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IDEX Paris-Saclay APPEL A PROJETS RECHERCHE 2014 Titre du Projet : OPT2X Responsable du projet : Nom : Dowek Prénom : Danielle Etablissement/laboratoire : ISMO – CNRS – Université Paris-Sud Courriel : [email protected] Tél : 0169157672 Résumé du projet (15 lignes maximum) : This project aims at OPTimizing OPTical pulses for XUV ultrafast science (OPT2X). It will provide the Paris-Saclay scientific community with the necessary resources to fully exploit the exceptional potential of its laser-based sources in the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV 1nm-100 nm) domain. OPT2X will enhance the capabilities and the attractiveness of facilities like ATTOLAB and LASERIX, providing essential and presently missing advanced instrumentation at the interface between sources and user stations, and will be crucially important for a new generation of projects like LUNEX5. This instrumentation will make it possible to fully manipulate the temporal/spectral and spatial properties of XUV light beams according to the experimental needs, while preserving their unique characteristics (ultra-broadband coherence and high peak brightness). This synergetic effort will make optimal use of existing knowhow and resources, providing a broad scientific community with instruments and technological solutions otherwise non accessible to small research groups, will increase the visibility of the Campus and will train young scientist in a rapidly developing field. 1 Table des matières IDEX Paris-Saclay ..................................................................................................................................... 1 APPEL A PROJETS RECHERCHE 2014........................................................................................................ 1 Introduction – overall presentation of the project ................................................................................. 5 1 2 Ultrafast Science with XUV light (J.M. Mestdagh, A. Klisnick, + ....) ............................................... 5 1.1 Physics, chemistry and biology in the gas phase ..................................................................... 5 1.2 Physics, chemistry and biology in the condensed phase ........................................................ 5 1.3 Plasmas .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 The XUV sources - characteristics : HHG, XRL, FEL .................................................................. 5 State-of-the art ................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1 2.1.1 International – National (Marino - Rodrigo).................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Local (Franck instrumentation) ....................................................................................... 6 2.2 3 Existing Tools and User communities ...................................................................................... 5 What is missing and needed in Paris-Saclay campus (Danielle) .............................................. 7 2.2.1 Structuring and maintaining high level expertise............................................................ 7 2.2.2 Technical needs ............................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3 Needs in training ............................................................................................................. 7 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 8 3.1 Structuring objectives in the perspective of UPS (Marino) ..................................................... 9 3.2 Technological objectives (Marino) .......................................................................................... 9 3.3 Training (Sophie K) .................................................................................................................. 9 3.3.1 Maintaining expertise...................................................................................................... 9 3.3.2 Existing involvement/actions in training ......................................................................... 9 3.3.3 Future actions in training ................................................................................................ 9 3.4 Academic dissemination (Danielle) ......................................................................................... 9 3.4.1 existing actions ................................................................................................................ 9 3.4.2 Interest and future actions ............................................................................................ 10 3.5 industrial dissemination : technological transfer .................................................................. 10 3.5.1 Existing joint actions and projects ................................................................................. 10 3.5.2 Interest and future actions ............................................................................................ 10 3.6 Scientific benchmark studies (all) .......................................................................................... 10 3.6.1 atto time-resolved study in gas phase (Bertrand C, …) ................................................. 10 3.6.2 PI and polarization control – chirality (Danielle D, L. Nahon, T. Ruchon) ..................... 11 3.6.3 atto time-resolved study in solid (Marino).................................................................... 11 3.6.4 as-fs Ultrafast Phenomena at a nanometer scale (Hamed M) ...................................... 11 3.6.5 fs-ps timescale WDM (Annie K) ..................................................................................... 14 3.6.6 application bio (Philippe Z. to be discussed and selected) ............................................ 14 3.7 2 year deliverables (Marino) ................................................................................................. 14 2 4 3.7.1 Technical ........................................................................................................................ 14 3.7.2 Training and Dissemination ........................................................................................... 14 Methodology and work plan. ........................................................................................................ 15 4.1 4.1.1 Overall technical objectives........................................................................................... 19 4.1.2 2 year deliverables......................................................................................................... 21 4.2 Overall technical objectives........................................................................................... 21 4.2.2 2 year deliverable .......................................................................................................... 23 Overall technical objectives........................................................................................... 24 4.3.2 2 year deliverables......................................................................................................... 25 WP4: On-line diagnostics of spatial properties and polarization (Ph. Zeitoun + ...) ............. 25 4.4.1 Overall technical objectives........................................................................................... 25 4.4.2 2 year deliverables......................................................................................................... 29 4.5 WP5: Off-line optics metrology and detector development (F. Polack + F Mercier +...) ...... 29 4.5.1 technical objectives ....................................................................................................... 29 4.5.2 2 year deliverables......................................................................................................... 29 4.6 WP6: Training (Sophie) .......................................................................................................... 31 4.6.1 Funding PhD theses, internships, .................................................................................. 31 4.6.2 Training modules for students in the labs ..................................................................... 31 4.6.3 Website for training in XUV optics ................................................................................ 31 4.7 7 WP3: On-line diagnostics of spectro-temporal properties (A. Klisnick + D. Garzella +....) .... 24 4.3.1 4.4 6 WP2: Control of spatial profile and polarization (F. Polack + ....) ......................................... 21 4.2.1 4.3 5 WP1: Control of the spectro-temporal profile (F. Delmotte + ...) ......................................... 19 Gantt chart for WPs ............................................................................................................... 31 Consortium and financial request ................................................................................................. 32 5.1 Consortium description (Danielle) ........................................................................................ 32 5.2 Governance (Danielle) ........................................................................................................... 32 5.3 financial request (Bertrand) .................................................................................................. 32 References ..................................................................................................................................... 36 6.1 External.................................................................................................................................. 36 6.2 OPT2X Consortium ................................................................................................................ 