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Table S1 Results of a literature survey conducted on all peer-reviewed papers containing the
terms ‘resource’ and ‘competition’ for terrestrial vegetation from 1990 to 2008 (Source: Web
of Science). Only 109 relevant papers* were selected on the bases of: (i) at least one resource
(nutrients, water, light) was quantified and (ii) resource depletion was characterized - at least
qualitatively - by one or more species traits. The percentage of papers satisfying these
conditions is given for each resource. They were empirical studies with field observation or
vegetation manipulation, or modelling studies (e.g. evolutionary games, physiology-based
modelling, agronomical modelling). The percentages of empirical papers in which a
quantitative relationship between traits and resource depletion was proposed and in which
experimental studies (vegetation manipulation: e.g. common-garden experiment, neighbour
removal, manipulation of plant biomass or density) were performed, are given. Examples of
traits used are given for each type of resource.
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Table S1
Percentage of surveyed papers
Percentage of empirical studies
- Percentage of studies proposing
Nutrients
Light
Water
68%
34%
27%
49%
35%
55%
33%
11%
10%
80%
46%
7%
quantified relationships
- Percentage of experimental
studies
- Examples of traits used
Allocation to fine roots; biomass :
Plant size; aboveground
Root architectural traits; rooting
N ratio; root length; rooting depth;
biomass; shoot biomass; leaf
depth; root growth rate; root length;
root distribution; root growth rate;
angle; leaf distribution; leaf
root density; root biomass
root density
area; foliar architecture
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*List of supplementary references used in the literature survey:
Aerts R (1999) Journal of Experimental Botany 50:29-37
Arii K, Turkington R (2001) Canadian Journal of Botany 79:1486-1491
Ball DA, Shaffer MJ (1993) Weed Research 33:299-310
Bauer S et al. (2004) Plant Ecology 170:135-145
Belcher JW, Keddy PA, Twolanstrutt L (1995) Journal of Ecology 83:673-682
Berendse F (1994) Oikos 71:253-260
Berntson GM, Wayne PM (2000) Ecology 81:1072-1085
Blair B (2001) Plant Ecology 156:199-203
Cahill JF (1999) Ecology 80:466-480
Cahill JF, Casper BB (1999) Annals of Botany 83:471-478
Caldwell MM, Manwaring JH, Durham SL (1996) Oecologia 106:440-447
Campbell BD, Grime JP, Mackey JML (1991) Oecologia 87:532-538
Casper BB, Jackson RB (1997) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28:545-570
Casper BB, Schenk HJ, Jackson RB (2003) Ecology 84:2313-2321
Clark B, Bullock S (2007) Journal of Theoretical Biology 244:208-217
Colasanti RL, Hunt R (1997) Functional Ecology 11:133-145
Colasanti RL, Hunt R, Askew AP (2001) Functional Ecology 15:676-687
Comeau P, Heineman J, Newsome T (2006) Forest Ecology and Management 226:80-87
Coomes DA, Grubb PJ (2000) Ecological Monographs 70:171-207
Craine JM (2006) Plant and Soil 285:171-185
Darrah PR, Jones DL, Kirk GJD, Roose T (2006) European Journal of Soil Science 57:13-25
Davies KW et al. (2007) Rangeland Ecology and Management 60:304-310
Dybzinski R, Tilman D (2007) American Naturalist 170:305-318
Dyer AR, Rice KJ (1999) Ecology 80:2697-2710
El-Shatnawi MKJ, Makhadmeh IM (2001) Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 187:1-9
Elmendorf SC, Moore KA (2007) Ecology 88:2640-2650
Fahey TJ, Battles JJ, Wilson GF (1998) Ecological Monographs 68:183-212
Fargione J, Tilman D (2005) Oecologia 143:598-606
Fargione J, Tilman D (2006) Functional Ecology 20:533-540
Fransen B, de Kroon H, Berendse F (2001) Ecology 82:2534-2546
Fransen B et al. (1999) Annals of Botany 84:305-311
