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Transcript 
Chapter 11 Organisms and Ecology of the Soil
Head of a bacteria-feeding nermatode. (Sven Boström, Swedish Museum of Natural History)
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Diversity of Soil Organisms
• Size of Organisms
– Macrofauna – Moles, Prairie dogs, earthworms,
millipeds
– Mesofauna – Springtails and Mites
– Microfauna – Nematodes and single-celled
protozoans
– Flora – Plants Roots
– Microorganisms – Fungi, Bacteria, and
Actinomycetes
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Diversity of Soil Organisms
• Types of Diversity
– Species Diversity – The mix of species present
– Functional Diversity – The capacity to use a
wide variety of substrates and provide a range
of ecosystem services.
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Diversity of Soil Organisms
• Ecosystem Dynamics
– Functional Redundancy – Several organisms
can carry out each ecosystem service.
• This redundancy leads to ecosystem stability and
resilience
– Keystone Species – A species that is unique in
filling an ecological niche and is therefore
integral to the functioning of that system.
• Global Biodiversity – Great genetic
resource of soil organisms.
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.1
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.2
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.3
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.4
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.5
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Earthworms
• Earthworms eat detritus, soil organisms matter,
and microorganisms found on these materials.
– Probably the most significant macroorganisms in humid
temperate region soils
– 7000 species worldwide
– Epigeic – Live in the litter layer. The compost worm
(Eisenia foetida)
– Endogeic – Live in the top 10-30cm of soil. The palepink “red worm” (Allolobophora caliginosa)
– Anecic – Live in vertical burrows up to 1 meter deep.
The introduced Night Crawler (Lumbricus terrestris)
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.6
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Soil Aeration by Earthworms
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.9
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Termite
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.10
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.12
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Nematode
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.13
(a)
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
(b)
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.14
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Two Microanimals Typically
Found in Soils
Ciliated protozoan
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
Two species of rotifer
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Roots and Rhizosphere
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.17
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.18
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.19
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.20
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.21
(a)
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
(b)
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.22
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.23
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
The Effect of Phosphorous and
Mycorrhizae Treatments
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.25
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Fungi, Bacteria, and Actinomycetes
Fungal Hyphae and rod-shaped bacteria
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
Actinomycete threads
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.31
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 11.34
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e
Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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