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Lecture 13 OUTLINE • pn Junction Diodes (cont’d) – Charge control model – Small-signal model – Transient response: turn-off Reading: Pierret 6.3.1, 7, 8.1; Hu 4.4, 4.10-4.11 Minority-Carrier Charge Storage • Under forward bias (VA > 0), excess minority carriers are stored in the quasi-neutral regions of a pn junction: QN qA xp n p ( x)dx QP qA pn ( x)dx xn qApn ( xn ) LP qAn p ( x p ) LN EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 2 Derivation of Charge Control Model Consider the n quasi-neutral region of a forward-biased pn junction: •The minority carrier diffusion equation is (assuming GL=0): pn 2 pn pn DP 2 t x p •Since the electric field is very small, •Therefore J P qDP (qpn ) J P qpn t x p EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 3 p n x Derivation Assuming a Long Base • Integrating over the n quasi-neutral region: J P () 1 qA pn dx A dJ P qA pn dx t x n p xn J p ( xn ) • Note that A J P () dJ P AJ P () AJ P ( xn ) AJ P ( xn ) I P ( xn ) J p ( xn ) dQP QP I P ( xn ) • So dt p EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 4 Charge Control Model We can calculate pn-junction current in 2 ways: 1. From slopes of np(-xp) and pn(xn) 2. From steady-state charges QN, QP stored in each excessminority-charge distribution: dQP QP I P ( xn ) 0 dt τp QP I P ( xn ) τp QN Similarly, I N ( x p ) τn EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 5 Charge Control Model for Narrow Base • For a narrow-base diode, replace p and/or n by the minority-carrier transit time tr – time required for minority carrier to travel across the quasineutral region – For holes in narrow n-side: 1 QP qA pn ( x)dx qA pn ( xn )WN xn 2 d p n p n ( x n ) I P AJ P qADP qADP dx WN WN QP WN τ tr , p IP 2 DP 2 WP – Similarly, for electrons in narrow p-side: τ tr ,n 2 DN 2 EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 6 Charge Control Model Summary • Under forward bias, minority-carrier charge is stored in the quasi-neutral regions of a pn diode. – Long base: ni2 qVA / kT QN qA e 1 LN NA ni2 qVA / kT QP qA e 1 LP ND – Narrow base: 1 ni2 qVA / kT QN qA e 1 WP 2 NA 1 ni2 qVA / kT QP qA e 1 WN 2 ND EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 7 • The steady-state diode current can be viewed as the charge supply required to compensate for charge loss via recombination (for long base) or collection at the contacts (for narrow base). – Long base (both sides): I QN QP τn τp QN QP – Narrow base (both sides): I τtr ,n τtr , p where τ tr ,n 2 WP 2 DN and τ tr , p 2 WN 2 DP Note that EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 8 LN DN L D and P P τn LN τ p LP Small-Signal Model of the Diode i + va dva i C R dt v 1 dI d d qVA / kT I 0 (e 1) I 0 e qVA / kT R dVA dVA dVA Small-signal I DC 1 q qVA / kT conductance: G I 0e R EE130/230M Spring 2013 kT Lecture 13, Slide 9 kT / q Charge Storage in pn Junction Diode EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 10 pn Junction Small-Signal Capacitance 2 types of capacitance associated with a pn junction: depletion capacitance CJ due to variation of depletion charge diffusion capacitance dQdep dVA dQ CD dVA –due to variation of stored minority charge in the quasi-neutral regions For a one-sided p+n junction Q = QP + QN QP so τ p I DC dQP dI CD τp τ pG dVA dVA kT / q EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 11 Depletion Capacitance CJ dQdep dVA A s W What are three ways to reduce CJ? EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 12 Total pn-Junction Capacitance C = CD + C J τI DC CD e qVA / kT 1 kT / q CJ A s W •CD dominates at moderate to high forward biases •CJ dominates at low forward biases, reverse biases EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 13 Using C-V Data to Determine Doping 2(Vbi VA ) 1 W2 2 2 2 2 A q S N CJ A s EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 14 Example If the slope of the (1/C)2 vs. VA characteristic is -2x1023 F-2 V-1, the intercept is 0.84V, and A is 1 mm2, find the dopant concentration Nl on the more lightly doped side and the dopant concentration Nh on the more heavily doped side. Solution: N l 2 /( slope q s A2 ) 2 /( 2 10 1.6 10 23 19 10 12 10 ) 8 2 6 1015 cm 3 2 qV 0.84 ni kTbi 10 20 0.026 kT N h Nl 18 3 Vbi ln N e e 1 . 8 10 cm h 2 q Nl 6 1015 ni EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 15 Small-Signal Model Summary C C J CD I DC I 0 (e qVA / kT 1) A s Depletion capacitance C J W τI DC Diffusion capacitance CD kT / q EE130/230M Spring 2013 I DC Conductance G kT / q Lecture 13, Slide 16 Transient Response of pn Diode • Suppose a pn-diode is forward biased, then suddenly turned off at time t = 0. Because of CD, the voltage across the pn junction depletion region cannot be changed instantaneously. The delay in switching between the ON and OFF states is due to the time required to change the amount of excess minority carriers stored in the quasi-neutral regions. EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 17 Turn-Off Transient • In order to turn the diode off, the excess minority carriers must be removed by net carrier flow out of the quasi-neutral regions and/or recombination – Carrier flow is limited by the switching circuitry EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 18 Decay of Stored Charge Consider a p+n diode (Qp >> Qn): pn(x) i(t) ts t vA(t) For t > 0: dpn dx EE130/230M Spring 2013 x xn i 0 qADp Lecture 13, Slide 19 ts t Storage Delay Time, ts • ts is the primary “figure of merit” used to characterize the transient response of pn junction diodes Qp i I R dt τp τ p dQ p Qp 0 t ts • By separation of variables and integration from t = 0+ to t = ts, noting that I F Q p (t 0) / τ p and making the approximation Q p (t t s ) 0 IF We conclude that t s τ p ln 1 IR EE130/230M Spring 2013 Lecture 13, Slide 20 Qualitative Examples Illustrate how the turn-off transient response would change: Increase IF Decrease p Increase IR i(t) i(t) ts EE130/230M Spring 2013 t i(t) ts Lecture 13, Slide 21 t ts t