Freckleton RP, Watkinson AR (2001) Ecology Letters 4:348-357
Gebauer RLE, Ehleringer JR (2000) Ecology 81:1415-1424
Gebauer RLE, Schwinning S, Ehleringer JR (2002) Ecology 83:2602-2616
Gersani M et al. (2001) Journal of Ecology 89:660-669
Goldberg D, Novoplansky A (1997) Journal of Ecology 85:409-418
Grist EPM (1999) Ecological Modelling 121:63-78
Haggar JP, Ewel JJ (1997) Ecology 78:1211-1221
Hamilton JG, Holzapfel C, Mahall BE (1999) Oecologia 121:518-526
Hauggaard-Nielsen H et al. (2008) Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23:3-12
Herron GJ, Sheley RL, Maxwell BD, Jacobsen JS (2001). Restoration Ecology 9:326-331
Hess L, De Kroon H (2007) Journal of Ecology 95:241-251
Ho MD, McCannon BC, Lynch JP (2004) Journal of Theoretical Biology 226:331-340
Ho MD, Rosas JC, Brown KM, Lynch JP (2005) Functional Plant Biology 32:737-748
Hodge A (2006) Journal of Experimental Botany 57:401-411
Huber-Sannwald E, Pyke DA, Caldwell MM, Durham S (1998) Ecology 79:2267-2280
Jackson RB, Caldwell MM (1992) Oecologia 91:457-462
Jackson RB, Caldwell MM (1996) Journal of Ecology 84:891-903
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Jankju-Borzelabad M, Griffiths H (2006) Oecologia 148:555-563
Jumpponen A et al. (2002) Functional Ecology 16:454-461
Kizito F et al. (2006) Journal of Arid Environments 67:436-455
Kosola KR, Gross KL (1999) Oecologia 118:69-75
Kueffer C et al. (2007) Journal of Ecology 95:273-282
Lawless C, Semenov MA, Jamieson PD (2005) European Journal of Agronomy 22:19-32
Le Chevalier V et al. (2007) Journal of Computer Science and Technology 22:835-845
Le Roux X, Bariac T (1998) Oecologia 113:456-466
Leffler AJ, Caldwell MM (2005) Journal of Ecology 93:783-793
Lemaire G, Millard P (1999) Journal of Experimental Botany 50:15-28
Leroux X, Bariac T, Mariotti A (1995) Oecologia 104:147-155
Lipson D, Nasholm T (2001) Oecologia 128:305-316
Martineau Y, Saugier B (2007) Ecological Modelling 204:399-419
Matthews RB et al. (1991) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 53:285-301
McKane RB et al. (2002) Nature 415:68-71
McLaren JR, Wilson SD, Peltzer DA (2004) Oikos 107:199-205
Michelsen A, Schmidt IK, Jonasson S, et al. (1995) Oecologia 103:407-418
Midmore DJ (1993) Field Crops Research 34:357-380
Miller AE, Bowman WD, Suding KN (2007) Ecology 88:1832-1840
Mitchell RJ, Zutter BR, Gjerstad DH, Glover GR, Wood CW (1999) Ecology 80:857-872
Morris EC, Myerscough PJ (1991) Journal of Ecology 79:903-923
Morris RA, Garrity DP (1993) Field Crops Research 34:319-334
Nippert JB, Knapp AK (2007) Oikos 116:1017-1029
Olff H (1992) Oecologia 89:412-421
Partel M, Helm A (2007) Journal of Vegetation Science 18:63-70
Peltzer DA, Kochy M (2001) Journal of Ecology 89:519-527
Perry LG, Neuhauser C, Galatowitsch SM (2003) Journal of Theoretical Biology 222:425-436
Rajaniemi TK (2007) 153:145-152
Rajaniemi TK, Reynolds HL (2004) Oecologia 141:519-525
Rastetter EB et al. (2001) Ecosystems 4:369-388
Raynaud X, Leadley PW (2004) Ecology 85:2200-2214
Raynaud X, Leadley PW (2005) Ecological Modelling 189:447-453
Rees M, Bergelson J (1997) Journal of Theoretical Biology 184:353-358
Reynolds HL, Hungate BA, Chapin FS, Dantonio CM (1997) Ecology 78:2076-2090
Reynolds HL, Pacala SW (1993) American Naturalist 141:51-70
Reynolds JF, Kemp PR, Tenhunen JD (2000) Plant Ecology 150:145-159
Robinson D et al. (1999) Proceedings of The Royal Society of London Series B 266:431-435
Rowe EC, Van Noordwijk M, Suprayogo D, Cadisch G (2005) Plant and Soil 268:61-74
Rubio G, Walk T, Ge ZY, Yan XL, Liao H, Lynch JP (2001) Annals of Botany 88:929-940
Schenk HJ (2006) Journal of Ecology 94:725-739
Sekimura T et al. (2000) Ecological Modelling 128:51-62
Semchenko M, Hutchings MJ, John EA (2007) Journal of Ecology 95:252-260
