Download Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Effects on Human Beings

International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering & Research (IJCTER)
e-ISSN 2455–1392 Volume 2 Issue 6, June 2016 pp. 518 – 522
Scientific Journal Impact Factor : 3.468
http://www.ijcter.com
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Effects on Human
Beings Review
Asha Madhav Nayak1, Bhavesh Ranjan Vengurlekar2
L.B.H.S.S.T’s Institute Of Computer Application
S.N.341,Next to New English School, Govt. Colony
Bandra (East)-400 051.
Master of Computer Application (MCA)
University of Mumbai
1,2
Abstract – In today’s world, mobile phones are not only luxury but also it becomes necessity of the
peoples. Mobile phone use not just limited to elders or business purposed. Now-a-days mobile
phone is going to use by the children, youngsters, as well as aged person too. Mobile phone has
become undivided part of our life. The uses of mobile phone increase rapidly but while using that we
didn’t think about its disadvantages. When we get connected with another person through calls, for
that time period, phone release some electromagnetic radiations which is harmful for human body.
The electromagnetic radiations are known as “SAR” i.e. Specific Absorption Rate. SAR energy
which is absorbed by the tissues of human body. The small sample volume of SAR also effects on
human body which causes to different heath issues. SAR value is differ from testing one mobile
phone to another.
Many researchers have proposed techniques and formulas to detect SAR testing and its effects. In
this review paper, what is SAR, its health issues and safety standards are presented. We also
described lawsuits and precaution principle and precautionary measures and health advisories.
Keywords – SAR, undivided, proposed techniques, precaution principle and precautionary
measures, electromagnetic, WHO.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Now-a-days use of mobile phones are increased like the way population increases every seconds.
Everyone using this device but not aware about its disadvantages or health issues. Mobile phones are
like friend in our life who’s always with us. But in actual mobile phone is behaving like a “Friendly
Evil”. Uses Of the mobile phones are Communication, Message sending, Games, Chat, Internet,
Music, Reading article, etc.
While performing all these activities we are not thinking about SAR; which is automatically comes
into the picture when we used mobiles. Sometime we heard about this term SAR and its health issues
through interviews where many researchers talked on this topic but we simply neglect. When calls
are going to connect that time device released electromagnetic field which energy absorbed by
human body. It is absorbed per mass tissue and has units of watts per kilogram (W/Kg). Different
states mentioned different SAR standards. So that while communication health issues are not
increased.
II.
DEFINITION
SAR is Specific Absorption Rate which measured the rate of energy which is absorbed by the
human body, when electromagnetic field released, the radio frequency which has units of W/Kg.
III.
CALCULATION OF SAR
SAR for electromagnetic energy can be calculated from electric field as,
@IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved
518
International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering & Research (IJCTER)
Volume 02, Issue 06; June – 2016 [Online ISSN 2455–1392]
(Adapted from: [1])
Where
Is the sample electrical conductivity.
Is the RMS electric field.
Is the sample density.
Is the volume of the sample.
This formula is commonly used to measure power absorbed from mobile phones. The value of the
formula totally depends on
Geometry of the part of the body to energy and exact location. Thus, test made of each specific
mobile model and at the position of mobile use.
When mobile phone measuring the SAR, that time mobile phone position is placed at the head in talk
position. Most probably SAR highest absorption rate is at the head in talk position.
IV.
SAR RULES
Different governments defined various rules related to SAR,
United States: As per United States SAR level at or below 1.6 W/Kg. Which is taken over 1 gram of
tissues.
European Union: As per European Union SAR limit is 2 W/Kg. Which is taken over 10 gram of
tissues.
India: In previous days India follow European Union SAR limit i.e. 2 W/Kg but in the year 2012
India switched SAR limit to United States SAR limit i.e. at or below 1.6 W/Kg.
Country Name
United States (U.S.)
Europe
India
V.
SAR Limit
1.6 W/Kg in 1g of tissue
2.0 W/Kg in 10g of tissue
1.6 W/Kg in 1g of tissue
SAR AND HEALTH EFFECTS
There are several types of effects on health of SAR
5.1 Thermal effects:
In this type of effect radiation is dielectric heating in which living tissue is heated by electromagnetic
field. Heating affect the surface of the head which causing its temperature to increase by some
fraction of degree. Excess heat increasing blood flow in blood circulation in brain. Temperature of
brain will increase till 140c in 100-140W/kg. This is not affected to eyes till 2-3 hours duration
because eyes has ability to control temperature but after some time it start affecting on eyes too.
@IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved
519
International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering & Research (IJCTER)
Volume 02, Issue 06; June – 2016 [Online ISSN 2455–1392]
(Adapted from: [3])
5.2 Non-thermal effects
In this type of effect radiation is responsible to increase in temperature. It increase the heat shock
proteins of environment which affects the cell stress cause by heat. This is detected by the REFLEX
study center.
5.3 Cancer
Many researchers and Research University defined several article from 2006 related to mobile phone
use increases the risk of cancer. In the year 2011 follow-up confirmed these research about mobile
phone use is also responsible for cancer.
Mobile phone uses increase the risk of brain tumor and brain cancer. Tumors are more likely to
occur side of the head at side of mobile phone used.
5.4 Cognitive Effects
Mobile phone use increases the risk of cognitive effects which is functions of humans. Many
researchers research that it affects the working memory task of humans.
(Adapted from: [3])
@IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved
520
International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering & Research (IJCTER)
Volume 02, Issue 06; June – 2016 [Online ISSN 2455–1392]
5.5 Sleep
Mobile phone use effects on sleep. When pulsed of radiation frequency increase in that situation it
effects on sleep.
5.6 Behavioral effects
Cell phone use may cause behavioral problems.
VI.
SAFETY STANDARDS
To product the population living around base stations and mobile phone which translate to limits on
below certain level. Many governments try to competing telecommunication companies try to
sharing of towers to decrease environment impact. Avoid mobile towers in residential areas, schools
and hospitals.
VII.
INDIAN LAWSUITS
In 2012, a case was filed against mobile towers in residential areas, schools and hospitals. In March
2013, lawsuits decided wherein the mobile towers radiation values are classified as per the area.
VIII.
PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE
World Health Organization (WHO) recommended some precautionary principle are as follow
1. Minimization of usage of mobile phones.
2. Limitation of use by children.
3. Use of hands-free device such as Bluetooth headsets.
IX.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
World Health Organization (WHO) recommended some precautionary principle are as follow,
1. Use hands-free to decrease the radiation to the head.
2. Keep the mobile phone away from your body.
3. Do not use telephone in a car without an external antenna.
SAR absorbed radio frequency by human body near towers defined by following diagram,
(Adapted from: [4])
@IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved
521
International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering & Research (IJCTER)
Volume 02, Issue 06; June – 2016 [Online ISSN 2455–1392]
When human connect with another mobile phone for communication near towers energy received by
base station and some energy is lost in direction than base station as well as energy absorbed by
head.
X.
CONCLUSION
SAR is a serious issues growing very rapidly. The main effects of this SAR radiation is serious
problems that we even can’t understand. To avoid this problems everyone must follow the
precautions defined by WHO. We reviewed all the common health issues and Indian lawsuits. Also
we have described the precautionary principle and precautionary measures.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_absorption_rate
http://sarvalues.com/what-is-sar-and-what-is-all-the-fuss-about/
http://www.linkedin.com
http:// kalyanmtech.blogspot.com
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