) The adjusted primary net enrollment rate reflects the total number of pupils of the official
primary school age group who are enrolled at primary or secondary education levels, expressed as
a percentage of the corresponding population. It differs from the primary enrollment rate in that it
also includes the official primary age group who are enrolled in secondary education (e.g., from
skipping grades or entering school earlier).
2) TIER 1: Countries whose governments fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s
(TVPA) minimum standards; TIER 2: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the
TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance
with those standards. TIER 2 WATCH LIST Countries whose governments do not fully comply with
the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into
compliance with those standards AND: a) The absolute number of victims of severe forms of
trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; b) There is a failure to provide evidence
of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or c)
The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with
minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over
the next year. TIER 3: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum
standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.
Source: U.S. State Department, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons.
Annex 2. Selected gender-related indicators by country
Health and demographics
ECCU
Country
IDA
Life
expectancy
gap
Maternal
mortality
ratio
Education
Labor
Europe and Central Asia**
9
34
1.07
64
96
122
1
Russia
12
39
1.06
69
98
135
2
Belarus
12
15
1.06
68
102
144
2
Moldova
8
32
1.06
63
102
2
Ukraine
11
26
1.06
67
3
Armenia
6
29
1.15
3
Azerbaijan
6
38
3
Georgia
7
4
Albania
4
Share of
Share of
women
women in
with firm
parliament
ownership
58
18
0.7
36
15
19
..
40%
55
69
9
0.7
33
14
14
2WL
50%
2
62
7
0.7
53
35
25
2WL
0%
2
134
46
4
0.8
53
24
21
2
33%
3
98
125
62
10
0.8
47
8
28
2
0%
1
62
102
128
0.31
69
14
0.6
32
9
13
2
67%
6
1.17
59
96
99
0.36
65
6
0.5
11
11
5
2WL
67%
3
48
1.11
62
95
125
0.23
59
18
0.6
41
7
20
1
0%
2
6
31
1.07
53
98
56
21
0.7
11
16
20
2
100%
1
Bosnia & Herzegovina
x
5
9
1.07
58
103
130
41
27
33
19
14
1
0%
1
4
FYR Macedonia
4
9
1.08
57
98
119
50
28
36
33
19
1
0%
1
4
Kosovo***
4
43
26
32
11
33
2
0%
3
4
Montenegro
5
15
1.08
58
101
128
26
11
24
2
0%
1
4
Serbia****
5
8
1.08
57
102
130
0.25
29
22
16
2
100%
1
5
Bulgaria
7
13
1.06
59
96
131
0.24
5
Croatia
7
14
1.06
62
104
127
5
Czech Republic
6
8
1.06
60
101
138
5
Estonia
10
12
1.06
67
102
5
Hungary
8
13
1.06
63
5
Latvia
10
20
1.04
5
Lithuania
11
13
5
Poland
9
5
Romania
5
x
x
x
x
0.30
FY11 portfolio
performance
Share of
Women
Share of
gendertrafficking:
women
informed # projects
Tier
managers
projects(%
Placement*
)
Voice
SubjectFemale
Ratio of
Ratio of
Female
Gender gap
Share of
related
earnings
Sex ratio at
female/mal female/mal
labor
in labor
female pop.
gender
relative to
birth
e secondary e tertiary
participatio participatio
65+
segregation
$1 male
enrollment enrollment
n rate
n rate
in tertiary
earnings
0.40
0.23
63
10
0.8
34
21
26
2
60
11
0.9
34
24
23
1
0.30
61
17
0.7
25
22
18
2
0
170
0.32
71
7
0.7
36
23
26
2WL
0
99
137
0.29
55
13
0.8
42
9
14
2
67
101
182
0.30
71
6
0.8
46
22
31
2
1.04
66
100
151
68
4
0.9
39
19
15
1
6
1.06
62
99
143
0.26
58
14
0.8
48
20
31
1
0%
1
7
27
1.06
60
99
134
0.22
56
16
0.9
48
11
25
2
50%
2
Slovak Republic
7
6
1.05
63
101
159
0.33
61
16
0.7
30
15
20
1
5
Slovenia
7
18
1.05
61
100
145
0.33
67
8
0.9
42
14
16
1
6
Turkey
5
23
1.05
56
91
79
29
47
41
9
12
2
25%
4
8
Kazakhstan
10
45
1.07
68
97
144
74
7
0.6
34
18
25
2
33%
3
8
Kyrgyz Republic x
8
81
1.06
59
99
130
59
23
0.7
60
26
23
2
33%
6
8
Tajikistan
7
64
1.05
57
87
41
60
17
0.6
34
19
12
2
50%
4
8
Turkmenistan
8
77
1.05
59
49
29
8
Uzbekistan
6
30
1.05
57
99
70
0.40
51
26
IDA mean
6
42
1.08
60
98
108
0.31
57
17
Non-IDA mean
8
22
1.06
62
99
136
0.30
61
13
10+
60+
1.10+
65+
5± from
parity
Outliers
0.40+
50 or lower
20+
Flagging
criteria
Indicator
details
x
x
Female minus Per 100,000
Male per
male (years)
live births female births
As % of total
65+
population
Ratio
Ratio
0.29
Duncan Index
% of female
population
ages 15-64
% of male
population
ages 15-64
17
0
50%
2
0
0%
1
0
0
0
3
0
40
22
11
2WL
100%
3
1
38
20
16
..