39 Annex ............................................................................................................................................. 43 7.1 Funded projects ..................................................................................................................... 43 7.2 Training activity ..................................................................................................................... 43 7.3 Industrial Partnership - letters of interest............................................................................. 43 7.3.1 Horiba (FP) ..................................................................................................................... 43 7.3.2 Amplitude Techno (BC).................................................................................................. 43 7.3.3 Fastlite (BC).................................................................................................................... 43 7.3.4 EOTECH (FP)................................................................................................................... 43 3 7.3.5 Imagine Optics (HM) ...................................................................................................... 43 7.3.6 Phase view ? .................................................................................................................. 43 4 Introduction – overall presentation of the project 1 Ultrafast Science with XUV light (J.M. Mestdagh, A. Klisnick, + ....) 1.1 Physics, chemistry and biology in the gas phase 1.2 Physics, chemistry and biology in the condensed phase 1.3 Plasmas The scientific motivation of the proposed technical developments is to contribute to the understanding of matter heating induced by intense XUV radiation, and of the induced non-equilibrium transition phase from solids to the Warm Dense Matter (WDM) to dense strongly coupled plasmas (DSCP), through the investigation of the radiative emission .properties of the heated sample. The primary process for the energy deposition is direct photoionization of the solid by the incident XUV pulse, with a strong dependence with respect of the energy (wavelength) of the photons. Our particular interest is to investigate X-ray emission from hole states transitions rather than usual resonance lines. Due to the high autoionization probability associated with core hole states, emission originating from tcore holes is only possible on a femtosecond timescale. Therefore, it is not sensitive to low density recombining regimes that usually mask interesting high density features. We intend to use state-of-the art ASE XUV lasers operating at photon energies 89 eV and above, in a range of focused energy/duration that complements those already achieved with XUV Free Electron Lasers (see eg Dzeldzainis et al HEDP 6 (2010) 109; Zastrau et al Laser And Particle Beams 30 1 (2012) 45-56 ). Current ASE XUV lasers, delivering µJ, few ps pulses, will allow to investigate interaction in the 10 12 - 1013 W/cm2 range, while limiting the loss of density due to plasma expansion. Higher focused intensities (1014 W/cm2 and above) and shorter pulse duration (100 fs and below), approaching XUV FELs ones, are foreseen in a near future with the progress of seeded XUV lasers, which will be implemented at LASERIX and also investigated at the Apollon-CILEX facility. However the implementation of these experiments requires the development of specific advanced instrumentation to control and characterize the XUV intensity focused on the solid sample, on a single-shot basis. Namely, control of focusing with micrometer size (NB: we do not want very small focal spots, since we want to study the emission of the heated sample) Note: required parameters to reach a focused intensity of 1014 W/cm2 duration 1 ps: 100µJ in 10µm (diam) focal spot; 25µJ in 5µm (diam) focal spot duration 100 fs: 8µJ in 10µm (diam) focal spot; 2µJ in 5µm (diam) focal spot 1.4 The XUV sources - characteristics : HHG, XRL, FEL 2 State-of-the art 2.1 Existing Tools and User communities 2.1.1 International – National (Marino - Rodrigo) 2.1.1.1 HHG (Rodrigo) [LOA-Palaiseau] http://loa.ensta.fr/ [CLF-RAL-Oxford] http://www.clf.rl.ac.uk/Facilities/Artemis/12270.aspx 5 [ETH-Zürich] http://www.ulp.ethz.ch/research/research_overview [IC-London] http://www.imperial.ac.uk/research/qols/ [ICFO-Barcelona] http://www.icfo.es/index.php?section=research5&lang=english [IMS-Ottawa] http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/research/physics.html [JILA-Boulder] http://jila.colorado.edu/kmgroup/ [KAIST-Daejeon] http://www.kaist.ac.kr/english/03_academics/02_research.php [LLC-Lund] http://www-llc.fysik.lth.se/ [MPQ-Garching] http://www.attoworld.de/ [MPIK-Heidelberg] http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/ullrich/page.php?id=25 [MBI-Berlin] http://www.mbi-berlin.de/en/research/program/atoms/index.html [PoliMi-Milano] http://www.fisi.polimi.it/dip-fisica/page167.do [TUV-Vienna] http://atto.photonik.tuwien.ac.at [RIKEN-Tokyo] http://www.riken.jp/lab-www/mid-lab/untitled1-e.html [AMOLF-Amsterdam] http://www.amolf.nl/research/xuv-physics/ [ALLS-Toronto] http://lmn.emt.inrs.ca/EN/ALLS.htm [KSU-Kalamazoo] http://jrm.phys.ksu.edu/exp-research-grps.html [OSU-Colombus] http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~dimauro/ [IOPCAS-Beijing] http://english.iop.cas.cn/ 2.1.1.2 Laser X (Sophie K.) Rocca Korea GSI ? MBI PALS Romania 2.1.1.3 FEL (Marino – MEC – David G) LCLS FLASH SACLA FERMI LUNEX5 ? Swiss FEL 2.1.2 Local (Franck instrumentation) Partner Laboratories and facilities (LOA, LaseriX, SPAM, Soleil, …) - Experimental projects and stations supported by local research networks (Triangle, PALM) - Sources supported by national programs Equipex CILEX, ATTOLAB,… SOLEIL metrology LaseriX XUV/XUV XUV-IR LOA Salle Rouge Magnétisme Optique cohérente Métrology 6 Attolab FAB1 – FAB10 Matière condensée LUCA Sofockle 2.2 What is missing and needed in Paris-Saclay campus (Danielle) 2.2.1 - Structuring and maintaining high level expertise positionnement et enjeux stratégiques au niveau national et international The advent of ultrafast science has made it possible to study the properties of matter in out of equilibrium conditions, opening new pathways for the study and the control of basic phenomena governing the behaviour of atoms, molecules, plasma and condensed matter. The Paris-Saclay campus presents an intense activity in this domain, with a strong presence of world-class research groups active in these fields and a concentration of ultrafast light sources which is second to none at the international level, for the number, variety and quality of its installations. Nevertheless, a gap needs to be bridged between the laser-based sources and the extended community of their users, in particular in the XUV domain. Ultrafast science requires ultra-steep gradients in time – down to the fs and as time scale – and in space – down to the Å scale – to coherently excite electronic/nuclear wave packets in a controlled manner, and to probe their temporal evolution. These gradients are ideally provided by fully controlled photon beams, from the mid-IR to the XUV range: the manipulation of light pulses is therefore an essential component of ultrafast science. While in the optical wavelength region light manipulation can be performed with methods accessible to individual researchers, in the XUV domain it requires a very specific and intense effort that is usually beyond the possibilities of small groups. Namely, it requires entirely new techniques of metrology and shaping; much more expensive, custom designed optical elements; and a more sophisticated and diverse knowhow. The OPT2X proposal aims at filling this gap by creating a synergetic effort to optimise the XUV ultrafast pulses available at the advanced facilities present in the Paris-Saclay campus – in particular at the recently funded AttoLab Equipex, at the recently completed Laserix sources, and at the LUNEX5 project. This effort will provide strongly needed and still missing advanced instrumentation between the XUV ultrafast sources and the user stations, to fully exploit the potential of the facilities and to reaffirm the international visibility of Paris-Saclay in a highly competitive field. The scientific and technological knowhow necessary to undertake this task is present on the Paris-Saclay campus ; nevertheless, it needs additional resources to have access to advanced technological elements and to realize efficient and reliable instruments, with the main goal of delivering usable and well characterized photons to the experimental stations. 2.2.2 Technical needs 2.2.3 Needs in training 7 3 Objectives Our main goal is the establishment of a transversal technical and scientific group capable of designing and implementing optimized beamlines for XUV ultrafast sources. This will be achieved thanks to a joint effort of the light source and user communities, together with expert groups in XUV optics active in technological platforms, and it will be constituted by an “OPT2X team”, mixing scientist and engineers that will keep cooperating - in continuous interaction with the ultrafast science community - well beyond the duration of this IDEX project. The specific, immediate objectives are the conception, design, construction and implementation of a few advanced photon manipulation instruments. These elements will be the first realizations of the OPT2X team: they will be able to be tested and operated as parts of novel and/or existing XUV beamlines on the Paris-Saclay campus; in this way, they will provide the user community with state-of-the-art instruments as soon as in 2016, allowing experiments at the forefront of the domain of ultrafast science. The design and implementation of these prototype instruments will help establishing a “working method” for our community and will pave the way for the realization of future similar beamlines in our campus, providing a long term answer to an urgent and growing need of a wide scientific community. Preproject This project aims at OPTimising OPTical pulses for eXtreme ultraviolet ultrafast science (OPT2X), providing the Paris-Saclay scientific community with the resources necessary to fully exploit the exceptional potential of its laser-based sources in the XUV domain. Within a 2- to 3-year period of stepwise development, the XUV sources on ATTOLAB and LASERIX will be equipped with advanced instrumentation at the interface with the user stations; these instruments will also be available for the first experiments on more innovative sources like LUNEX5. This investment will thus maintain its value in the long term: it will be used well beyond 2016 (for instance, we can recall that phase 2 of the ATTOLAB Equipex guarantees operating funds until 2020), and will enhance the capability of the facilities to find new funding. Since time gradient is the essential parameter in ultrafast science, the community of users of these facilities must be able to characterize, shape and control the temporal properties of the XUV light field (its spectral amplitude and phase properties), adapting their characteristics to each specific study. Besides controlling the XUV pulse generation by acting on the driving laser, pulse manipulation includes special new optical elements (multilayer mirrors for amplitude/phase shaping, monochromators, focusing optics, XUV waveplates, interferometers, etc.): they will be designed and characterized by means of “all-optical” specific set-ups implemented on the existing facilities available at the LCF, the SOLEIL synchrotron, LOA and CEA laser laboratories . Moreover, XUV field characterization involves advanced techniques based on photoemission and quantum interferometry, which will be implemented on dedicated stations. The final goal is to complement the XUV sources with flexible and user friendly optical systems, to obtain a control of the optical pulses similar to what is achieved (in a cw mode) at synchrotron radiation sources. If fully controlling the XUV field properties is the key concept of the project, the effective goal of OPT2X is to realize two types of XUV beamlines, i) one based on multilayer mirrors with different bandwidths, and ii) one based on dispersive gratings. The two types of beamlines will be implemented on both LASERIX and ATTOLAB facilities. The beamlines will incorporate at least one microfocusing system, polarizing elements and a complete set of diagnostics to allow real time characterisation of the XUV pulses delivered to the user stations. These crucial issues will be 8 developed while taking into account stringent conditions of excellent mechanical stability, differential pumping, precise optical delay lines, etc. - impact au niveau de Paris-Saclay By making it possible to fully exploit the potential of its XUV sources for ultrafast science, the OPT2X project will significantly enhance the scientific activity on Paris-Saclay; furthermore, it will reinforce the role of these facilities as scientific crossover centers, facilitating the access for future possible users. An important facet of the project will be the training of Ph.D. students and postdocs in an open scientific context, at the intersection of laser technology, optics and basic sciences: the project will host a number of young scientists motivated by its rich interdisciplinary content. The results of this effort will make it possible for the Paris-Saclay campus to confirm and strengthen its leading international role in ultrafast science, and to cope with a fierce competition from other campuses in Europe, US and Asia. 3.1 Structuring objectives in the perspective of UPS (Marino) Structuring and strengthening the considerable existing know-how in XUV optics, on the mid to long term at UPS Training young scientists and students in the field of XUV-optics and applications Associating the strong industrial environment in joint R&D 3.2 Technological objectives (Marino) Realization of advanced instruments for the controlled transport of XUV photons to the user stations, preserving the unique properties of XUV atto-femto-picosecond pulses in space, time, energy and polarization. Establishment of a platform for off-line development and characterization of novel instruments (optics, detectors, etc), to characterize instruments before their implementation on the beamlines Conception and realization of optimized on-line diagnostic tools, to provide the users the necessary real time characterization of the XUV pulses during the experiments. 3.3 Training (Sophie K) 3.3.1 Maintaining expertise Preparing future recruitment 3.3.2 Existing involvement/actions in training 3.3.3 Future actions in training See 4.6 Demande bourses Site web pour offre thèses et stages 3.4 Academic dissemination (Danielle) 3.4.1 existing actions See list in Annex EQUIPEX LUMAT 9 LABEX ANR 3.4.2 Interest and future actions Spatial research (FD) 3.5 industrial dissemination : technological transfer 3.5.1 Existing joint actions and projects See list in Annex 3.5.2 Interest and future actions CEA, LOA have established a partnership with Imagine Optic Company. They have obtained in 2013 a 1Meuros grant from the French ministry of research (ANR) to develop lensless microscopy at an industrial level with sub micrometer spatial resolution and a moderate cost. Images are obtained by recording coherent diffraction pattern without using any lens. It is based on the use of phaseretrieval algorithms and holograms. Since few years, it became a very active area of research for lensless imaging at X-ray wavelengths. This technique having the potential to reach high resolution at low cost, there is a growing interest in using it in the visible or UV range with targeted resolution on the order of a few 100’s nanometers. Indeed, the extreme spatial resolution can reach half the illumining wavelength motivating the use short wavelength radiation. Moreover the technique does not suffer from any aberration due to the limited quality of optics. Whatever the wavelength is, high quality, high aperture optics are hardly impacting the cost of microscopes. The consortium will start by building a prototype using a compact UV laser diode. Our constraint is to have a 2D/3D microscope, called the Nanoscope, with an ultimate resolution of 200 nm with a cost lower than 20 Keuros. To achieve this goal we will work on the process of 2D and 3D image formation from multiple to single diffraction pattern. We will push the basic knowledge in coherent imaging exploiting and speeding up algorithms and image processing techniques. In parallel of building this prototype, the partners will prepare the second class of instrument, the 20 nm resolution instrument. This instrument is more prospective. It makes use of an intense coherent X-ray source with a wavelength down to 10 nm. Innovative demonstration applications of The R-Nanoscopes will be performed in Biology and Material science. To realize this program, state of the art wave front sensing and corrections developed by Imagine Optic Inc. will be used to push the spatial resolutions at its extreme. Finally, an important goal is to stimulate at all level the development and implementation of the Nanoscope instruments with potential commercial value. We will look for any potential market from biophotonics, medicine to nanosciences. 3.6 Scientific benchmark studies (all) Within the two-year project, the technical developments aim at making – partially or fully – possible a series of benchmark studies in the gas phase, the solid-state and plasmas. These studies are representative of the scientific objectives and generic needs of research in the field of ultrafast dynamics and XUV optics. 3.6.1 atto time-resolved study in gas phase (Bertrand C, …) One of the main tasks of ultrafast dynamics is the study of coherent electronic wavepackets (EWP) localized in space and time. As an example, recent efforts have been focused on measuring a socalled “photoemission delay” in atoms and molecules [Haessler09, Schultze10, Klünder11, Caillat11] and solids [Cavalieri07]. In photoionization in the gas phase, let us recall that the free photoelectron wavepacket, produced in single photon ionization of the initial bound state |𝜓0 ⟩ by the ℰ⃗𝑋𝑈𝑉 XUV 10 field, expresses as a coherent superposition of scattering eigenstates |𝜀⟩𝑒 𝑖𝜂(𝜀) at 𝜀 energy in the continuum: +∞ (𝜺−𝜺𝟎 ) (𝒕−𝝉𝑾 ) ℏ ⃗⃗𝑿𝑼𝑽 (𝜺)|𝝍𝟎 ⟩𝒆−𝒊 ⃗⃗, 𝒕) ∝ ∫𝟎 |𝜺⟩⟨𝜺|𝒓 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝓔 𝝍𝒆 (𝒓 𝒅𝜺, (E1) where 𝜀0 is the central energy of the electronic wavepacket (EWP). The photoemission delay or the 𝑑𝜂 Wigner time [Wigner55, Caillat11] appears as a group delay 𝜏𝑊 = 𝑑𝜀 | , i.e., the derivative of the 𝜀0 scattering phase with respect to energy. In isolated systems, the photoemission delay corresponds to the formation of the free EWP from the valence shell out of the core region, therefore depending on the ionized bound state, potential shape and electron correlations. In solids, it is rather related to the transport time of the EWP from the bulk where photon is absorbed to the solid surface. Variation of the photoemission delay from one to another initial bound state is as short as a few 10 as [Schultze10, Klünder11]. These measurements, though they are still discussed theoretically, undoubtedly shed light on electronic dynamics at the finest timescale, in one of the most fundamental processes in physics, physicalchemistry and biology. To achieve characterization of the EWP and photoemission delay measurements in (E1), FROG type techniques are particularly adapted. They involve production of the EWP in the presence of a strong coherent field, e.g., a laser field in the mid-IR/IR range. The strong