Download P. ramorum - WSU Puyallup

WSU SOD Education Program
Phytophthora ramorum educate to detect
Adapted from the national PRED program for
WSU Extension
By Norm Dart
WSU Sudden Oak Death Education Coordinator
What we will cover today
1) History of P. ramorum (SOD/Ramorum Blight)
2) Current state of P. ramorum in Washington
3) WSU Extension SOD education program
4) Recognizing symptoms and submitting samples
for early detection
History of P. ramorum
 Status in North American and European
forests
 Status in North American and European
nurseries
Mysterious tree death
 Mid 1990s hikers report
dying tanoaks
 Marin, Santa Cruz, &
Monterey counties
 Canopies turn brown
suddenly
 Similar symptoms on
coast live and black oaks
 Scientists begin to
investigate
Photo: Marin County Fire Department
Sudden Oak Death
 Trees death primarily
along urban-wildland
interface
 Dying trees created
hazards for residents
 Name “Sudden Oak
Death” coined
 Search for cause
continued
Photo: Marin County Fire Department
Cause of Sudden Oak Death determined
 2000: UC scientists
isolated organism
causing SOD
 Exotic Phytophthora
species
 Previously isolated from
European nurseries in
1993
Phytophthora ramorum in culture
Photo: UC Davis & UC Berkeley
Phytophthora ramorum
Sporangia releasing
zoospores
 New species named
Phytophthora ramorum
 Phytophthora spp.
 thrive in wet conditions
 Produces zoospores and
chlamydospores
 P. ramorum zoospores
spread through air via mist
and rain splash
Chlamydospores
Phytophthora species
 There are many
Phytophthora spp.
 Most cause root rots
 Common crop pathogens
 P. infestans caused the
Irish potato famine of
1840s
Researcher discovered more hosts
 Researchers isolated P.
ramorum from other
plant species
 Many of these are “foliar
hosts”
 These hosts are not
killed but develop leaf
blight
 Example: California bay
laurel
Photo: Joseph O’Brien, USDA-Forest Service
Two distinct diseases caused by
Phytophthora ramorum
 Sudden Oak Death
–
–
–
–
Red oaks and tanoak
Stem lesions beneath the bark girdle and kill tree
Cankers often bleed or ooze
Can kill adult trees
 P. ramorum foliar blight/Ramorum blight
– Non-oak hosts
– Spots and blotches on leaves & shoot die back
– Can kill juvenile plants, usually not lethal for mature
plants
Curry County Oregon, Summer 2001
 P. ramorum discovered in
Oregon in 2001 killing
tanoaks
 Trees discovered during
aerial survey
Photo: Mike McWilliams, ODF
Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
P. ramorum in forests
 SOD currently found in
14 CA counties and 1 OR
county
 These counties are under
quarantine
 SOD not known to be
established anywhere
else in N.A. forests
Map from www.suddenoakdeath.org
Kelly, UC-Berkeley
Risk of P. ramorum becoming
established in U.S. forests
Map: USDA- Forest Service
European garden & nursery finds
 P. ramorum reported
throughout Europe in
nurseries and gardens
 Same species but
different mating type in
N.A & Europe
 European strain more
aggressive on nursery
stock
 Despite quarantine
efforts P. ramorum is
widespread in UK and
Netherlands
Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in Europe
Photo: Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant Protection Institute
Infected trees reported in
UK and Netherlands
2003
Red Oak:
Quercus rubra
Beech: Fagus sylvatica
Photo: DEFRA
North American
nursery finds
 2003- P. ramorum
found in 17 N.A.
nurseries
 8 CA, 6 OR, 2 WA, 1
BC
 Trace forwards and
trace backs conducted
 Both US and EUR
genotypes found in
WA and OR
Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
2005 National Nursery Survey
• 3,663 nurseries visited
• 64,814 samples collected
State Num. +
CA
55
GA
4
LA
OR
TN
2
20
1
SC
WA
Total
1
16
99
Washington survey
9 of the 16 were
repeat positives from 2004
What happens when P. ramorum
is detected in a nursery?
