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A. Cell structure definitions
Eyepiece graticule
Stage micrometer
Micrometer
Nanometer
Resolution
Magnification
Electron microscope
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi body
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Lysozymes
Chloroplasts
Cell surface
membrane
1
Nuclear envelope
Centrioles
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Microvilli
Cell wall
Large permanent
vacuole
Tonoplast
Plasmodesmata
Low power plan
diagram
Prokaryotic cells
2
B. Biological molecules definitions
Test for reducing
sugar
Test for nonreducing sugar
Colour standards as
a semi-quantitative
use of Benedicts
Test for Starch
Test for lipids
Test for proteins
Ring forms of α and
β-glucose
Monomer
Polymer
Macromolecule
Glycosidic bond
Dissacharide
Polysaccharides
Starch
Amylose
Amylopectin
3
Glycogen
Cellulose
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Amino acid
Peptide bond
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary
structure
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Disulfide bonds
Hydrophobic bonds
4
Haemoglobin
(globular protein)
Collagen (fibrous
protein)
Role of water
5
C. Enzymes definitions
Enzymes
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Activation energy
Enzyme specificity
Lock and key hypothesis
Induced fit hypothesis
Catalase
Amylase
Competitive inhibitors
Non-competitive
inhibitors
6
D. Cell membranes and transport
Fluid mosaic model
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Roles of cell-surface
membranes
Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Water potential
Solute potential
7
Pressure potential
Plasmolysis
Incipient plasmolysis
Turgid
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
8
E. Cell and nuclear division
Chromosomes
Homologous
chromosomes
Diploid
Haploid
Chromatids
Centromere
Mitosis
Asexual reproduction
Cell cycle
Cytokinesis
Interphase
G1
S
G2
Prophase
9
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Centrioles
Spindle
Tumour
Reduction division
(meiosis)
10
F. Genetic control
Nucleotides
RNA
DNA
Base pairing
Purines
Pyrimidines
DNA replication during
interphase
semi-conservative
Gene
Allele
Mutation
Transcription
Translation
mRNA
11
tRNA
Ribosomes
Triplet code
Codon
Anticodon
Genetic dictionaries
Sickle cell
12
G. Transport
Surface area to volume
ratio
Transpiration
Measure the rate of
transpiration using a
potometer
Distribution of xylem
and phloem tissue
roots
stems
leaves
Structure and function
of xylem vessel elements
Structure and function
of phloem sieve tube
elements
Structure and function of
companion cells
Symplastic pathway
Apoplastic pathway
13
Role of nitrate ions
Role of magnesium ions
Leaves of xerophytic
plants
Translocation
Explain the translocation
of sucrose using the
mass flow hypothesis
Structure and function of
arteries
Structure and function of
veins
Structure and function of
capillaries
Structure of red blood
cells
Structure of phagocytes
(macrophages and
neutrophils)
14
Structure of lymphocytes
Differences between
blood, tissue fluid and
lymph
Role of Haemoglobin in
carrying oxygen and
carbon dioxide
Carbonic anhydrase
Haemoglobinic acid
Carbaminohaemoglobin
Oxygen dissociation
curves
Bohr effect
Red blood cell count and
high altitude
Closed double
circulation
15
Structure of the heart
Explain differences in
thickness of the walls of
the different chambers
Cardiac cycle
Systole
Diastole
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Purkynje tissue
16
H. Gas exchange and smoking
Structure of the human
gas exchange system
Structure of trachea
Structure bronchi
Structure of bronchioles
Structure of alveoli
Cartilage
Ciliated epithelium
Goblet cells
Mucous glands
Smooth muscle
17
Elastic fibres
Process of gas exchange
between air in the
alveoli and the blood
Effects of tar and
carcinogens on the gas
exchange system
Signs and symptoms that
enable diagnosis of lung
cancer
Signs and symptoms that
enable diagnosis chronic
obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Effects of nicotine on the
cardiovascular system
Effects of carbon
monoxide on the
cardiovascular system
Atherosclerosis
Coronary heart disease
18
Epidemiology
Coronary by-pass
surgery
Heart transplant surgery
19
I. Infectious disease
Disease
infectious disease
Pathogen
Non-infectious disease
(e.g. sickle cell anaemia
and lung cancer)
Names and types of
causative organism of:
cholera
malaria
TB
HIV/AIDS
smallpox
measles
Explain how the
following are
transmitted:
cholera
measles
malaria
TB
20
HIV/AIDS
Factors to be considered
in the prevention and
control of:
cholera
measles
malaria
TB
HIV/AIDS
Factors that influence
the global distribution
of:
malaria
TB
HIV/AIDS
Role of antibiotics in the
treatment of bacterial
infectious diseases
21
J. Immunity definitions
Origin and mode
of action of
phagocytes
Mode of action of
B-lymphocytes
Mode of action of
T-lymphocytes
Immune response
Antigen
Self
Non—self
Role of memory
cells
Structure and
function of
antibodies
Active immunity
Natural
Artificial
22
Passive immunity
Natural
Artificial
Vaccination
Why vaccination
programmes have
eradicated
smallpox but not:
measles
tuberculosis(TB)
malaria
cholera
Herd immunity
23
K. Ecology
Habitat
Niche
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Producer
Consumer
Trophic level
Food web
Energy losses along food
chains
Role of nitrogen-fixing
bacteria (Rhizobium)
24
Role of nitrifying
bacteria (Nitrosomas
and Nitrobacter)
Dinitrification
Ammonification
25