field acts as an “optical gate” inducing modulation of the EWP quantum phase and energy. From the measured spectrogram, i.e., the photoelectron yield as a function of energy and XUV/laser delay, one can retrieve amplitude and quantum phase of the EWP. Note that, in (E1), only the combination of the XUV field and EWP properties is addressed and the latter not resolved. However, the XUV field spectral amplitude and phase are determined as soon as those of the EWP are known or can be reliably calculated, as this is the case for 𝑑𝜂 photoionization into a “flat” continuum ( 𝑑𝜀 ≈ 0). Conversely, photoionization with a fully characterized XUV field gives access to the intrinsic properties of the system, e.g., photoemission delay in autoionizing resonance [Haessler09]. The general frame of the above FROG type (FROG-CRAB) technique has been proposed at SPAM [Mairesse05], whereas variants were already successfully used, such as attosecond streaking [Drescher02, Uiberacker, Goulielmakis, Yakovlev10, Schultze13] and RABBIT [Paul01, Mairesse03, Mauritsson, Boutu09, Haessler10]. The OPT2X project will implement, among others, the FROG type techniques as standard tools for the users, for the two complementary purposes of, i) complete determination of the XUV field, and ii) complete characterization of EWP. This requires that stringent conditions are reached: In order to get well defined of quantum interferences in PI, the XUV and laser wavefronts should be well defined. XUV/IR superposition perfectly controlled. 3.6.2 PI and polarization control – chirality (Danielle D, L. Nahon, T. Ruchon) CELIA 3.6.3 atto time-resolved study in solid (Marino) as-fs ARPES Time, space Switching between as/broadband and ps/narrow band 3.6.4 as-fs Ultrafast Phenomena at a nanometer scale (Hamed M) Ultrafast phenomena at a nanometer scale merge two large and highly successful fields of modern research: ultrafast science and nanoscale physics. Ultrafast science, which produces and analyzes events as short as attoseconds, is often explored through studies of atoms and molecules, while nanoscale research focuses on condensed matter. Joining these two fields is only natural because their intrinsic time and length scales match almost perfectly. In fact, all important electronic processes in solids take place on attosecond to femtosecond time scales as determined by the 11 spectral bandwidths and electron interaction (collision) times. In space, important phenomena in condensed matter such as plasmonic energy localization, electron scattering, the skin effect as well as the steering of electronic matter waves, etc. take place over distances of around 10 nm. Researchers in the Plateau de Saclay have started to investigate ultrafast processes at a nanoscale using coherent X-ray diffraction and small angle scattering. Ultrafast coherent diffraction using soft and hard X-rays is actually revolutionizing imaging science thanks to new sources recently available (HHG, FELs in particular). This powerful technique extends standard X-ray diffraction towards imaging of non-crystalline objects and leads actually to a strong impact in physics, chemistry and biology. Atto/femto-second coherent X-rays from high harmonic generation available in our lab allow watching matter evolving with unprecedented space and time resolution. We have demonstrated single shot (20 femtoseconds) nanoscale imaging using either a phase retrieval approach or a new holographic scheme. This has required a lot of effort to achieve state-of-the art X-ray beamlines with few micron focusing, wavefront and coherence optimization. Indeed, measuring accurately the spatial configuration of an isolated nanometric object may turn difficult in multi-shot acquisition. The difficulty even increases in dynamical imaging, where space and time configurations should be repeated. Hence, real time imaging of single object requires that the parameters of the source are well known. Accuracy means that the beam parameters have to be carefully controlled and that the highest intensity is available on the sample. As above mentioned, we have already obtained at LOA and CEA single shot diffraction pattern from isolated object using tabletop harmonics lasers [Rava09, Gaut10, Ge13]. Further progresses can be made by using innovative approaches to transport and condition the beam and to focus the coherent beam. LOA and Imagine Optic have been developing jointly optical systems that would match our requirements. Further developments are however needed. In particular, a Shack Hartmann wavefront sensor would help in improving the beam quality and the focusing of the XUV beam. We propose to explore the limits of these coherent imaging techniques in space (nanometer to atomic) and in time in a “pump-probe” experiment (femtosecond down to attosecond). We are interested in following at a nanometer scale different dynamical processes such as laser-induced nano-plasmas, magnetic nanoscale phase transition and nanoplasmonic field enhancement. Imaging magnetic nanodomains properties Magnetism properties of nano-objects is known to be different from bulk structures. Such tiny magnetic elements will be commercially available in every computer within less than 10 years for enhanced data storage capacity or for flash memories. Today, study of magnetic nano-objects is mainly achieved on huge facilities [Wang12] (free-electron lasers) that are ranging from 200 m to 3 km, with cost from 200 M€ to 1B€. In parallel, since about 6 years LOA and CEA collaborate with two French laboratories, LCPMR and LPS, specialized in magnetic nano-systems to transfer the imaging technics from these huge machine to compact high harmonic sources. This work is now far beyond the demonstration with several high impact articles already published [Vodu11, Vodu12]. 12 Fig. ..: Schematic description of pump-probe experiment (a) achieved at LOA aiming to study the temporal evolution of magnetic nano-objects (b and c). Image b has been obtained with Magnetic Force microscope showing the magnetic nano-structures. Up to now LOA and CEA have performed scattering experiment. We are now on the path with the to realize images of magnetic nanodomains. Moreover the ultrashort pulses (femtosecond) allow tracking the dynamical properties of such systems. More generally, OPT2X beamlines at CEA and LOA will offer to every industrial laboratory the capacity to do at-home experiments and inspections on their future magnetic nano-systems. Ultrafast Nanoplasmonics: Recently, IDEX researchers have proposed to study generation of coherent EUV pulse from HHG assisted by plasmonic resonances. Bowtie nano-antenna will be used to generate high-harmonic radiation at a repetition rate of 75 MHz as proposed by Kim et al. [Kim et al. Nature 2008]. It is clear that the scientific and industrial outcome of this research is more than timely and extremely valuable for the IDEX scientific community. The low cost of this new generation of coherent XUV light will stimulate the wide diffusion of these new EUV ultrafast sources for novel academic and industrial applications. The developments proposed in the OPT2X project will support those progresses. In particular, coherent diffractive imaging will be used to characterize the coherence properties of the radiation. Wave front sensing and spatial coherence will additionally help in characterizing the beamline. Nanoplasmas It has been recently shown that it is possible to confine relativistic fields in nanostructured gold targets [Purvis et al. Nature Photonics 2013] in order to reach ultra-hot and dense plasmas regimes. Typically, densities two orders of magnitude above the critical density and temperatures exceeding few thousand of keV can be obtained using moderated laser energy (below 1 joule). In parallel, researchers have shown that it is possible to amplify locally a laser field using plasmonic structures. IDEX researcher will combine both knowledge in plasmas physics, ultrafast lasers and plasmonics to generate relativistic fields (1018 W/cm²) from few 1014 W/cm² classical laser field obtained using very modest laser (few 10 mJ range). The target will be designed at CSNSM in Orsay and the experiments will be conducted at CEA in collaboration with LOA. The generated relativistic nanoplasmas will be diagnosed using ultrafast nanoscale imaging already in hand at Saclay. We will benefit from OPT2X 13 developments, in particular broadband attosecond optics and few micrometers XUV focusing optics are mandatory for the success of the experiment. 