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Chapter 4: How and Why Europeans Came to the New World Date: Focus Question: What did explorers take to and from the New World during the Age of Exploration? I. The European Age of Exploration Begins A. When? The late 1400s B. Why? (What were they looking for/hoping to achieve?) They were looking for sea routes/trade routes to Asia C. Who? Spain (Christopher Columbus), France, Portugal, England, and Holland/The Netherlands. D. How? (By what means did they travel?) They sailed on ships, using navigational tools like the astrolabe, the compass, and triangular or lateen sails. II. Ocean Crossing A. Sailors needed ways to help them stay on course. They had no __landmarks__ to guide them in the open sea. Explorers developed new and rediscovered old technology (tools) to help them navigate their way. 1. The astrolabe: an early scientific tool used to observe and calculate the position of the sun and stars. Let sailors know their latitude or location north and south of the equator. 2. The compass: shows directions such as North, South, East and West. It always points north and uses the Earth’s magnetic pole. Works in any weather. Let sailors know the direction they were traveling in. 3. Maps: drawings of the shapes of bodies of land and water. They also show where key physical features are (good places to land their ships). European explorers got information for their maps from sailors, other explorers, and scientists. B. Why didn’t they go over land? (Silk Road) 1. The overland trip had always been dangerous and expensive. 2. Holy wars called Crusades made the overland route even more dangerous for Christian explorers. 3. Muslim traders would only trade with merchants from the Italian city states of Genoa and Venice. III. Motivations for Exploration (Why did they go? The Three G’s: Glory, God, and Gold) A. Claiming Land (G: Glory ) 1. Explorers carried flags or banners to honor their queens and kings. a) Flags often displayed the symbol of a cross; Spanish ships had the letters F and Y on them (for King Ferdinand and Queen Ysabel). b) Flags served as symbols of power of countries and their rulers. 2. Explorers also kept journals and ships’ logs to record important information about their journeys. B. Religious Beliefs (G: God) 1. Christianity began in the Middle East and spread to Europe. 2. Europeans spread this religion to other parts of the world. 3. In Europe Christians were either Catholics or Protestants and many people believed all people should share their beliefs. 4. Catholic rulers sent priests and armies to other lands; part of their mission was to convert people to the Catholic Church so many explorers carried Bibles with them. C. Wealth (G: Gold) 1. Europeans measured their wealth in gold and silver. 2. In the late 1400s Spain had just fought a costly war, so they wanted to get more gold and silver. 3. In Mexico and South America, the Spanish found gold and silver. They forced Native Americans to work in mines as slaves. Spanish ships carried the gold and silver back to Spain. 4. New Foods were also valuable products. a) Explorers brought back corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, beans, squash, tomatoes, pineapple, and cacao beans. b) These new foods changed what people ate around the world. Europeans ate a more healthful diet, which helped to support population growth. 5. Cash Crops: Crops that are grown in large quantities for sale. a) The New World crop tobacco became very popular in Europe. b) Many Europeans became addicted to tobacco and soon it was in great demand. c) Tobacco grew well in the New World and the American colonists planted large fields of it. They sold the crop to Europeans. IV. Summary 1. Navigational Tools: helped European explorers sail across the Atlantic Ocean 2. Motivations for Exploring: The Three Gs, Glory, God, and Gold. Claiming Land, Spreading Christianity, and Gaining Wealth. 3. What They Brought Back to Europe: New World plants such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco.