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University of Al-Qadissyah college of Nursing Medical sociology for Nursing Lecture (7-8) Medical Definition of sociology Set by :. Rana Mohssin . Medical Definition of SOCIOLOGY sociologies 1. : the science of society, social institutions, and social relationships; specifically: the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY 'Sociology' which had once been treated as social philosophy, or the philosophy of the history, emerged as an independent social science in 19th century. Auguste Comte, a Frenchman, is traditionally considered to be the father of sociology. Comte is accredited with the coining of the term sociology (in 1839). "Sociology" is composed of two words : socius, meaning companion or associate; and 'logos', meaning science or study. The etymological meaning of "sociology" is thus the science of society. John Stuart Mill, another social thinker and philosopher of the 19th century, proposed the word ethology for this new science. Herbert Spencer developed his systematic study of society and adopted the word "sociology" in his works. With the contributions of Spencer and others it (sociology) became the permanent name of the new science. The question 'what is sociology' is indeed , a question pertaining to the definition of sociology. No student can rightfully be expected to enter on a field of study which is totally undefined or unbounded. At the same time, it is not an easy task to set some fixed limits to a field of study. It is true in the case of sociology. Hence it is difficult to give a brief and a comprehensive definition of sociology. Sociology has been defined in a number of ways by different sociologists. No single definition has yet been accepted as completely satisfactory. In fact, there are lot of definitions of sociology as there are sociologists. For our purpose of study a few definitions may be cited here. 1. Auguste Comete, the founding father of sociology, defines sociology as the science of social phenomena "subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation". 2. Kingsley Davis says that "Sociology is a general science of society". 3. Harry M. Johnson opines that "sociology is the science that deals with social groups". 4. Emile Durkheim: "Science of social institutions". 5. Park regards sociology as "the science of collective behavior". 6. Small defines sociology as "the science of social relationships". 7. Marshal Jones defines sociology as "the study of man-inrelationship-to-men". 8. Ogburn and Nimkoff : "Sociology is the scientific study of social life". 9. Franklin Henry Giddings defines sociology as "the science of social phenomena". 10. Henry Fairchild: "Sociology is the study of man and his human environment in their relations to each other". 11. Max Weber defines sociology as " the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action in order thereby to arrive at a casual explanation of its course and effects". 12. Alex Inkeles says, "Sociology is the study of systems of social action and of their inter-relations". 13. Kimball Young and Raymond W. Mack say, "Sociology is the scientific study of social aspects of human life". 14. Morris Ginsberg: of the various definitions of sociology the one given by Morris Ginsberg seems to be more satisfactory and comprehensive. He defines sociology in the following way: "In the broadest sense, sociology is the study of human interactions and inter-relations, their conditions and consequences". A careful examination of various definitions cited above, makes it evident that sociologists differ in their opinion about definition of sociology. Their divergent views about the definition of sociology only reveal their distinct approaches to its study. However, the common idea underlying all the definitions mentioned above is that sociology. Theories on Health Behaviors In behavioral medicine, professionals base their interventions on a few models that attempt to explain people’s health-related behavior: the health belief model, reasoned and planned behavior theory, learning theories/classical conditioning, and social cognitive theory. These models are termed continuum theories, for they aim to recognize variables that influence people’s behavior, and using the sum of variables, how likely the person will engage in a particular behavior (Weinstein, Rothman, & Sutton, 1998). They are often criticized on their narrow focus on outcome behavior of interest (e.g. smoking cession) and its non-inclusion of race, gender, and socioeconomic status — all features known to have a somewhat strong influence on health behavior. Nonetheless, the model dynamics are useful to describe particular types of behavior. Health Belief Model As the one of the earliest frameworks for understanding human behavior, the health belief model declares that individuals will take health related actions based on six types of factors and associated beliefs: Perceived Susceptibility: the condition may hurt the individual on any aspect of the biopsychosocial model. Perceived Severity: the condition is severe enough to have a negative consequence. Perceived Benefits: the advised actions may stop, lower, or lessen the affect, risk, and consequences of the condition, respectively. Perceived Barriers/Costs: the corrective/preventive benefits outweigh the psychological and physical harms of abiding to the advised behavior. Cues to Action: there is an internal or external cue, or both, that trigger the individual to finally act. This model is better for predicting simple, one-time or limited behaviors (e.g. immunizations) than habitual behaviors. Reasoned Action & Planned Behavior Theory This theory recognizes that individuals act rationally and emphasizes the power of individual’s intention to induce behavior governed by three principles: Attitudes: the individual’s positive or negative feelings about engaging in a given behavior. Subjective Norms: standards or influences established by the individual’s larger context, for instance, familial beliefs, media conceptions, and societal models. Perceived Behavioral Control: the degree to which the individual could perform a behavior. The theory is limited to discrete sample populations and does not incorporate profiles of previous behaviors nor does it address when positive intentions are not enough to enact behaviors (e.g. cues of action).