3.6.5 fs-ps timescale WDM (Annie K) The scientific motivation of the proposed technical developments is to contribute to the understanding of matter heating induced by intense XUV radiation, and of the induced non-equilibrium transition phase from solids to the Warm Dense Matter (WDM) to dense strongly coupled plasmas (DSCP), through the investigation of the radiative emission .properties of the heated sample. The primary process for the energy deposition is direct photoionization of the solid by the incident XUV pulse, with a strong dependence with respect of the energy (wavelength) of the photons. Our particular interest is to investigate X-ray emission from hole states transitions rather than usual resonance lines. Due to the high autoionization probability associated with core hole states, emission originating from core holes is only possible on a femtosecond timescale. Therefore, it is not sensitive to low density recombining regimes that usually mask interesting high density features. We intend to use state-of-the art ASE XUV lasers operating at photon energies 89 eV and above, in a range of focused energy/duration that complements those already achieved with XUV Free Electron Lasers (see eg Dzeldzainis et al HEDP 6 (2010) 109; Zastrau et al Laser And Particle Beams 30 1 (2012) 45-56 ). Current ASE XUV lasers, delivering µJ, few ps pulses, will allow to investigate interaction in the 1012 - 1013 W/cm2 range, while limiting the loss of density due to plasma expansion. Higher focused intensities (1014 W/cm2 and above) and shorter pulse duration (100 fs and below), approaching XUV FELs ones, are foreseen in a near future with the progress of seeded XUV lasers, which will be implemented at LASERIX and also investigated at the Appollon-CILEX facility. However the implementation of these experiments requires the development of specific advanced instrumentation to control and characterize the XUV intensity focused on the solid sample, on a single-shot basis. Namely, control of focusing with micrometer size (NB: we do not want very small focal spots, since we want to study the emission of the heated sample) Note: required parameters to reach a focused intensity of 1014 W/cm2 duration 1 ps: 100µJ in 10µm (diam) focal spot; 25µJ in 5µm (diam) focal spot duration 100 fs: 8µJ in 10µm (diam) focal spot; 2µJ in 5µm (diam) focal spot 3.6.6 application bio (Philippe Z. to be discussed and selected) 3.7 2 year deliverables (Marino) The following technical objectives have been identified by the partners as strategic and requiring a cooperative effort to be realized by 2016: 3.7.1 Technical - Pulse shaping monochromating system based on dispersive gratings; - Pulse shaping bandpass control system based on multilayers; - Microfocusing optical systems with relative mechanical components etc - XUV polarization control - Real time XUV diagnostics, with relative detectors etc 3.7.2 Training and Dissemination - Training of young scientists and engineers 14 4 Methodology and work plan. We have identified 5 work packages (WP’s) to organize the cooperative action among the partners. This work plan will make it possible to achieve the specific goals (described in 2.4), delivering novel instruments that will be tested and operated on the existing XUV facilities at Paris-Saclay, and will be a basis to continue the operation of the OPT2X team also beyond 2016. WP1 – WP2 – WP3 – WP4 – WP5 – Manipulation of the spectro-temporal profile Manipulation of spatial profile and polarization On-line diagnostics of spectro-temporal properties On-line diagnostics of spatial properties and polarization Off-line optics metrology and detector development The WP coordinators, together with the users present in the OPT2X team, will collect specific technical needs from the wide user community supporting this proposal, to define the specifications and the choices for the instruments. All the main choices/ decisions will be communicated to the user community (for instance with topical one-day workshops). When the instruments will be available on the various XUV sources, the source managers will inform in detail the user community on the new performance levels attained by the facilities thanks to the contribution of OPT2X. The OPT2X team will continuously interact and exchange information with the user community. OPT2 X LASERIX ATTOLAB LOA SOLEIL 2016 User Platform Future projects WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 Each of the 5 technical workpackages is presented as a two-step effort. First, we present the generic long term development. Second, we focus on the 2-year deliverables of the project. 15 Generic beamlines (Annex ?) Figure 1 : Generic atto-fs HHG-based beamline 16 Figure 2 : Generic fs-ps XRL beamline 17 Topic D1.1 Time Control Space Control Temporal Characterization Spatial Characterization WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 Metrology WP5 Training WP6 D1.2 Deliverable monochromatizing system based on multilayer optics (switchable between “10 fs – single harmonic” mode and “as – broadband” mode) monochromator based on “off plane mount approach” (switchable between “30 fs – narrow bandpass”, “10 fs – single harmonic” and “as–broadband” mode) D1.3 Multicolor (XUV/IR) and XUV/XUV time and space (focusing) superposition system (Marie G, Bertrand C) D2.1 as-fs / fs-ps : Focusing system grazing-incidence to achieve few micron focal spot (PhZ) D2.2 as-fs / fs-ps: “User polarization control system: de-phaser” D2.3 as-fs : multicolor XUV/IR and XUV/XUV focusing system (Marie G.) D3.1 Shot-to-shot measurement of pulse intensity D3.2 As-fs/fs-ps : Shot-to-shot (almost) on line spectrum (recorded/stored during data acquisition) with absolute monitoring of pulse intensity (time & space) D3.3 as-fs : complete characterization time profile : FROG-CRAB or 2nd order autoco (Thierry R) D3.4 Online, single-shot characterization of XUV pulse by THz streaking D4.1 on-line measurement of spatial profile D4.2 Wavefront sensor D4.3 complete determination of all Stokes numbers (Danielle D, Laurent N) D5.1 Metrology Table 1 : 2-year Deliverables 18 4.1 WP1: Control of the spectro-temporal profile (F. Delmotte + ...) 4.1.1 Overall technical objectives 4.1.1.1 as-fs: Multilayer optics for (broadband) spectral selection and spectral phase shaping (F. Delmotte, ....) 4.1.1.2 as-fs : Attosecond delay lines with active control (Marie G – Willem B) It is worth to recall that the major motivation for studies in the time domain is to track the – usually coherent - motion of electronic and nuclear wavepackets in real time, in the two cases of i) initial excitation by a pump pulse followed by the free motion of the WP under action of internal driving forces alone [Haessler10, Goulielmakis, Wörner11, Ruf12], and ii) initial excitation and motion under action of internal and time-dependent external pump forces, e.g., in the presence of a strong field [Sansone10, Schultze13]. In the simpler first case i), through coherent excitation with light pulse of duration tL ~ 1 fs and ℏ bandwidth EL ~0.5 eV (∆𝑡𝐿 ∆𝐸𝐿 = ), it is possible to produce electronic/nuclear wavepacket 2 ℏ localized in space: the spatial extension of the wave packet, ∆𝑥0 = 2∆𝑝 = 𝑣∆𝑡𝐿 where v is the group (classical) velocity, intrinsically ranges at the Angström scale of a molecule or solid lattice. The WP then coherently evolves in time, its quantum coherences changing over the ∆𝑡𝐿 timescale, its spatial extension changing over the 𝑡𝑠 = 2 𝑚Δ𝑥02 ⁄ℏ “uncertainty” timescale [Zewail01], over which the WP may be considered as a “classically localized” object; since it depends on mass, the uncertainty time is typically in the as-fs (fs-ps) range for an electronic (nuclear) WP. Both cases i) and ii) imply that multiple – at least two - ultrashort pulses, including attosecond XUV ones, are combined in pump/probe experiments, that is spatially overlapped with accurate control of intensity and wave fronts, and temporally delayed with attosecond accuracy, i.e., nm scale control of optical path . At given frequency ω, propagation into material of refractive index 𝑛𝜔 over distance d 𝑑 𝑑𝑛 𝑑 introduce phase shift 𝜙𝜔 = 𝑛𝜔 𝜔 𝑐 and group delay 𝑡𝜔 ≈ (𝑛𝜔 + 𝜔 𝑑𝜔𝜔 ) 𝑐 ; in vacuum, d=3 nm corresponds to 10 as group delay. In experiments, the time delay between the pump and probe pulses has to be controlled with an accuracy better than 100 as and a setup to adjust the delay has to have a stability of at least 30 nm to reach the required temporal resolution. Two pump-probe schemes, and thus two types of delay lines, are required, combining respectively XUV/laser (IR-vis-UV) and XUV/XUV pulses. 1) In the XUV/laser (IR-vis-UV) scheme, since the XUV source is coherently driven by and therefore perfectly synchronized with the laser driving field (DF), the delay can be more easily introduced between the DF and pump/probe laser field (PF) (before the generation process), in the IR-vis-UV range where accurate transmissive optics (wedge) are available. However, this usually results in long arms interferometer (m length) with critical stability, especially on the long run period (many hours or even days) required for data acquisition. In this scheme an active stabilization control of the arms is mandatory [Böttcher2008, Ruchon2010]. This can be implemented by the means of a data acquisition card piloted via a servo-program developed in Labview at the lab. In the servo-program, a first step is dedicated to the calibration of the system and a second step is dedicated to its operation. The servo-loop is based on a PID algorithm: the PID compensate for the difference between the measured value and the set point. Generally this program is working together with a RABBIT data acquisition program. 2) Alternately, the delay can be introduced between the XUV and PF (after generation). This requires that highly specific optics are designed which reflect either broadband or selectively 19 narrow band XUV together with laser (IR), focus the two beams in the same region with attosecond control of the delay. A commercial device derived from lab research is shown in 3) Figure 3 [UltrafastInnov]. In experiment requiring long acquisition time (several hours) at 1-10 kHz, active stabilization of the time- and space overlap is mandatory. Figure 3b gives example of the interferometric scheme adapted to the coaxial delay line [Böttcher08]. Figure 3 : a) Example of XUV/IR pulse delay unit for attosecond streaking, from UltraFast Innovations company [UltrafastInnov]. The central mirror reflects the XUV and the surrounding silver mirror the IR beam. The two-segment mirror is mounted on independent piezo-actuated translations and tilts. The translation of the inner segment is feedback controlled in a scan range of 300 fs, with a resolution reaching less than 3 as. b) interferometric scheme for active time and 2D space stabilization of the coaxial delay line [Böttcher08]. Two-color parabolic mirror 4.1.1.3 as-fs : attolighthouse (FQuéré - B. Carré) 4.1.1.4 fs-ps : XUV/XUV (Willem ?) Amplitude division beamsplitters are not readily available in the XUV domain because of the high absorption of the materials. Wavefront division systems have been developed and demonstrated both on FELs and HHG beamlines. The most efficient solution consists in using a split focusing optics with one fixed half and one controlled half that can be moved along the beam position with a high precision – see Figure 4c. However the scanning range is limited. Moreover, any modification of the wavelength implies using a new set of mirrors. A more versatile option is to use a system that can be inserted before the focusing optics. For instance, the CEA developed a system based on one prism that cuts the beam in two equal parts and subsequent grazing incidence mirrors that makes the two beams parallel - – see Figure 4a. One of the mirrors can be adjusted to change the timing. An off axis parabola is then used to both select the wavelength and focus the two beams on the same sample spot. A compact and moveable system will be developed. The micrometer precision needed for the delay line motion is a standard with vacuum compatible DC motors. The use of grazing incidence optics ensures a high transmission of the setup, even in the XUV range. 