Download 3-physiological changes in pregnancy

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Transcript 
Physiological
changes in
pregnancy
 Major
adaptation of maternal anatomy
,physiology and metabolism is required for
normal pregnancy.
 Undrestanding these changes help to
differentite between the normal and
pathology.
GIT changes
 Increase
apetite.
 Nausea and vomitting.
 Gum hypertrophy.
 Gingivitis of pregnancy.
 Decrease GIT motilityand tone.
 Decrease incidence of peptic ulcer.
 Increase incidence of GERD.
 Increase
gallstone formation.
 Constipation.
 Haemorrhoid.
Urinary system:
 Enlarged
kidnyes.
 Dilated ureters.
 Increase possibility of infection.
 30%asymptomatic bacteruria.
 Urinary frequency.
 Glucosuria.
Changes of CVS
 Hypotension
in first and second trimester.
 Increase blood pressure in third trimester.
 Increase heart rate.
 Dependent oedema.
 Increase cardiac output and stroke
volume.
Haematological changes
 Increase
WBC.
 Decrease RBC.
 Decrease platelets count.
 Decrease blood urea and serum
creatinin.
 Hypercoagulable state.
Respiratory system:
 Hyperaemia
of respiratory passages.
 Rib cage displaced upward.
 Chest circumferance expand.
 Respiratory rate is unchanged.
 Vital capacity is unchanged.
 Tidal volume is increased.
 Minute volume is increased.
 Functional
residual capacity is reduced.
 Increase dead volume.
 Hyperventilation.
Metabolism:
 Chronic
water and sodium retaintion.
 Decrease plasma osmolality.
 Plasma lipid increased.
 Total body fat increased.
 Average weight gain is 12.5 kg.
Skeletal system:
 Total
calcium level decreased.
 ionized calcium is unchanged.
 Phosphate and PTH level unchanged.
 Calcitonin level and vitamine D
unchanged.
Endocrine changes:
 Incresase
thyroid binding globulin.
 Euthyroid state.
 Normal free thyroid hormones.
 Slightly thyromegaly.
 Pituitary
gland enlarged.
 Prolactin level increase.
 Increase in free cortisol.
 Increase corticosteroid binding globulin.
 Fasting hypoglycaemia.
 Post prandial hyperglycaemia.
Skin:
 Palmer
erythema.
 Spider angioma.
 Linea negra.
 Stria gravidarum .
 Chloasma.
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