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Welcome to Computing Fundamentals
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Computing Fundamentals
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Categories of Computers
Mainframe
Minicomputer
Microcomputer
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Mainframes
Mainframe
This is the oldest
and largest kind of
computer, primarily
used for storing
large amounts of
data.
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Supercomputers
A supercomputer
is a mainframe
computer that has
been enhanced for
speed and
processing power.
Cray Supercomputer
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Minicomputers
Minicomputer
A minicomputer is a
mid-range computer
that can be used by
more than one user at
the same time.
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Microcomputers
Desktop
Laptop
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Types of Microcomputers
Personal Computer
Macintosh Computer
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Desktop Computers
The desktop
computer was
designed to sit
on a desk.
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Laptops
A portable laptop
computer has a
systems unit, monitor,
keyboard, and
pointing device all
combined in one unit.
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Tablet Computers
A tablet PC is a wireless
personal computer that
allows users to take notes
in natural handwriting by
using a stylus or digital
pen on a touch screen.
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PDAs & Handheld PCs
A handheld personal
digital assistant (or
PDA) combines some
laptop features within a
device the size of a cell
phone.
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Other Computing Devices
Electronic devices such as
camcorders and cell phones
contain microprocessors,
known as computer chips.
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The Central Processing Unit
The central processing unit (CPU),
also known as the microprocessor, is
the most important component
inside a computer.
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Microprocessor Speed
The speed of the CPU is called the
clock speed. It is measured in
megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).
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Types of Memory
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
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Permanent Storage Devices
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How Memory is Measured
The capacity of permanent
and non-permanent
storage is measured in
bits and bytes.
A bit is a "binary digit,"
either 0 or 1.
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Information Flow
As the computer is used,
information moves from
permanent storage (hard
disk) to temporary storage
(RAM) and back again.
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Large and Small Computer Systems
Large computer systems often
have centralized data processing
and storage abilities.
Each desktop computer has its
own CPU and hard drive.
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Connecting Computers
Computers can be connected
into a variety of larger systems
to share information.
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Sharing Information and Resources
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Hardware Components
Monitor
Central
Processing Unit
Printer / Fax
Machine
(CPU)
Speaker
Keyboard
Mouse
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The Monitor
A monitor displays
text and images.
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Keyboard Functions
function keys
backspace key
delete key
enter key
shift key
navigation keys
numeric keys
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The Two-Button Mouse
wheel
primary or select
button
A mouse is a device used to
point to and select items on
your computer screen.
shortcut
button
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Trackball Devices
A trackball uses a thumbcontrolled ball to direct the
mouse pointer onscreen.
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Printers
A printer is a component
that produces a paper
copy of text and graphics.
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Dot Matrix Printers
A dot matrix printer
runs back and forth
on the page and
prints by impact.
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Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers operate
by propelling droplets of
ink onto paper.
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Laser Printers
A laser printer rapidly produces
high quality text and graphics
on plain paper.
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Faxing Documents
You can send a document
quickly using a fax machine.
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Internal Components
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Specialized Input Devices
joystick
scanner
digital video camera
digital camera
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Specialized Output Devices
Projector
Plotter (Large-format printer)
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Storage Media
Floppy Disk
Flash Drive
CD/DVD-ROM
Tape Data Cartridge
Hard Disk
Memory Stick
Compact Flash
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Computer Input/Output Ports
A computer takes information
in and sends it out through
interfaces called ports.
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Installing Hardware Devices
To install additional hardware
devices on a computer system,
you may need a cable, but you
will definitely need software.
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Selecting Personal Computers
Desktops
• Able to upgrade or expand system
• Generally less expensive than a comparable
laptop model
• Less likely to get stolen
Laptops
• Portable
• Can use docking stations and other external
devices to make them as powerful and
versatile as a desktop model
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Computer Performance
Microprocessor Speed
Hard disk capacity
Amount of RAM
Graphics adapter/
video memory
Network or modem
connection speed
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Hardware and Software Considerations
Hardware specifications
• Processor speed
• Hard disk size
• Monitor type
• Amount of RAM
• CD drive options
Software specifications
• Operating system
• Pre-packaged software
• Discount offers
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Other Deciding Factors
•
•
•
•
Price versus features and performance
Warranties and support
Organizational requirements
Life expectancy of system
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Protecting Computers
Protect computers from theft.
Protect computers from damage.
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Conditions That Can Cause Damage
•
•
•
•
•
Heat
Humidity
Electric fields
Magnetic fields
Dirty equipment
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Guarding Against Power Problems
You must guard against potential power problems.
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Troubleshooting Common Hardware Problems
Common hardware problems:
• Hard drive
• Monitor
• Printer
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Poorly Maintained Computer Systems
Problems can occur
if hardware is not
maintained properly.
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Routine Computer Maintenance Tasks
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Clean the mouse
Clean the keyboard
Clean the printer
Clean the hard drives
Defragment the hard drive
Empty the trash
Delete temporary files
Clear paper jams
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When to Call an Expert
Certain maintenance
procedures should
only be performed by
experienced
professionals.
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Troubleshooting Steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Recognize the problem
Replicate the problem
Attempt basic solutions
Find help or advice
Communicate the
problem
6. Follow instructions
7. Confirm that the problem
is fixed
8. Avoid future problems
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