20 Figure 4 : XUV beam splitters for XUV/XUV pump-probe experiments. see e.g. systems developed in the fs regime for FELs experiments (Moshammer et al) Danielle D OK pour discussions 4.1.1.5 as-fs: Diffractive optics (conical grating) for selecting single harmonic (DE ~100 meV, < 10 fs) (F. Polack, ...) 4.1.1.6 as-fs: Mechanical stability (LOA, SOLEIL) 4.1.2 4.1.2.1 2 year deliverables monochromatizing system based on multilayer optics (easily switchable between a “10 fs – single harmonic” mode and an “as – broadband” mode) 4.1.2.2 monochromator based on “off plane mount approach” (easily switchable among a “30 fs – narrow bandpass”, a “10 fs – single harmonic” and a “as–broadband” mode) 4.1.2.3 multicolor (XUV/IR) space-time superposition (Marie G, Bertrand C) see 4.1.1.2 and 0 4.2 WP2: Control of spatial profile and polarization (F. Polack + ....) 4.2.1 Overall technical objectives 4.2.1.1 as-fs / fs-ps : Focusing (Ph. Zeitoun, S. Kazamias, O. Guilbaud) In order to achieve high intensities or for coherent imaging it is necessary to focus the soft x-ray beams down to a spot of few micrometers in diameter, with a minimum loss of energy. Such focal spot has been achieved in LOA and CEA thanks to the use of normal incidence, multilayer-coated parabola or at SOLEIL with grazing-incidence optics. Parabola, either centered or off-axis, are relatively cheap optical element and relatively simple to align. From our experience, off-axis parabola may need the use of XUV wavefront sensor for fine alignment. Such sensor exists within the partners of the project. Normal incidence parabola has two main limitations. To efficiently reflect the XUV beam the parabola has to be coated with multilayer. So, first the reflectivity does not exceed 60% at best and often ranges at about 30%. Second, high reflectivity implies narrow bandwidth. Such coating is not compatible with attosecond beams. Also it requires a set of parabola for a facility like LASERIX. Warm Dense Matter experiment (see Science part) requires being able to easily change the wavelength of the XUV beam from above to below an atomic edge. LASERIX demonstrated their capacity to quickly modify the wavelength by changing 21 the target. However, aligning a new parabola and searching for the position of the focal spot is a long work not compatible with user access. Finally, the cost associated to a large set of parabola is far from negligible and it might be relatively long to purchase these optics since each wavelength will require a specific coating. OPT2X policy consists in standardizing as much as possible the optical elements between the partners ensuring cost-reduction, knowledge and know-how sharing, and possibility to exceptionally borrow an optic. Consequently grazing-incidence optics are the most suitable for both attosecond and femtosecond focusing. There are two main kinds of optics: monolithic and active. We consider acquiring active optic and more specifically an optic so called “bender”. This is often a set of two flat mirrors placed at 90° from each other and bent to form two ellipsoidal mirrors. Within elastic limit of the mirrors it is possible to slightly change the focal length by adjusting the bending. SOLEIL, LOA and CEA teams have good experience in using and actively aligning these optics on both synchrotron and free-electron lasers. Alignment is much easier and accurate if using a XUV wave front sensor as CEA and LOA demonstrated on FERMI@ELETRRA free-electron laser, in collaboration with Imagine Optic. Technical objective (AK) - Microfocusing with grazing incidence (achromatic) optics to allow studies at several wavelengths with a single device Possible solutions (to be chosen in the early stage of the project): two-toroidal mirrors (see Poletto et al SPIE 2013): aberration corrected, long exit arms, cost-effective; but focal spot 5-15 µm (enough for our purpose ?) elliptical mirrors in a Kirkpatrick-Baez geometry (ref ?) other alternative choice: off-axis parabolas with multilayer coating; single wavelength, but several mirrors could be mounted on a single mount, to allow easy change when changing wavelength 4.2.1.2 as-fs / fs-ps : Polarization control (J. Gautier LOA) 4.2.1.3 as-fs : sub-micron target control - Multiple targets (Willem B) Coherent diffractive imaging and other applications are extremely sensitive to the beam spatial properties. It is therefore crucial to measure and control its characteristics in situ, at the exact sample position. For instance, measuring the coherence is done by using a specifically patterned mask at focus, and a beam focal spot size can be measured using a scanning razor blade across the beam profile. Being able to switch from the characterization configuration to the actual experiment without breaking the ultra-high vacuum environment is crucial. Moreover, when imaging samples with sub-100 nm details, the position of the beam in the few micrometer diameter XUV spot has to be controlled with the nanometer precision. Combining those requirements can be achieved using a specifically designed sample holder that can accommodate several samples and diagnostics – see Figure 5. Vacuum compatible motorized stages allow now for 10s cm travel range with sub-micrometer resolution, while new piezo-electric systems can achieve few nanometers steps over very long distances. Furthermore, long distance microscopes can be used to monitor the beam positioning with respect to the sample. This is especially useful in the case of pump-probe schemes in a non collinear configuration. 22 Figure 5 : Sample holder in the Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) endstation at LCLS. The holder is fixed on highly stable hexapod, long run translation stage and magnetic socket. It comprises four slots for sample and beam diagnostics. 4.2.1.4 as-fs / fs-ps: Simulations (F. Delmotte) 4.2.2 2 year deliverable 4.2.2.1 as-fs / fs-ps : Focusing KB system grazing-incidence to achieve few micron focal spot (PhZ) We plan to realize a focusing system aiming to achieve few micrometers focal spot with a focal distance of about 0.5 m. The system will work under grazing-incidence, around 2 °, to ensure high reflectivity over a wide spectral range. With gold coating the reflectivity peaks around 80% per mirror from 10 eV to 185 eV then decreases to 60-70% for photon energy up to 1 keV. Even for two reflections, the total throughput will be around 60% for photon energy below 185 eV that is better than the reflectivity of most normal incidence multilayer coating. At higher photon energy, multilayers reflectivity drops dramatically to 20% or less while this optic maintains reflectivity around 40-50%. The optic will be based on the Kirkpatrick-Baez bender technology well-known at SOLEIL and widely used on large-scale facilities. The optic will be controlled by a dedicated XUV wave front sensor. We will also associate a monitoring system to control the focal spot after alignment. We will use the technic developed on free-electron laser consisting in inducing damage on a flat sample and measuring its shape and size in-line by the use of a tele-microscope. The full system will be built, then implemented in Salle Orange at LOA on the high harmonic beamline for test. Although the energy per pulse is low, LOA demonstrated the possibility to ablate samples meaning that the full system may be totally tested. After fully decommissioning, the system will be transferred to LASERIX for being implemented on its beamline. Tele-microscope: 10 kE Set of samples + motorized holder: 15 kE Kirkpatrick-Baez bender: 110 kE Vacuum chamber + optical table (to dump the vibrations): 35 kE XUV wave front sensor: developed by LOA and Imagine optic. (see 4.3.1.2) Filters, gas, samples, consumables for tests: 20 kE 23 Post-doc 1 year: 50 kE 4.2.2.2 as-fs / fs-ps: “User polarization control system: de-phaser” : if realistic and feasible, otherwise medium term development 4.2.2.3 as-fs : multicolor XUV/IR and XUV/XUV focusing system (Marie G.) see 4.1.2.3 One of the end-stations foreseen in ATTLOAB is a reaction microscope relying on the COLTRIMS technique. In order to perform experiments using an XUV source combined with this instrument, we must be able to: - focus the XUV/IR (respectively XUV/XUV) pulses in the ultrasonic jet of the target gas inside the reaction chamber at ultra-high vacuum, - monitor precisely the spatial overlap in time of the two XUV/IR (respectively XUV/XUV) foci, during the whole experiment duration (many hours, even days). Two schemes can be used, and thus two types of optics are required, combining XUV/laser (IR-visUV) (respectively XUV/XUV) pulses. 1) drilled silver mirrors combined to specific filtering system as metallic filters and multilayer mirrors allowing spectral selection of one or several harmonic in the XUV spectrum. 