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Essentials of Sociology
Sixth Edition
Anthony Giddens
Mitchell Duneier
Richard P. Appelbaum
Deborah Carr
Essentials of Sociology
Chapter 3
Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
The Big Questions
• How are children socialized?
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The Big Questions
• How are children socialized?
• Learn about socialization (including gender
socialization), and know the most important
agents of socialization.
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The Big Questions
• What are the five major stages of the life
course?
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The Big Questions
• What are the five major stages of the life
course?
• Learn the various stages of the life course,
and see the similarities and differences
among different cultures and historical
periods.
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The Big Questions
• How do people age?
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The Big Questions
• How do people age?
• Understand that aging is a combination of
biological, psychological, and social
processes.
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The Big Questions
• How do people age?
• Understand that aging is a combination of
biological, psychological, and social
processes.
• Consider key theories of aging, particularly
those that focus on how society shapes the
social roles of older people and that
emphasize aspects of age stratification.
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The Big Questions
• What are the challenges of aging in the United
States?
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The Big Questions
• What are the challenges of aging in the United
States?
• Evaluate the experiences of growing old in
the contemporary United States.
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The Big Questions
• What are the challenges of aging in the United
States?
• Evaluate the experiences of growing old in
the contemporary United States.
• Identify the physical, emotional, and
financial challenges faced by older adults.
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The Big Questions
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Key Concepts
• Socialization
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Key Concepts
• Socialization: The social processes through
which we develop an awareness of social
norms and values and achieve a distinct sense
of self
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Key Concepts
• Social Reproduction
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Key Concepts
• Social Reproduction: The process whereby
societies have structural continuity over time
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How Are Children Socialized?
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• G. H. Mead and the development of self
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• G. H. Mead and the development of self
• Social self
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• G. H. Mead and the development of self
• Social self: The identity conferred upon
an individual by the reactions of others
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• G. H. Mead and the development of self
• Self-consciousness
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• G. H. Mead and the development of self
• Self-consciousness: awareness of one’s
distinct social identity as a person
separate from others
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• G. H. Mead and the development of self
• Generalized other
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• G. H. Mead and the development of self
• Generalized other: Concept according to
which the individual takes over the
general values of a given group or society
during the socialization process
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
• Cognition
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
• Cognition: Human thought processes
involving perception, reasoning, and
remembering
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
• Sensorimotor stage
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
• Sensorimotor stage
• Birth–2 years
• Exploring the environment
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
• Sensorimotor stage
• Preoperational stage
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
• Sensorimotor stage
• Preoperational stage
• 2–7 years
• Egocentric
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
• Sensorimotor stage
• Preoperational stage
• Concrete operational stage
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
• Sensorimotor stage
• Preoperational stage
• Concrete operational stage
• 7–11 years
• Basic abstraction
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
• Sensorimotor stage
• Preoperational stage
• Concrete operational stage
• Formal operational stage
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Theories of Child Development
• Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive
development
• Sensorimotor stage
• Preoperational stage
• Concrete operational stage
• Formal operational stage
• 11–15 years
• Further abstraction and hypothetical reasoning
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
• Agents of socialization: Groups or social
contexts within which processes of
socialization take place
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
• Families
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
• Families
• Nuclear family
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
• Families
• Nuclear family: A family group consisting
of an adult or adult couple and their
dependent children
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
• Families
• Schools
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
• Families
• Schools
• Peer Relationships
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
• Families
• Schools
• Peer relationships
• Peer group
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
• Families
• Schools
• Peer relationships
• Peer group: A friendship group composed
of individuals of similar age and social
status
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
• Families
• Schools
• Peer relationships
• The mass media
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Agents of Socialization
• Families
• Schools
• Peer relationships
• The mass media
• Work
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Social Roles
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Social Roles
• Social roles: Socially defined expectations
of an individual in a given status, or
occupying a particular social position
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Identity
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Identity
• Social identity
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Identity
• Social identity: The characteristics that other
people attribute to an individual
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Identity
• Self-identity
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Identity
• Self-identity: The ongoing process of selfdevelopment and definition of our personal
identity through which we formulate a
unique sense of ourselves and our
relationship to the world around us
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Identity
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Gender Socialization
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Gender Socialization
• Gender socialization: The learning of gender
roles through social factors such as
schooling, the media, and status
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Gender Socialization
• Reactions of parents and adults
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Gender Socialization
• Reactions of parents and adults
• Gender learning
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How Are Children Socialized?
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Gender Socialization
• Reactions of parents and adults
• Gender learning
• Race socialization
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How Are Children Socialized?
• Gender Socialization
• Reactions of parents and adults
• Gender learning
• Race socialization
• Race socialization: The specific verbal
and nonverbal messages that older
generations transmit to younger
generations regarding the meaning and
significance of race
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What Are the Five Major Stages of
the Life Course?
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What Are the Five Major Stages of
the Life Course?
• Life Course
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What Are the Five Major Stages of
the Life Course?
• Life Course: The various transitions and stages
people experience during their lives
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What Are the Five Major Stages of
the Life Course?
• Childhood
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What Are the Five Major Stages of
the Life Course?