1) WSDA by authority of USDA-APHIS
places host plant material on hold until
the extent of infestation is determined
2) Infected and neighboring plants are
destroyed in an effort to eradicate the
pathogen (burned or buried)
Locations of nurseries testing positive
for P. ramorum in Washington (04-05)
Diversity of Native Host Plants in Washington State
Bigleaf maple
Douglas-fir
Oregon
ash
Madrone
Evergreen huckleberry
Western starflower
Maidenhair fern
Summary of P. ramorum in Washington
 Only in nursery stock, not found in natural
or urban landscape
 APHIS and WSDA conduct annual
survey to inspect production nurseries
 DNR does forest surveys
 Many plants native to Washington are
known hosts
 Potential to impact native ecosystem
Quarantines may be imposed if detected in landscape
Current P. ramorum Education
Projects at WSU Puyallup
1) Online Education Surveys
(evaluate current knowledge)
2) First Detector Training for Maser Gardeners
(mandated by USDA strategic plan)
3) Developing Molecular Laboratory
(increase diagnostic/research capabilities)
Online Education Surveys
OBJECTIVES
•Evaluate current understanding/knowledge of P. ramorum
•Learn where people have been going for information
•Determine what additional outreach efforts are needed
TARGET GROUPS
•WSU Extension Educators (Completed)
•Nursery and Landscape Professionals (Launched 12/05)
•Christmas Tree Professionals
•Forest Product Industry Professionals
WSU Extension Educator Survey
Result Highlights
WHO RESPONDED?
•27 responded (80 surveys sent)
•6 county agents
•18 master gardener affiliates
•3 unknown
•92% of responses were from Western Washington
•81% of respondents were moderately to highly
concerned about potential economic and
ecological impact of P. ramorum in Washington
WSU Extension Educator Survey
Result Highlights
CURRENT KNOWLEDGE
•93% of Master Gardener volunteers do not
feel sufficiently informed to perform outreach
duties
•100% of county agents feel sufficiently informed to
perform outreach duties
•77% know where to direct the public to send samples
for SOD testing/diagnosis
•78% do not feel comfortable determining if samples
should be sent for diagnosis
WSU Extension Educator Survey
Result Highlights
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
•74% choose the internet as a source of information
•48% choose pamphlets and brochures as a source of
information
• 43% chose talks/training sessions as a source of
information
WSU Extension Educator Survey
Result Highlights
FUTURE OUTREACH
•76% would like to see future outreach efforts
•78% do not feel comfortable determining if samples
should be sent for diagnosis
•93% of master gardener volunteers do not feel
sufficiently informed to perform outreach duties
First Detector Training
•Master Gardener Volunteers are major target audience
•Curriculum adapted from USDA and NPDN training
•Background/History of SOD
•Status of SOD in Washington
•Introduction to WSU SOD education Program
•Recognizing symptoms
•Submitting samples
• Five training sessions scheduled this spring in
King, Pierce, Kitsap. Grays Harbor/Pacific,
Snohomish counties
Important Considerations for First
Detectors
• Master Gardeners and County Agents play a major role
as first detectors
•Important to realize that P. ramorum can be a sensitive issue
•Education is a balancing act:
•Inform but do not scare public!
•Realize what is at stake
•Economically for Washington Ag./forest industries
•Potential ecological impact to nations forests
Developing Molecular Capabilities
Objectives
•For rapid and reliable detection of SOD
•Tool for basic and applied research at
WSU Puyallup
•Quantifying plankton communities
•Population genetics of PNW salmon
•Sexual recombination of pathogenic
fungi
•Detecting traits in breeding programs
Recognizing Symptoms
 Sudden Oak Death of oaks
 Ramorum blight of other hosts
Key to determine if samples should be
submitted for P. ramorum testing in
Washington
 focus on recently purchased (or near recently
purchased) camellia, kalmia, lilac, pieris,
rhododendron, or viburnum
Sudden Oak Death:
Disease of members of the oak
family (Fagaceae)




True oaks (Quercus spp.) (NA & EUR)
Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) (NA)
Chestnut (Castanea) (EUR)
Beech (Fagus) (EUR)
Sudden Oak Death of coast live oak in California
Photo: Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension
‘Bleeding’ canker on tree trunk
 ‘Bleeding’ or oozing
on the bark
 Not associated with
cracks in bark or
insect holes
 Usually on the lower
6 ft. of tree trunks
Photo: Garbelotto lab, UC Berkeley
Phytophthora ramorum
Younger active bleeding cankers
Older infections with
washed out bleeding cankers
“bleeding”
Photos: Mike McWilliams, ODF & Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation
Phytophthora ramorum
Cankers (in inner
bark) are surrounded
by a black line
Photo: Dave Rizzo, UC Davis
P. ramorum cankers of tanoak
outer bark
Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of Conservation
inner bark
Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum
outer bark
inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum
outer bark
inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring insect
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
Similar symptoms – submit sample
outer bark
inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
Other common diseases & injuries
 Bacterial wetwood
 Boring insects
 Mechanical injury
 Fungi
Recognizing P. ramorum foliar
blight, aka: ramorum blight






Camellia
Rhododendron