Sorrensencothern KA, Ford ED, Sprugel DG (1993) Ecological Monographs 63:277-304
Suding KN, Larson JR, Thorsos E, Steltzer H, Bowman WD (2004) Plant Ecology 175:47-58
Theodose TA, Bowman WD (1997) Oikos 79:101-114
Theodose TA, Jaeger CH, Bowman WD, Schardt JC (1996) Oikos 75:59-66
Tilman D, Wedin D (1991) Ecology 72:1038-1049
Tilman D, Wedin D (1991) Ecology 72:685-700
Tremmel DC, Bazzaz FA (1993) Ecology 74:2114-2124
Tschirhart J (2002) Ecological Modelling 148:191-212
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van Wijk MT (2007) Ecological Modelling 203:453-463
Wardle DA, Barker GM, Bonner KI, Nicholson KS (1998) Journal of Ecology 86:405-420
Wedin D, Tilman D (1993) Ecological Monographs 63:199-229
Wilson SD, Kleb HR (1996) American Midland Naturalist 136:222-231
Wilson SD, Tilman D (1991) Ecology 72:1050-1065
Wilson SD, Tilman D (1991) Oecologia 88:61-71
Wilson SD, Tilman D (1993) Ecology 74:599-611
Xiao S, Chen SY, Wang G (2006) Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 68:957-967
Xiao S, Chen SY, Zhao LQ, Wang G (2006) Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 48:513-519
Xie YH et al. (2006) Environmental and Experimental Botany 57:195-200
Yachi S, Loreau M (2007) Ecology Letters 10:54-62
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Supplementary Method S1: Time-dynamics of resource depletion: modelling protocols
Time-dynamics of resource depletion were modelled with a daily time-step over the lifespan
of phytometers, from 22nd November 2004 to 30th June 2005.
Light availability. The daily fraction of transmitted light per plot was estimated by non-linear
adjustments (sigmoid curves) based on eleven records (R² > 0.96). The daily amount of
transmitted light was calculated using daily data of total radiation (data from the
meteorological station of Météo-France, Fréjorgues, Montpellier, France) and summed over
the study period to get the cumulated amount of transmitted light per plot, Lc (J/cm²).
Water availability. A water-balance model (Sarr et al. 2004) was used to estimate the canopy
evapotranspiration, as the daily fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) of each plot, taking
into account daily climatic data (precipitations, solar radiation and potential reference
evapotranspiration; provided by the meteorological station of Météo-France, Fréjorgues,
Montpellier, France), canopy and root development, and soil water status. The model (Sarr et
al. 2004) considers the soil as a reservoir with two compartments the sizes of which vary with
time according to root growth and soil depth. The upper compartment, explored by the roots
and supplied by rainfall, contains the soil water reserve available for the plants. Percolation
occurs when the amount of water received in that compartment exceeds the maximum holding
capacity, which corresponds to field capacity. The second compartment is supplied by
percolation from the first compartment; water loss is due to deep percolation (Sarr et al.
2004). For this study, we calculated the daily FTSW for the 20 upper centimetres of soil,
corresponding to the soil layer in which more than 80% of root biomass of phytometers was
present (C. Roumet, unpublished data). The amount of soil water available was then
calculated by summing the daily FTSW for the 20 upper centimetres of soil of soil during the
studied period. This cumulated indicator, Wc, is unitless.
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References
Sarr B, Lecoeur J, Clouvel P (2004) Scheduling irrigation using water balance model:
application to irrigation methods researches for confectionery groundnut (Arachis
hypogeaea L.) quality in Senegal. Agri Wat Manage 67:201-220.
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