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Supplementary Material S2: Differences in enzyme gene sets between halophilic archaea. Alternative, mostly non-orthologous, enzymes that catalyze the same pathway steps are marked by arrows (). H. marismortui H. walsbyi N. pharaonis H. salinarum glucose 1-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.47) conserved Entner-Douderoff pathway gene conserved Entner-Douderoff pathway gene D-gluconate dehydratase (gnaD), homolog to SSO3198 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase (EC 2.7.1.45), homol. to SSO3195 2-keto-3-deoxyphosphogluconate (KDPG) aldolase (EC 4.1.2.14) KD(P)G aldolase, homolog to SSO3197 rrnAC0917 rrnAC0927 rrnAC2547 rrnAC0575 rrnAC0545, rrnAC2551 rrnAC3121 rrnAC0960 HQ1663A HQ1664A HQ2411A HQ2412A HQ1455A HQ1495A HQ2365A - OE1669F OE1672F OE1668R OE1664R OE1266R OE1665R glycerol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.6) glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30) glycerol-3P dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5) sn-glycerol-3-phosphate ABC transport system rrnAC0550 rrnAC0554-rrnAC0556 rrnB0311-rrnB0315 HQ1733A HQ1734A-HQ1736A HQ1989A-HQ1992A - OE5160F (PL) OE3762R OE3763F-OE3765F OE5166F-OE5170F GAP dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.59) GAP dehydrogenase, archaeal-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) dihydroxyacetone kinase (EC 2.7.1.29) sugar phosphotransferase system, ptsI subunit (EC 2.7.3.9) ptsIIB/C subunits rrnAC2262 rrnAC2363 rrnAC0562 pNG7391 (PL) pNG7392/pNG7387 (PL) HQ1360A, HQ2025A HQ1394A HQ3197A HQ2672A, HQ2673A HQ2709A - NP0012A - OE1154F - isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1), glyoxylate cycle malate synthase (EC 4.1.3.2), glyoxylate cycle rrnAC1965 HQ3094A HQ1720A NP4432A NP4430A - 1-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.56) sucrose-6P hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.26) 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25), malQ maltose ABC transporter α-glucosidases rrnAC0342 rrnAC1479 rrnAC1957 rrnAC2346-rrnAC2349 rrnAC0224, rrnAC1962, rrnAC2350 rrnAC1961, rrnAC2353 rrnAC0237 pNG7029 (PL) - - - - - - rrnAC0090/rrnAC0091, rrnAC3147/rrnAC3148 rrn0731-rrn0733, rrnAC1196 (fusion protein) - - NP3168A/NP3170A OE4005F/OE4007F HQ3198A & HQ1550A/HQ1551A - - OE1872R-OE1876R - OE6185F/OE6186F (PL) Central/sugar metabolism and transport glycosyl hydrolases trehalose-6P synthase (EC 2.4.1.15), otsA rhamnulokinase (EC 2.7.1.5) electron transfer flavoprotein pet genes (complex III) cytochrome d oxidase Amino acid and nitrogen metabolism arginine biosynthesis enzymes, e.g. argB branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis enzymes, e.g. leuB lysine biosynthesis enzymes, e.g. dapB succinyl-dap desuccinylase (EC 3.5.1.18, dapE) diaminopimelate epimerase (EC 5.1.1.7, dapF) rrnAC0078, rrnAC2676 rrnAC0340 rrnAC0206 rrnAC0196 - HQ3716A HQ2707A HQ1508A HQ1512A HQ1511A NP5262A NP2190A NP1492A - - hydroxypyruvate reductase (EC 1.1.1.81), Ser biosynthesis threonine aldolase (EC 4.1.2.5), Gly metabolism pNG7015 (PL) - HQ1667A - NP1162A - OE4436R proline synthesis enzymes (proCBA) proline dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.8) rrnAC2471 HQ1844-HQ1846A - NP3974A-NP3978A - OE3955F arginine deiminase pathway enzymes argininase (EC 3.5.3.1) rrnAC0383, rrnAC0453 - - OE5205R-OE5209R (PL) - methylaspartate mutase (EC 5.4.99.1), Glu fermentation methylaspartate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.2) urocanate metabolism (hut genes), His degradation tryptophanase (EC 4.1.99.1) kynureninase (EC 3.7.1.3) tyrosine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.25) glycine cleavage system (EC 1.4.4.2) rrnAC0684/rrnAC0685 rrnAC0687 rrnAC1787-rrnAC1791 rrnAC2439 rrnAC1798 rrnAC1497/rrnAC1499 & pNG7366/pNG7370 (PL) - NP1194A NP4772A/NP4774 & NP4594A/NP4596A OE4204F/OE4206F OE4207F OE2734F-OE2739F OE4331R OE2332F OE1498R OE3274R-OE3278R urease & ABC urea transporter nitrate assimilation pathway enzymes & transporter glutamate synthase nitrate reductase (respiratory) nitrous-oxide reductase nitrilase nitric-oxide synthase (EC 1.14.13.39), oxygenase subunit N-methylhydantoinase (ATP-hydrolyzing) (EC 3.5.2.14) pNG7123-pNG7129 (PL) rrnAC2625-rrnAC2627 rrnAC0169 rrnAC1199/rrnAC1200 rrnAC0390 rrnAC0810(pNG7354,PL) pNG7165/pNG7165 (PL) HQ3625A-HQ3631A HQ2210A-HQ2213A HQ1714A HQ2241A/HQ2242A - formamidase (EC 3.5.1.49) pNG7060 (PL) - NP2008A-NP2020A NP4224-NP4228A NP1794A NP0374A, NP0178A NP1908A NP2952A/NP2952A (NP6216A/NP6218A, PL) NP6204A (PL) probable sulfite dehydrogenase (EC 1.8.2.1) - NP2718A, NP2044A OE2569R probable sulfite reductase rrnAC1375, rrnAC1624, rrnAC3141 rrnAC2992, rrnAC2625 HQ1116A, HQ2212A - thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.1) rrnAC2128/rrnAC2129 HQ3729A/HQ3730A, HQ2038A NP4004A (Cterm),NP1146A NP3186A, NP4004A (N-terminus) Nitrogen and sulfur metabolism - OE4355R/OE4356F Cofactor, nucleotide, and lipid metabolism α-ribazole-phosphate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.71, cobC) thiamine-P pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.5.1.3, thiE) thiN (Morett et al. 2003) HQ3517A HQ2655A HQ1277A thiamine biosynthesis protein (thiC) tenA (Morett et al. 2003) hydroxyethylthiazole kinase (EC 2.7.1.50, thiM) rrnAC2859 rrnAC2143 rrnAC1764, rrnAC1777, rrnAC2449 (thiDN) rrnAC1182 rrnAC1765/rrnAC1767 - HQ2369A HQ2656A NP1332A NP4054A NP5168A, NP0546A (thiDN) NP2210A NP4080A/NP4082A NP4052A OE1385F, OE4654F (thiDN) OE2057F - biotin biosynthesis enzymes (bioB, bioF) dethiobiotin synthase (EC 6.3.3.3, bioD) rrnAC0883/rrnAC0885 - - NP4232A/NP4236A NP4230A - GTP cyclohydrolase I (EC 3.5.4.16), archaeal-type GTP cyclohydrolase I, bacterial-type dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3, folA), prd domain protein, with reduced activity folate biosynthesis enzymes (metF) folate biosynthesis enzymes (fhs) rrnAC3309 pNG7382 (PL) rrnAC0859(pNG7359,PL) rrnAC0184 pNG7363(PL) pNG7380 (PL) HQ3317A HQ1842A, HQ2455A HQ1767A HQ1756A HQ1768A NP2514A NP2922A NP1478A - OE3673F OE1615R - thymidylate synthase (EC 2.1.1.45, thyA) thymidylate synthase (thyX) uridine kinase (EC 2.7.1.48) thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) rrnAC1121 - HQ2456A HQ1795A NP2924A - OE2898R OE2749F OE3159R AMP phosphorylase ribose-1,5-bisphosphate isomerase RuBisCO (EC 4.1.1.39), type III - - NP3958A NP3202A NP2770A OE3610R - IPP isomerase (EC 5.3.3.2), type I, bacterial-type IPP isomerase, type II, archaeal type β-carotene monooxygenase, homolog to cyanobacterial enzyme rrnAC3484 pNG7272 (PL) HQ2772A (HQ2847A) HQ2381A, HQ2020A & HQ3007A (plant-like) NP4826A NP0360A (NP5124A) - OE3560F OE6213R (PL) - alkaline phosphatase alkaline phosphatase D rrnAC0273 - - OE5192R (PL) - chitinase - - - halolysin/subtilisin-like serine proteases - - carboxypeptidase LD-type carboxypeptidase probable carboxypeptidase rrnAC1893 rrnAC2092 HQ2062A HQ1367A NP1682A/NP4612F/ NP4628A NP5372A NP0944A OE2201F/OE2205F/ OE2206F OE4612F (halolysin R4)/ OE3740R OE4673F Secretion enzymes