Viburnum
Pieris
Mountain laurel
Lilac





Honeysuckle
Yew
Douglas-fir
Grand fir
Coast redwood
Symptoms on camellia
Brown lesions: irregular and restricted to leaf tip
Lesions edges less distinct
under humid conditions
Photos: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture & Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
Symptoms on camellia
Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
Symptoms on camellia
 Symptoms can be
subtle
 Look for irregularshaped brown lesions
on the leaves
 Sometimes only the
tips of leaves are
brown
 Look for lower leaves
that have fallen off
Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
Similar symptoms – submit sample
Sun scorch on camellia
Photo: Carrie Harmon, University of Florida
Similar symptoms – submit sample
Cold injury on camellia
Photo: Richard Regan, Oregon State University
P. ramorum symptoms on native
rhododendron
Shoot dieback
Foliar blight
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
Foliar blight
P. ramorum symptoms on
rhododendron
Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
Rhododendron macrophyllum
P. ramorum symptoms on
rhododendrons in nurseries
Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation
P. ramorum symptoms on
rhododendron
Rhododendron ‘Unique’
Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
P. ramorum symptoms on eastern
native rhododendrons
(inoculation trials)
Photo: Paul Tooley, USDA-ARS
Similar symptoms – submit sample
Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora syringae
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
Similar symptoms – submit sample
Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora species
Photo: Mike Benson, NCSU
Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum
Phytophthora root rot - not caused by P. ramorum
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum
Sun scorch, lesion
does not extend
down leaf midrib
Photo: Rich Regan, Oregon State University
Gray blight can develop on sun
scorched rhododendron leaves
Symptoms on pieris
Pieris japonica
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
P. ramorum symptoms on pieris
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
Pieris japonica
P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
Viburnum x bodnantense ‘’Dawn’
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
Viburnum x bodnantense ‘Dawn’
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
Viburnum plicatum tomentosum ‘Mariesii’
Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
stem
canker
Photo: Sabine Werres, Institut für Pflanzenschutz im Gartenbau, Germany
P. ramorum symptoms on kalmia
(mountain laurel)
Photo: DEFRA
Similar symptoms – submit sample
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
Photo: Robert Linderman, USDA-ARS
Similar symptoms – submit sample
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
Photo: Peter Angwin, USDA-Forest Service
P. ramorum symptoms on lilac
Photo: Alexandra Schlenzig, Scottish Agricultural Science Agency
Similar symptoms – submit sample
Bacterial blight on lilac
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
P. ramorum symptoms on
conifers
Grand fir
Photo: Santa Clara Co. (CA) Agriculture Dept. & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis
Douglas-fir
Screening Questions
 Plants likely to be infected by Phytophthora ramorum
– Affected plant is on host list and purchased since 2002
– Affected plant is near a recently purchased host plant
– Symptoms are consistent with Phytophthora ramorum
Sample referral and submission
 In Washington state Master Gardeners and
Extension Agents are asked to submit suspect
samples to the WSU Puyallup Plant Clinic
 If you determine a sample should be submitted
 Download and fill out plant clinic sample form and
follow approved procedures
http://www.puyallup.wsu.edu/plantclinic/samples.htss.html
 Please consult the plant clinic before sending
samples
Don’t Cause Panic!
 Avoid alarming behavior. Don’t jump to
conclusions.
– Wait for lab result
– Maintain confidentiality
Procedures for submitting a
sample
 Collect leaves that
show various stages
of symptom
development.
 Take pictures of
symptoms and
environment.
Packaging a sample
 Place sample on a paper
towel. Do not wet the towel.
 Double bag and seal the
sample in zippable bags.
 If shipping, use a crush proof
box with seams sealed
completely with tape.
 Be sure to include the sample
submission form required by
the Plant Clinic.
Sending a sample
 Contact the sample recipient.
 Samples must be fresh and in good condition.
 Rapid delivery is critical (no Friday shipments).
 Remember to double bag samples and send in crush-proof
box or sturdy envelope
Sampling reminders
 The accuracy of a disease diagnosis can
only be as good as the sample and
information provided.
 Sample must be representative of symptoms
and severity in the field and must contain
the right material.
Diagnostics: laboratory tests
 There are three detection
methods:
– Antibody test (ELISA)
– Plating on selective media
– DNA (PCR)
 Relatively expensive
 Time consuming
Photo: Natalie Goldberg, New Mexico State University
ELISA
Plating
PCR
Acknowledgments
WSU Puyallup
Gary Chastagner
Jenny Glass
Original Authors of National
PRED Program
Jennifer Parke
Susan Frankel
Janice Alexander
Carla Thomas
 Original Reviewers
– Kitty Caldwell
– Eugene Erickson
– Jonathan Jones
– Natalie Goldberg
– Everett Hansen
– Carrie Harmon
– John Hartman
Bill Hoffman
Steve Oak
Melodie Putnam
Susan Ratcliffe
David Rizzo
Stacy Scott