35%
4
1
35
18
21
..
34%
1
0.7 or lower
35 or lower
10 or lower
15 or lower
2WL or 3
60% IDA
Target
Percent of
Women's
firms with
monthly
female
earnings as %
participation
of men's
in ownership
Percent
Sources: WDI, GenderStats, UNECE, Enterprise Surveys, U.S. State Department. Data for latest available year.
* See Annex 1, Section 2 for more information on U.S. State Department's tier definitions.
** Excluding high-income Europe.
*** Missing data on Kosovo is completed with statistics in the Kosovo Gender Diagnostics (WB, 2012).
**** The 2012 WDR highlighted Serbia as a country with high sex imbalances at birth. Further work is planned to understand the severity and factors behind the issue in this country.
1: compliance
w/
Firms with
Trafficking
women in top
Victims
management Protection
(%)
Act’s; 2WL is
2-Watch List
PRMGE
monitoring
Annex 3. Selected key gender-related issues by country
Health and demographics
ECCU
Country
IDA
Life
expectancy
gap
Maternal
mortality
ratio
Education
Labor
Voice
SubjectFemale
Ratio of
Ratio of
Female
Gender gap
Share of
related
earnings
Sex ratio at
female/mal female/mal
labor
in labor
female pop.
gender
relative to
birth
e secondary e tertiary
participatio participatio
65+
segregation
$1 male
enrollment enrollment
n rate
n rate
in tertiary
earnings
Europe and Central Asia**
Share of
women
with firm
ownership
Share of
women in
parliament
FY11 portfolio
performance
Share of
gender# projects
informed
projects(%)
Share of
women
managers
Women
trafficking:
Tier
Placement*
..
√
55
√
√
√
2
√
√
2
√
3
√
1
√
1
Russia
√
√
..
2
Belarus
√
√
√
2
Moldova
2
Ukraine
3
Armenia
3
Azerbaijan
3
Georgia
4
Albania
4
Bosnia & Herzegovina
x
4
FYR Macedonia
4
Kosovo***
4
Montenegro
4
Serbia****
5
Bulgaria
5
Croatia
5
Czech Republic
5
Estonia
5
Hungary
5
Latvia
√
√
5
Lithuania
√
√
5
Poland
√
1
5
Romania
√
2
5
Slovak Republic
5
Slovenia
6
Turkey
8
Kazakhstan
8
Kyrgyz Republic x
√
8
Tajikistan
√
√
√
..
8
Turkmenistan
√
..
..
..
8
Uzbekistan
Flagging
criteria
Indicator
details
x
..
√
x
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
..
..
..
..
..
..
√
6
√
√
√
√
√
√
..
√
√
√
..
..
√
√
..
√
..
..
..
..
√
..
..
..
√
3
√
√
√
..
x
√
..
√
x
√
√
1
√
..
√
1
√
1
√
3
√
1
1
0
√
..
√
√
√
√
√
√
2
0
√
√
0
√
√
0
√
√
√
..
1
0
√
√
2
0
√
0
..
√
√
x
√
..
√
√
√
60+
1.10+
65+
As % of total
Female minus Per 100,000
Male per
65+
male (years)
live births female births
population
5± from
parity
Ratio
Outliers
Ratio
0.40+
..
√
√
x
10+
√
50 or lower
% of female
Duncan Index population
ages 15-64
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
..
..
..
√
√
..
√
√
20+
0.7 or lower
15 or lower
2WL or 3
% of male
population
ages 15-64
35 or lower
Percent of
Women's
firms with
monthly
female
earnings as %
participation
of men's
in ownership
10 or lower
Percent
Sources: WDI, GenderStats, UNECE, Enterprise Surveys, U.S. State Department. Data for latest available year.
* See Annex 1, Section 2 for more information on U.S. State Department's tier definitions.
** Excluding high-income Europe.
*** Missing data on Kosovo is completed with statistics in the Kosovo Gender Diagnostics (WB, 2012).
**** The 2012 WDR highlighted Serbia as a country with high sex imbalances at birth. Further work is planned to understand the severity and factors behind the issue in this country.
.. - Data not available.
1: compliance
w/ Trafficking
Firms with
Victims
women in top
management Protection Act’s;
2WL is 2-Watch
(%)
List
√
4
√
3
√
6
√
4
0
3
60% IDA
Target
PRMGE
monitoring