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In the News: Record low for Oct. 10-11 10 ˚F in 1985 Record low-high for Oct. 10-11 39 ˚F in 1946 Source: National Weather Service www.noaa.gov g http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?site=tfx&smap=1&textField1=45.67972&textField2=-111.03778 Exam I: Where we’ve been Composition of the Atmosphere Structure St t off th the Atmosphere Solar Radiation Earth-Sun Geometry, Season What are we working with? How does composition affect weather and climate? What are we working with? How is the atmosphere organized, and how does this affect weather and climate? Sun = our ultimate energy source. What’s the nature of this energy and how does the distribution of solar radiation affect weather and climate on Earth? Earth’s Energy gy Balance Pressure and Winds Moisture What happens to Sun’s energy once it reaches Earth? How are input and output balanced? The balance of energy drives winds. What is the pattern and impacts of winds, on the surface and in the upper atmosphere? How does moisture move through the atmosphere? Exam I: True False 1. Water vapor is a gas and an important component of Earth’s atmosphere. 2. Variable gasses account for only a small percentage of the total mass of the atmosphere, atmosphere but they have important impacts of the behavior of the atmosphere. atmosphere Exam I: Multiple Choice 1. At what latitude would the Tropic of Cancer occur, if Earth’s axis were tilted 20°? a. b. c. d. e. 15° S latitude 23° N latitude 20° N llatitude tit d 70° N latitude 70° S latitude Exam I: Matching Questions are in figures, choices are grouped from a-e. a. Net longwave radiation loss b. Absorbed solar radiation c. Energy gained d. Energy lost e. Temperature . 1. 2 2. 3. . . d. Forms of Condensation Dew: Liquid condensation on a surface Forms on clear, windless nights Surface cools diabatically Frost: Frozen dew (hoar frost) From gas to solid = deposition Separate ice crystals Frozen Dew: Dew that later freezes as T drops: black ice 6 d. Forms of Condensation Fog: Precipitation p and Steam Fog Result from adding water vapor to the air e.g. cold dry air mixes with warm moist air Gallatin River: ca 0°C Air temperature: -26°C 26 C January 2007 Steam fog from mixing of relatively warm, “moist” air above the water with cool, dry air (Jan. 2007, Gallatin River, MT). 7 d. Forms of Condensation Fog: Radiation Fog g Result when radiative cooling g drops temp. to dew point, and light winds exist (5 km/hr; 3 mph). Formed by diabatic cooling Radiation fog is common in the Central Valley of California from the combination of a cool, clear nights nights, which lower the temperature to the dew point, and light surface winds. (A&B 8 Fig. 5-19) d. Forms of Condensation Fog: Advection Fog g Results when warm, moist air moves horizontally (advection = horizontal movement) over a cooler surface Can be advected long distances, persisting well downwind of the area of formation Advection fog commonly forms in the summer In the Pacific Northwest, often when warm, moist marine air drifts over a cold inland area that have experienced radiational cooling. 9 (July 2001, Glacier Peak, WA). d. Forms of Condensation Fog: Upslope p p Fog g Result adiabatic cooling, as moist air moves up in elevation Common along Rocky Mountain front Upslope fog forms by adiabadic cooling, as warm, moist air ascends up-valley (Dec., 2007, Absaroka Range and the Paradise Valley, MT). 10 d. Forms of Condensation 11 d. Forms of Condensation 12