Download Session 2

LBSC 690
Module 2
Architecture
Computer Explosion
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Last week examined explosive growth of
computers.
What has led to this growth?
Reduction in cost.
Reduction in size and power consumption.
Increase in performance.
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Speed of access and computing.
Increase in reliability.
Wide variety of software available.
Technology Factors
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Solid State Technology
Computing Systems Architecture & Design
Telecommunications Technology
Advanced Applications Development
Solid State Technology
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Began with transistor.
Invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and
William Shockley in !947.
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Discrete component.
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At Bell Labs.
Awarded Nobel Prizes in 1956.
Semiconductor switch.
Integrated Circuit.
Invented by Jack Kilbey of Texas Instruments in
1958.
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Awarded Nobel Prize in 2000.
Solid State Technology(Cont’d.)
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Further developments:
LSI.
VLSI.
VHSIC.
ULSI.
Advanced miniaturization
(microprocessor), cost reduction and
reliability.
Integrated Circuits
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Fabricated in “clean rooms.”
Made from silicon.
Melted in an induction furnace.
Pulled as a single epitaxial crystal from the
melt.
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Single round crystal.
Sliced into wafers.
Fabrication
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Uses silicon wafers plus:
Chemicals & gases, Metallic atoms, Ultraviolet
light & X-rays, and Masks.
Layering:
Silicon dioxide.
Photoresist.
Photolithography.
Etching.
Ion implantation.
More than 20 layers in a microprocessor.
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More than 250 steps in process.
Packaging
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Each wafer contains one hundred or more
microprocessors. (Chips).
Each chip is tested.
Wafer is cut with a diamond saw.
Each chip is put into a package.
Packages mounted on printed circuit boards.
 Boards assembled into computers.
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Historical Development of
Microprocessor Chips
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1969: Datapoint Corporation.
Wanted to implement their microprocessor on
chip.
Intel & Texas Instruments.
1971: Intel announces 4004.
2,300 transistors ((10 microns),
108 Khz. Clock speed, 60 KIPS.
4 bit bus width.
History (Cont’d.)
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1974: Intel announces 8008.
3500 transistors (10 microns),
200 Khz clock speed, 60 KIPS,
8 bit bus width.
1974, MITS ALTAIR 8800 computer
announced. (Micro Instrumentation and
Telemetry Systems.).
Programmed in machine language.
History (Cont’d)
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1974: Birth of a Software Company.
Founded by college dropouts.
Developed first high level language for a
microprocessor - BASIC.
What was the company?
Who were the two founders?
1974: Intel 8080.
6000 transistors (6 microns),
2 Mhz clock speed, 370 KIPS,
8 bit bus width.
History (Cont’d.)
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1977: Apple Computer.
Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak began
building Apple I Computer kits in a garage in
California.
Followed with Apple II – fully assembled.
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First commercially successful microcomputer.
Used Motorola 6800 microprocessor.
1978: Intel 8086.
29,000 transistors (3 microns),
5 Mhz clock speed, 660KIPS,
16 bit bus width.
History (Cont’d.)
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1979: The “Corporate Phase” begins.
IBM announces the IBM PC.
Used the Intel 8086.
 Used Microsoft’s MS/DOS Operating System.
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1984: Motorola introduces the 68000.
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32 bit microcomputer.
Used in the Apple MacIntosh computer.
Intel Processors
Model
Date
80286
1982
80386
1985
80486
1989
Pentium 1993
Pentium 1995
Pro.
Pentium II 1997
Transistors
134,000
275,000
1.200.000
3,100,000
5,500,000
7,500,000
Microns Speed
1.5
6 MHz
1.5
16
1
25
0.8
60
0.35
166
0.35
233
Data Width
16 bits
32
32
32
64
64
Clock
1 Mhz
5.
20.
100.
200.
400-.
450.
Pentium III 1999 28,000,000
0.18
450
64
850-.
1.13GHz.
Itanium
2000
?
0.18
400
64
733-800.
Pentium 4 2000
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0.18
400
64
1.3-2GHz.
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NOTE: Advanced Micro Devices. Inc. (AMD) is a strong competitor.
Definitions
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Computer (System):
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An assemblage of hardware devices and
associated software (computer programs) that
accepts inputs, processes them according to
a set of instructions (in the software), stores
the instructions, the inputs and the results of
processing and produces the results as
outputs.
Von Neumann Architecture
CONTROL
INPUT
MEMORY
OUTPUT
A.L.U.*
Data/Instruction Flow
Control Flow
*Arithmetic Logical Unit
Architecture (Cont’d.)
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Each basic unit:
Contains an important component;
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The register
The basic units are linked by structural
components:
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The buses
Definitions (Cont’d.)
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Architecture:
The description of the hardware and software
components of a system, their organization, and
the structure by which they are interconnected.
Register:
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A device capable of receiving information or
instructions, holding them and transferring them as
directed by control circuits.
Definitions (Cont’d.)
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Bus:
A special electrical circuit, composed of parallel
connections, that links the internal components
of a computer system. It has four sections:
An address bus.
A data bus.
A control bus.
An electrical power bus (lines).
Definitions (Cont’d.)
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Address:
Whenever data or instructions are sent to or
read from memory cells, I/O ports or registers,
each is uniquely identified by a number:
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1.
2.
3.
Called its “address.”
Computer performance:
By clock speed.
By number of registers and their size (I.e., their
length).
By the number of buses and their size (I.e.,
their width.
Where the Buses Are
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Handout diagram.
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Illustrates typical bus architecture in a PC.