2) two-segment XUV/IR (respectively XUV/XUV) mirror. 4.3 WP3: On-line diagnostics of spectro-temporal properties (A. Klisnick + D. Garzella +....) 4.3.1 Overall technical objectives 4.3.1.1 As-fs : complete characterization of ultrashort pulses : Quantum interferometry & FROG techniques (Thierry R) XUV/XUV photoionization : 2nd order autocorrelation Two-color XUV/IR Quantum interferometry (FROG-CRAB, RABBIT) 4.3.1.2 As-fs : complete characterization of ultrashort pulses : Optical interferometry (SPIDER, 2-sources) (Bertrand C) 4.3.1.3 as-fs : Single shot characterization of ultrashort pulse : THz streaking (Annie) - Online, single-shot characterization of the time-resolved intensity (power) of the XUV pulse Possible technical solutions: THz streaking of XUV generated photoelectrons (U Fruhling et al Nat Phot 2009, I Grguras et al Nat Phot 2012) IR induced side-bands of XUV generated photoelectrons with spatial resolution (S Cunovic et al APL 2007) other methods ? 4.3.1.4 as-fs : Free Electron laser (D Garzella, P. Audebert, C. Miron) 4.3.1.5 fs-ps : X-ray laser (S. Kazamias, A. Klisnick) 24 4.3.2 2 year deliverables 4.3.2.1 Shot-to-shot (almost?) intensity of pulse fluence 4.3.2.2 As-fs/fs-ps : Shot-to-shot (almost) on line spectrum (recorded/stored during data acquisition) On line XUV spectro after interaction chamber (Willem B) grating 1st order diffraction (Willem) When performing gas phase measurements, in line spectrum measurement can be performed by installing a spectrometer after the interaction region. The system can consist of either an imaging photon spectrometer or an electron spectrometer. However, solid state samples usually absorb the XUV radiation, thus preventing a posteriori characterization. Two solutions can be envisioned. The first one, already implemented at CEA, consists in inserting a first independent photoelectron spectrometer upstream of the experiment interaction point. However, single shot spectrum measurement is then usually prevented due to the low photon number and ionization probabilities. Moreover, this implies using a second focusing optic to re-image that first focus, hence increasing the sources of optical aberrations. The second possibility is to introduce a transmission grating in the beam path. The zeroth order is sent to the experiment, while the first order, where the spectral components of the beam are dispersed, is sent to a XUV CCD camera. In that configuration, shot to shot spectrum acquisition becomes possible, within the limitation of the readout time of the CCD, usually longer than the laser period. The system main advantages are its small size and its minimum impact on the beam properties. The same diagnostic, once calibrated, can also be used to measure the intensity and spatial profile. However, the zeroth order transmission (a few 10s percent) may limit the applications. An alternative solution would be to use reflective gratings, at the expense of the compactness and movability of the system. 4.3.2.3 automatic analysis of (single pulse) spectral lineshape (to point out instabilities) 4.3.2.4 as-fs : time profile (when needed) FROG-CRAB or 2nd order autoco (Thierry R) 4.4 WP4: On-line diagnostics of spatial properties and polarization (Ph. Zeitoun + ...) 4.4.1 Overall technical objectives 4.4.1.1 single shot coherence measurement (Hamed) The beam spatial coherence is a key factor for all the coherent imaging techniques, as demonstrated recently at CEA (Ge et al. Optics Express 2013). However, the Young’s double slits experiment can only measure the spatial coherence at one given dimension of the harmonic beam in one acquisition. Therefore, to characterize the entire beam spot, one should combine the measurements of multiple acquisitions from a complete set of various size double-slits. This avoids a single shot characterization of the full beam. This last point is crucial as most of the available XUV sources, HHG, X-ray laser or XFELs will exhibits shot to shot fluctuations. To perform such measurement, one can use a nonredundant array of apertures (NRA), which can characterize the beam more completely in two dimensions with one interferogram (or hologram). The NRA, initially proposed and demonstrated with visible lasers in Ref. 1, is composed of nine pinholes (Fig…) in well-chosen positions to have a non-redundant superposition of the beam spot (Fig…) for interference measurement (Fig….). The spatial coherence of the beam (Fig…) can then be calculated at the localization of each spot. Therefore, a more complete characterization of the spatial coherence across the beam is achieved. 25 Note that in both Young’s double slits and NRA measurements, the knowledge of the beam’s intensity distribution is necessary for calculating the spatial coherence, which is usually assumed to be uniform for simplification. Thus, single-shot measurement of the spatial coherence will always rely on the statistics of the intensity distribution introducing a systematic deviation in the measurements. At CEA, we are currently developing NRA-style patterns (Fig…), which are actually redundant and symmetric to retrieve both intensity and spatial coherence for all the pinhole positions from only one measurement. The only hypothesis is that the pinholes within a small area of the beam center (red circles) are identical in intensity and each pair has same spatial coherence. We will develop a code to retrieve the spatial coherence based only on this assumption. Additionally, the intensity distribution can be consistently checked using a phase retrieval of the recorded hologram. The principle will be tested first using HHG sources at LOA and CEA. The goal is to demonstrate the capability of a single shot mode. We propose to develop then specific instruments for the LASERIX and the FERMI X-ray free electron laser installations, for in situ full spatial coherence inspection. Fig. 5.1. Principle and experimental demonstration of the NRA spatial coherent measurement. Pictures are extracted from Ref. 1. (a) The NRA is composed of nine pinholes whose autocorrelation (b) has equal amplitudes for all autocorrelation peaks (filled circles) except the center one (open circle). (c) is the measured interferogram of a diode laser (635 nm) and (d) is the deducted spatial coherence of the beam from (b). Fig. 5.2. SEM images of the NRA patterns that will be used for characterizing our harmonic beam. The white bars in each image is 1 μm. Note that the images are taken with a view angle of about 60 degrees. 4.4.1.2 - Wavefront sensing (Ph. Zeitoun, H. Merdji 2 contributions to be merged) (HM) Although not critical it remains important to achieve a small and homogeneous (aberration-free) focal spot with the XUV beam. Wavefront sensing and adaptive optics will be implemented to keep the wavefront down to the diffraction-limit. Another application of the wavefront sensor will be the 26 optimization of the IDEX XUV beams transport and parameters. As a consequence, we will minimize fluctuations related to wavefront instabilities. Control over the source parameters is mandatory to adjust the micrometer to sub-micrometer focusing. The principle of a Hartmann wavefront sensor is illustrated below. A grid samples the beam. Each sub-beam is then illuminating a specific area of a CCD detector. The deviation of the sub-beams positions compared to references leads to the reconstruction of the phase front of the wave at the grid. As the intensity profile is also recorded, back propagation codes can be applied to calculate for instance the field at focus. In the context of imaging, one could inverse Fourier transform the field at the grid to reconstruct a sample image. However, due to both the reduced sampling (limited by the grid properties) and the limited numerical aperture, the spatial resolution that could be reached with our current detector is limited. Nevertheless, this first image could serve as a guide in the image reconstruction process (the initial guess in the phase retrieval algorithm). Fig. 7. Principle of a Hartmann wavefront sensor. For wavelength lower than 300nm, Hartmann sensing is the most common method used to measure wavefronts. Above 300nm, the Shack Hartmann technique is preferred: Holes are replaced by microlenses. The accuracy and sensitivity of sensors are then increased. The new generation of Shack-Hartmann sensor should include some modifications of the existing algorithms as the expected spots shape on the CCD will be different than those obtained on visible light wavefront sensors. For wavelength under 160nm, the Shack-Hartmann technology is nearly impossible due to a limitation in the existing glass. CEA and LOA in synergy with Imagine Optic will design an optimized Hartmann sensor adapted to the IDEX beamlines. All the experiment constraints (high resolution, number of available photons, field of view…) will be taken into account to optimize the grid parameters and the CCD choice. Principle of Hartmann or Shack Hartmann spatial resolution improvement The spatial resolution of these types of wavefront sensors is given by the micro lens or micro holes pitch. The lateral positions of the spots of each sub aperture gives the local slopes of the wavefront (i.e. the wavefront first derivative). The spatial resolution is then the sub-aperture pitch. An assumption is done in this analysis: the local wavefront in front of each aperture comprises only tilts. But, when there is some aberrations (except tilts) in the wavefront this assumption is not perfectly correct. There are some small aberrations in the local wavefront in front of each sub aperture. These aberrations change a little bit the shape of each spot (diffraction pattern). It is known that, in small aberration regime, it is possible to determine the aberrations thanks to the deformation of the diffraction pattern. If