• Childhood
• The Teenager
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What Are the Five Major Stages of
the Life Course?
• Childhood
• The Teenager
• Young Adulthood
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What Are the Five Major Stages of
the Life Course?
•
•
•
•
Childhood
The Teenager
Young Adulthood
Midlife or “Middle Age”
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What Are the Five Major Stages of
the Life Course?
•
•
•
•
•
Childhood
The Teenager
Young Adulthood
Midlife or “Middle Age”
Later Life or “Old Age”
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What Are the Five Major Stages of
the Life Course?
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What Are the Five Major Stages of
the Life Course?
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How Do People Age?
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How Do People Age?
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How Do People Age?
• The Meaning of “Age”
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How Do People Age?
• The Meaning of “Age”
• Aging
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How Do People Age?
• The Meaning of “Age”
• Aging: The combination of biological,
psychological, and social processes that
affect people as they grow older
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
• Social gerontologists
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
• Social gerontologists: Social scientists who
study older adults and life-course influences
on aging processes
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
• The first generation of theories:
Functionalism
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
• The first generation of theories:
Functionalism
• Disengagement theory
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
• The first generation of theories:
Functionalism
• Disengagement theory
• Activity theory
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
• The first generation of theories:
Functionalism
• Disengagement theory
• Activity theory
• Continuity theory
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
• The second generation of theories: Social
conflict
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
• The second generation of theories: Social
conflict
• Social conflict theories of aging
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
• The third generation of theories: Life course
perspectives
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How Do People Age?
• Growing Old: Trends and Competing
Sociological Explanations
• The third generation of theories: Life course
perspectives
• Life course theory
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What Are the Challenges of Aging in
the United States?
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What Are the Challenges of Aging in
the United States?
• Young Old: 65–74 years
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What Are the Challenges of Aging in
the United States?
• Young Old: 65–74 years
• Old Old: 75–84 years
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What Are the Challenges of Aging in
the United States?
• Young Old: 65–74 years
• Old Old: 75–84 years
• Oldest Old: 85 years and older
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What Are the Challenges of Aging in
the United States?
• Health Problems
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What Are the Challenges of Aging in
the United States?
• Health Problems
• Elder Abuse
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What Are the Challenges of Aging in
the United States?
• Health Problems
• Elder Abuse
• Social Isolation
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What Are the Challenges of Aging in
the United States?
•
•
•
•
Health Problems
Elder Abuse
Social Isolation
Prejudice
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What Are the Challenges of Aging in
the United States?
•
•
•
•
Health Problems
Elder Abuse
Social Isolation
Prejudice
• Ageism
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Digital Life
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This concludes the Lecture Slides for
Essentials of Sociology, Sixth Edition
Chapter 3
Anthony Giddens
Mitchell Duneier
Richard P. Appelbaum
Deborah Carr
Copyright © 2017 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Chapter 3 Clicker Questions
1. What are the main agents of socialization in
contemporary society?
a. family, schools, the political system, the economic
system, and the urban system
b. family, schools, peer groups, the mass media, and
work
c. movies, videos, computers, and the Internet
d. newspapers, magazines, radio, and television
Copyright © 2017 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Chapter 3 Clicker Questions
2. George Herbert Mead’s ideas have formed the basis
of which general theoretical approach in sociology?
a. symbolic interactionism
b. Marxism
c. functionalism
d. postmodernism
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Chapter 3 Clicker Questions
3. What role does socialization play in individuality or
free will?
a. Learning the value of freedom is a critical aspect of being
socialized in American culture.
b. Socialization teaches children the proper limits of
freedom—when to play and when to obey.
c. Socialization is essential to our sense of self-identity and
our capacity for independent thought and action.
d. Socializing with others is important to our sense of
individuality.
Copyright © 2017 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Chapter 3 Clicker Questions
4. Which of the following statements about gender
socialization is correct?
a. Images of females outnumber those of males in the
majority of movies and television shows.
b. In popular cartoons, most of the leading figures are male,
and males dominate the active pursuits.
c. Children do not know whether they are boys or girls until
age five.
d. Most parents are aware that they treat male infants
differently than female infants.
Copyright © 2017 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Chapter 3 Clicker Questions
5. Which of the following best captures the definition of
the life course?
a. the end of life, old age, and death—or when life has
run its course
b. the physiological changes associated with aging
c. the daily routines necessary for maintaining
physiological and social subsistence
d. the various transitions individuals experience during
their lives
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Chapter 3 Clicker Questions
6. What is the demographic change that will likely alter our
society’s definition of the life course in the next fifty
years?
a. The population will become younger as the proportion of
children increases.
b. The population will become more middle-aged as the
proportion of adults increases.
c. The population will become older as the proportion of the
elderly increases.
d. The population will become more predominantly female as the
proportion of men continues to decline.
Copyright © 2017 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Chapter 3 Clicker Questions
7. Jean Piaget's theory of child development is based on
the
a. stages of cognitive development.
b. emergence of a sense of self, or of self-awareness.
c. importance of sociobiology.
d. importance of psychopathology.
Copyright © 2017 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.