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Chemistry B Mrs. Rogers Richard Lam and Houston Chang 2/12/07 Animal Cell Functions Cell membrane – a thin membrane composed of carbohydrates and proteins that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. The cell membrane controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell. Centriole – pairs of microtubules found mostly in animal cells. The centriole helps form spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell distribution. Chloroplast – organelles found in plant cells. Chloroplast uses synthesis to capture sunlight to preserve free energy in the form of ATP. Chromatin – DNA and protein found inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. The chromatin decreases the volume of DNA to allow it to fit into the cell. Cytoskeleton – network of protein microtubules. The cytoskeleton maintains the cells shape, protects the cell, and determines the cells movement. Cytoplasm – water-like substance that fills the cell. The cytoplasm holds all the cells outside of the nucleus in place and maintains the shape of the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae. The ER stores protein folding and transports synthesized proteins. Golgi apparatus (body) – system of flattened organelle sacs that modify, sort, and package substances for cell secretion. Lysosome – Lysosome are organelles found in the golgi body. Lysosomes digest macromolecules within the cell, digest foreign bacteria, and helps repair damage to the cell membrane. Mitochondria – a membrane-enclosed organelle that converts food molecules into energy through the form of ATP. Nuclear envelope – double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the DNA. The pores in the nuclear envelope, determines the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Nucleus – an enclosed membrane organelle that contains most of the cell’s genetic data, through DNA. The nucleus controls genes and the replication of DNA. Nucleolus – the nucleolus is surrounded by a layer of chromatin and is sub-organelle of the cell nucleus. The nucleolus produces and assembles ribosome Ribosome – organelles that either floats freely around the cytoplasm or are attached to the ER. The ribosome conducts protein biosynthesis by transferring RNA to protein. Vacuole – membrane compartments that store nutrient and waste products.