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Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Law of the Sea Class 2: Ports, Coastal/internal waters, territorial sea and contiguous zone February 2016 Henrik Ringbom Professor II Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Outline Generally on maritime zones Baselines Internal waters Territorial sea (contiguous zone) Port state jurisdiction Background - codification UNCLOS I (1958) • Breadth of territorial sea • Extent of coastal state fishing jurisdiction UNCLOS II (1960) • No agreement reached UNCLOS III (1973-82) Unresolved LOS issues 150 states participated Nine years of negotiations 1982 UNCLOS Consensus on broad range of issues Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law UNCLOS ‘Constitution for the Oceans’ – ‘Package deal’ (all uses of the oceans) – Framework convention 166 Contracting Parties, indicative of customary international law Rights and duties depend on maritime zone and activity Delimitation, prescriptive end enforcement jurisdiction Establishes institutions: e.g. CDCS, ITLOS Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Maritime zones • • • • • • • • Internal waters (IW) Territorial sea (TS) Contiguous zone (CZ) Exclusive economic zone (EEZ) Archipelagic waters (AW) High seas (HS) Continental shelf (CS) The Area Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Territorial sea Land 12 NM 24 NM Exclusive Economic Zone High Seas 200 NM Internal waters - baseline Normal baseline (LWL) (UNCLOS art 5) Main exceptions: – Straight baselines (art 7) – Bays (art 10) Special rules Reefs Seaward of lowwater line Ports Outermost permanent harbor works Straight baselines General direction Sufficiently close to shore (within 24 nm?) No guidance on length (24 nm baselines?) Respect of other states’ interests Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Bays Well-marked indentation Land-locked waters More than mere curvature Area must be equal to or larger than semicircle Closing line - cannot exceed 24 nm Maximum area of water Historic bays/waters Legal requirements: • open, effective, long-term & continuous exercise of authority • acquiescence of foreign states Low tide elevations Wholly within territorial sea drawn from mainland or island Islands and rocks Sustain human habitation or economic life Territorial sea only for rock, no eez or continental shelf Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Rockall BASELINES - SUMMARY A. Indentation is larger than a semi-circle whose diameter is two closing lines, and is therefore a bay. Thus bay closing lines (which total less than 24 miles) are baselines. B. Straight baseline on indented coast fringed with islands. C. Indentation is smaller than the area of semi-circle drawn on closing line. Therefore it is not a bay. D. An island generating its own territorial sea. E. Baseline is a line drawn across the mouth of the river that flows directly into the sea. F. Harbour works forming part of the baseline. On the rest of the coast the baseline is G. Low tide elevations. One is less than the low-water mark. 12 miles from the coast and therefore forms the baseline. The other is more than 12 miles and therefore does not affect the construction of the baseline. Internal waters jurisdiction Starting point: sovereignty Exceptions: – Access to ports (?) – Distress (customary law) – Previously TS, straight baselines (art 8(2)) Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Territorial sea – key issues (Breadth of the territorial sea) – Art 3 (Delimitation of territorial sea) – Outer limit (Art 4) – Adjacent or opposite neighbouring states (art 15) Rights of passage Widespread adherence in practice 143 states claim 12 nm (or less) territorial sea • 7 excessive territorial sea claims • More than 20 states rolled back excessive claims All states claim 24 nm (or less) contiguous zone 124 states claim 200 (or less) nm EEZ (no state claim more) Baselines and outer limit of the TS Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Territorial sea – innocent passage Meaning of passage (art 18) Innocence (art 19) – Not prejudicial to peace, public order or security – Series of activities listed in para 2 Laws and regulations (art 21) – CDEM Rules Other issues (submarines, warships, suspension etc) Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Law of the Sea Class 3: International straits, navigational freedoms February 2016 Henrik Ringbom Professor II TTS MEASURED FROM COASTLINE LAND LAND 3NM 3NM HIGH SEAS CORRIDOR TERRITORIAL SEAS HIGH SEAS CORRIDOR TTS MEASURED FROM STRAIGHT BASELINES LAND 3NM INTERNAL WATERS: HIGH SEAS CORRIDOR LAND 3NM HIGH SEAS CORRIDOR: TERRITORIAL SEAS 12NM LAND LAND TRANSIT PASSAGE (OVERLAPPING TTS) 12NM TERRITORIAL SEAS HIGH SEAS CORRIDOR Excessive Maritime Claims Block Strategic Sea Lanes With Transit Rights Without Transit Rights Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Straits used for international navigation Background Five categories – Straits governed by longstanding conventions (Art35(c)) – Straits governed by compatible agreements – Straits with central corridors of HS or EEZ – Straits subject to the regime of transit passage – Straits subject to the regime of innocent passage Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Transit passage Some 116 states concerned Main distinctions to innocent passage • • • • • Covers overfligt Not suspendable Submarines may travel submerged Coastal state less powers (e.g. IMO approval of TSS) Ships less rights to stop (continuous and expeditious, no anchoring unless distress)) Iraq Hormuz Bab el’ Mandeb Malacca Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law Navigational freedoms (high seas) Main rule – Freedom of navigation on HS (and EEZ) (arts. 87, 58(1) – Requirements on flag states: e.g. genuine link (art 91), GAIRAS (art 94) – Exclusive flag state jurisdiction on high seas (art 92) Limitations – Ordinary: ‘due regard’ (art 87(2)), obligations (art 94) – Enforcement: Hot pursuit (art 111), environmental enforcement – Right of visit (arts 110): slave trade, unauthorized broadcasting, piracy, drug trafficking, no flag More recent pressures – 1988 Drugs convention, UNSC Resolutions under Ch VII, SUA, bilateral arrangements