Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cell Structure and Function Name Period Date Timeline: History of Cells • • • Robert • • • • • From the Latin “cella” meaning “ ” Father of -1675 A Dutch merchant who became interested in studying Was the first to see and describe , cells and Rene Dutrochet-1824 1st scientist to hypothesize that . Robert Brown- 1833 • • • • First to use the term Anton van • • 1665 Names the processes and proposes that it has an important role in the control of cellular Matthias Schleiden (1838) – All plants Theodor Schwann (1839) – All animals Rudolf Virchow (1856) • • “Where a cell exists, there a cell must How do we see cells? ” There are 3 kinds of microscopes: – Microscope • Magnifies up to – • ) Microscope ( ) Magnifies up to • • Microscope ( Magnifies up to Scanning Electron Microscope • • Can look at • Can only look at of the specimen in • A beam of is sent through the thin slice of specimen, the image is enlarged and put on film of the specimen Specimen is coated in and an electron beam is sent into it, electrons bounce off onto a piece of film, which forms a picture of the specimen Transmission Electron Microscope 1 3 Parts of the Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. Number of Cells Unicellular – composed of Multicellular- composed of Colonial – There are 2 main kinds of cells and Prokaryotic Cells • Lack a • • Much than eukaryotic cells is an example Eukaryotic Cells • • • • • Have a Include plants, animals, fungi and protista Plasma Membrane Present in Regulates the and out of the cell into Provides and • Composed of a • It is things get in, some don’t) • Lipid bilayer is made up of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions Cytoplasm • • • • (some Also found in Cytoplasm: the cell of the This is where Mainly made of Nucleus – contains the of the cell • DNA is also called • surrounded by a •Controls Called the nuclear 2 Nucleolus • • Where the within the nucleus This is where are produced Ribosomes Make May be free in the • • • Comes from the Greek Endo = “ • A • This is the • • • • • Produces OR bound to the Endoplasmic Reticulum ” Latin reticulum = “ .” within the cytoplasm of the cell Rough ER and Called because of Things made here leave by (little sacs) that pinch off and Smooth ER in the cytoplasm No Builds Golgi Apparatus • • • • Like the finished proteins finished proteins (in vesicles) of the cell Vesicles • , that are classified by their shaped sacs that are surrounded by a single membrane and Lysosomes • • • • Vesicles that contain Used to Also help to “ Only in • • • The cell’s Involved in Helps to convert cell invaders, old organelles, or food ” cells when needed, by releasing their cells Mitochondria Cytoskeleton • A network of thin tubes and filaments made of – Give the cell that crisscross in the cytosol. and Cilia and Flagella • • • • structures that extend from the surface of a cell and they assist in Cilia are Flagella are Both are made of 3 Centrioles • • • Made of • Plants have • Animals have Organize Only in of all during cell division cells Differences in Plant and Animal Cells Central Vacuole • • • area in animal cells Helps to give in plant cells- holds Cell Wall • • • • The cell wall is a • Organelles that are surrounded by a mitochondria) • Examples: that is found in plants, fungi, and bacteria cells Made mainly of Has for the movement of It – Chloroplasts- contain – Chromoplasts- contain – Amyloplasts- store , , and of the cell and is extremely Plastids and contain their own (like pigments pigments Chloroplasts • • Site of Contains the pigment 4 Cell Transport Name Period • • • • • • • • • Date Concentration - from concentration to concentration Passive Transport needed – Goes the concentration gradient – Examples are diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion Active Transport energy – Goes the concentration gradient – Examples are protein pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis Diffusion- The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration – Movement the concentration gradient (passive transport) – Diffusion occurs until is reached • Equilibrium is when the concentration of molecules is the a space they occupy Osmosis – Water is one of the small, polar substances that can through the selectively plasma membrane – The of across a membrane is called osmosis. – Water moves from to concentration ( transport) Isotonic Solution (Iso=Same) – The concentration of water molecules and solutes are the inside and outside the cell. • Remember, solutes are in water, like salt or sugar – Water molecules will move across the membrane at the rate in both directions. – NO MOVEMENT, cell Hypertonic Solution (Hyper=above) – Hypertonic solution = solute / water on outside – Water will move of the cell – Plant cells will lose Turgor (the pressure water molecules exert on the cell wall) – Plasmolysis occurs which is where cell membranes Hypotonic Solution (Hypo=below) – concentration of solute on outside of cell when compared to the inside of cell – Water will move the cell – Cell will or possibly (called ) – Plant cells will Turgor Pressure Plasma Membrane – Remember, the function of the plasma membrane is the materials into and out of the cell 5 The plasma membrane is which means some things can get through and some cannot. – It is made of a phospholipid bilayer, but also contains embedded that help with – Small molecules • , carbon dioxide, and – Large molecules like glucose and ions Facilitated Diffusion – Proteins help transport molecules their concentration gradient that cannot diffuse by themselves (from HIGH to LOW concentrationtransport) – Carrier assist these molecules with diffusion – Different carrier proteins will transport molecules (each protein is !) – is transported this way – Molecules can be moved OR of the cell Active Transport – This type of transport and usually moves the concentration gradient – proteins are usually involved, but may be called protein pumps Endo and Exocytosis – Some substances are too to transport into the cell through carrier proteins • So, endocytosis and exocytosis are used – Endocytosis is the process by which cells take substances – Exocytosis is the process by which cells let substances – • • • 6