all the second orders of the aberrations (i.e. focus and astigmatisms) are determined for each sub aperture, the spatial resolution is improved by a factor of 2. If all the second and third orders aberrations are found for each sub aperture, the spatial resolution is 3 times better. OPT2X will use a complete new approach of the Shack-Hartmann technology. CEA will be in charge of these developments with the support of Imagine Optics Company who will commercialize the high resolution Shack Hartmann in the long term. 27 (PhZ) Use of fully or partially coherent soft x-ray sources for application implies a much higher control of the beam quality than for incoherent beams. Within all the applications already developed, OPT2X is particularly interested in non-linear physic in soft x-ray range, coherent imaging and plasma creation with soft x-ray laser. These applications require tight focusing, on a few micrometer spot, with most of the energy contained in the main spot. Such problem has been widely studied for visible and infrared lasers that commonly use wave front sensor associated with an adaptive optics. From our past experience, we observed that the wave front of OPT2X sources (high harmonics and LASERIX) might have very good wave front at the diffraction-limit. The main problem remains in the beam transport and focusing. Also since the beams are propagating under vacuum there is no need of using adaptive optic. As described above we only consider active optic, i.e. an optic with slightly changeable focal length and where coma and astigmatism might be corrected in-line. Wave front sensor for KB focusing on Laserix The wave front sensor associated with such an optic may have relaxed constraints with the advantages of higher compactness, cheaper prize and faster calculation. Actual wave front sensors are based on expensive soft x-ray CCD camera with chip as large 2.5 cm. The sensor has typically 70*70 pupils for sampling the beam giving access to very high order aberration (up to the 36th Zernike polynomial). Since astigmatism at 0° and 45° are the 4th and 6th Zernike polynomial sand coma the 5th, one may understand that such sensor is of too high quality for our purpose. LOA will develop with Imagine Optic a specific wave front sensor having smaller detector and fewer pupils. Such sensor would have high commercial impact for Imagine Optic since it will be designed for active bender as installed on many large-scale facilities. When developed the sensor will be used for optimizing the Kirkpatrick-Baez optic to be installed on LASERIX. The design of this sensor will be very fast. Calibration and test will be done on Salle Orange at LOA with the high harmonic source. We consider also to do some test at FERMI@ELETTRA on their Kirkpatrick-Baez optic. This will serve as final test and also to promote our technology to potential buyers. Wave front sensor for Holography and Coherent Diffraction Imaging Wave front sensing is also important for coherent imaging. Wave front impacts this technic along two issues. Holography and Coherent Diffraction Imaging require focusing the beam on a spot ranging from sub-µm to 10 µm. The spot size depends on the technic and the sample size. However, imaging requires always much better wave front than focusing process. As mentioned above, to achieve a good focusing the beam does not need to be sampled with high spatial resolution. However, on coherent imaging, a residual defect on the incident beam wave front will be encoded on the detector as a defect of the object. The only way to prevent it consists in measuring the wave front of the incident beam with a high spatial resolution and encoded on a high number of Zernike polynomials to subtract the aberrated wave front during the data treatment process (phase retrieval, inverse Fourier-transform …). Although, this problem affects differently the coherent diffraction imaging, the in-line holography or the Fourier-transform holography, it is always a limiting factor. CEA and LOA will work on that subject. Wave front sensor for large NA beam characterization CEA and LOA demonstrated already a spatial resolution of 60 nm using coherent X-ray diffraction imaging coupled with high harmonic beam. This means that the recorded diffraction beam had numerical aperture of nearly 0.5. Measurement of wave fronts at such high numerical aperture is extremely challenging and has never been done so far. CEA and LOA, in collaboration with Imagine Optics will work on the development of such sensor. Post- OPT2X, we consider to test different optics for sub-µm focusing. It will leads to intensity enhancement by one or two 28 orders of magnitude of interest for soft x-ray non-linear physics. It will be also very beneficial for coherent diffraction imaging of very small biological samples 4.4.1.3 - Polarimetry (D. Dowek, J. Gautier, L. Nahon, F. Delmotte) 4.4.2 2 year deliverables 4.4.2.1 on-line measurement of spatial profile (who?) 4.4.2.2 Wavefront sensor (PhZ) Wave front sensor for KB focusing on Laserix Post-doc 1 year: same as for 4.1.2.2 Soft x-ray CCD: 25 kE Mechanics + Hartman plate + alignment system: 15 kE Filters, gas, small consumable: 10 kE Computer for the sensor: 2 kE Development, calculation, new design, tests and calibration by Imagine Optic: 25 kE Wave front sensor for Holography and Coherent Diffraction Imaging Post-doc 1 year: same person as for 4.1.2.2 Soft x-ray CCD: 25 kE Mechanics + Hartman plate + alignment system: 15 kE Filters, gas, small consumable: 10 kE Computer for the sensor: 1 kE Development, calculation, new design, tests and calibration by Imagine Optic: 15 kE Wave front sensor for large NA beam characterization Post-doc 1 year: on high numerical aperture wave front sensing and coherent imaging Soft x-ray CCD: 40 kE Mechanics + Hartman plate + alignment system: 15 kE Filters, gas, small consumable: 10 kE Computer for the sensor: 1 kE Development, calculation, new design, tests and calibration by Imagine Optic: 25 kE 4.4.2.3 complete determination of Stokes numbers (Danielle D, Laurent N) 4.5 WP5: Off-line optics metrology and detector development (F. Polack + F Mercier +...) 4.5.1 technical objectives 4.5.1.1 - off line optics characterization 4.5.1.2 - detector development (specific aspects for XUV pulses? relevance also for WP3 and WP4) (SOLEIL) 4.5.2 2 year deliverables addition to existing infrastructures specific to OPT2X's needs ???? (SOLEIL, CEMOX) 29 30 4.6 WP6: Training (Sophie) 4.6.1 Funding PhD theses, internships, 4.6.2 Training modules for students in the labs 4.6.3 Website for training in XUV optics 4.7 Gantt chart for WPs See budget 31 5 Consortium and financial request 5.1 Consortium description (Danielle) Nom, prénom du responsable Dowek Danielle Klisnick Annie Mestdagh Jean-Michel Mons Michel Miron Catalin Polack François Marsi Marino Delmotte Franck Garzella David Carré Bertrand Ros David Lopez-Martens Rodrigo Statut Laboratoire, Etablissements de Taille Commentaires éventuels tutelle équipe (chercheurs et enseignants chercheurs) DR ISMO, CNRS-UPSUD 2 DR ISMO, CNRS-UPSUD 1 DR LFP, CEA-CNRS 2 DR LFP, CEA-CNRS 2 DR SOLEIL 4 DR SOLEIL 2 PR LPS, CNRS-UPSUD 3 MCF LCF - IOGS 3 DR SPAM, CEA 2 Laser and XUV secondary sources DR SPAM, CEA 3 ATTOLAB, high harmonic source MCF LASERIX, UPSUD 4 DR LOA – ENSTA-CNRS 2 5.2 Governance (Danielle) 5.3 financial request (Bertrand) Financial request to IDEX <=> Other funding sources for larger budget ??? Need breakdown per year: indicatively 680 K€ (year 1) and 630 K€ (year 2) WP WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 Item kEuros Focusing system - few micron focal spot 60 multicolor XUV/IR focusing system 50 polarization control system 150 variable band selection broad band selection multicolor time overlap wavefront sensing polarimetry 230 150 40 100 150 single pulse intensity 30 32 single pulse (auto-analysis) spectrum? pulse time profile WP5 post-doc Ph-D. Student detectors TOTAL requested to Idex 30 30+40 100 90 60 1310 33 To be completed and validated - see excel file - Check compatibility with initial table Deliverable Topic Year1 Year2 cost Time Control WP1 D1.1 Time Control WP1 D1.2 monochromatizing system based on multilayer optics (switchable between “10 fs – single harmonic” mode and “as – broadband” mode) monochromator based on “off plane mount approach” (switchable between “30 fs – narrow bandpass”, “10 fs – single harmonic” and “as–broadband” mode) Time Control WP1 D1.3 Multicolor (XUV/IR) and XUV/XUV time and space (focusing) superposition system (Marie G, Bertrand C) Space Control WP2 D2.1 as-fs / fs-ps : Focusing system grazing-incidence to achieve few micron focal spot (PhZ) Space Control WP2 D2.2 as-fs / fs-ps: “User polarization control system: de-phaser” Space Control WP2 D2.3 as-fs : multicolor XUV/IR and XUV/XUV focusing system (Marie G.) - see D13 x 0 Temporal Characterization WP3 D3.1 Shot-to-shot measurement of pulse intensity x 0 Temporal Characterization WP3 D3.2 As-fs/fs-ps : Shot-to-shot (almost) on line spectrum (recorded/stored during data acquisition) with absolute monitoring of pulse intensity (time & space) x 80 Temporal Characterization WP3 D3.3 as-fs : complete characterization time profile : FROG-CRAB or 2nd order autoco (Thierry R) Temporal Characterization WP3 D3.4 Online, single-shot characterization of XUV pulse by THz streaking Spatial Characterization WP4 D4.1 on-line measurement of spatial profile x 0 Spatial Characterization WP4 D4.2 Wavefront sensor x 354 Spatial Characterization WP4 D4.3 complete determination of all Stokes numbers (Danielle D, Laurent N) x 50 Metrology WP5 D5.1 Metrology x 120 Metrology WP5 Training WP6 Total 640 X 100 x 100 x 107 x 240 x x x 30 59 50 650,5 1291 34 Table 2 : 2-year deliverables, planning and budget 35 6 References 6.1 External F. 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