Download 1. Define the following: (a) Exocrine glands. (b) Endocrine glands. (c

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1. Define the following:
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(a) Exocrine glands.
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(b) Endocrine glands.
(c) Hormone.
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Solution:
(a) Exocrine glands. These are the glands with ducts. The secretions of exocrine glands are carried
by ducts to a particular organ for some metabolic activity e.g. salivary glands liver etc.
(b) Endocrine glands. These are ductless glands. These glands have no ducts and their secretions
get absorbed into the immediate surrounding blood circulation to reach the specific organ to initiate a
particular metabolic change. Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called hormones.
(c) Hormone. A hormone is a non-nutrient chemical, which acts as an intercellular messenger and
is produced in trace amounts. Starling introduced the term hormone in 1905. The word hormone is
derived from a Greek word meaning ‘I excite or arouse’.
2. Diagrammatically indicate the location of various endocrine glands in our body.
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Solution:
Endocrine glands of human body.
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3. List the hormones secreted by the following:
(a) Hypothalamus
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(b) Pituitary
(c) Thyroid
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(d) Parathyroid
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(e) Adrenal
(f) Pancreas
(g) Testis
(h) Ovary
(i) Thymus
(j) Atrium
(k) Kidney
(l) G-1 tract
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Solution:
(a) Hormones of Hypothalamus.
1. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
2. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
5. Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
8. Melanocyte stimulating hormone releasing hormone ((MRH)
9. Melanocyte stimulating hormone inhibiting hormone (MIH)
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7. Adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)
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6. Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
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4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
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3. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
(b) Hormones of Pituitary
1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
5. Interstitial cells stimulating hormone (ICSH)
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6. Prolactin or Luteotropic hormone (LTH)
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7. Growth hormone (GH)
8. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
9. Oxytocin
10. Vasopressin or Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
(c) Hormones of Thyroid
1. triiodothyronine T3
2. tetraiodothyronine T4 or thyroxine.
3. Calcitonin
(d) Hormones of Parathyroid
1. Parathryoid hormone
(e) Hormones of Adrenal
1. Mineralocorticoids : (Aldosterone mainly)
5. Noradrenaline
1. Insulin
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(f) Hormones of Pancreas
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4. Adrenaline
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3. Gonadocorticoids androgens estrogens
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2. Glucocorticoids (cortisol mainly corticosterone cortisone)
2. Glucagon
(g) Hormones of Testis
Androgens (testosterone)
(h) Hormones of Ovary
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1. Estrogen
2. Progesterone
(i) Hormones of Thymus
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1. Thymosin
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(j) Hormones of Atrium
1. Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF)
(k) Hormones of Kidney
Erythropoietin
(l) Hormones of G-I tract
1. Gastrin
2. Secretin
3. Enterogasterone
4. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
5. Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
4. Briefly mention the mechanism of action of hormone FSH.
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Solution:
Follicle stimulating hormone acts by the action through extracellular receptors. The binding of the
hormone with its specific receptor present over the cell surface activates an enzyme called adenylate
cyclase. This enzyme converts ATP into cAMP i.e adenosine triphosphate into cyclic adenosine
monophosphate. The cAMP is called the second messenger and carries out various biochemical
responses in the cell by activating the existing enzyme system in the cell. The biochemical responses
then lead to physiological responses like ovarian growth.
(b) Thyroid hormone
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(a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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5. Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones.
(c) Thymosins
(d) Androgens
(e) Estrogens
(f) Insulin and Glucagon
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Solution:
(a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH): PTH increases Ca2+ by the renal tubules and increases
Ca2+ levels in the blood. It acts on bones and stimulates the process of bone resorption by
demineralisation. PTH also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the renal tubules and increases
Ca2+ absorption from digested food.
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(b) Thyroid hormone: They play an important role in the regulation of basal metabolic rate.
Thyroid hormone also supports the process of red blood cell formation. These control the metabolism
of carbohydrates, proteins & fats. They also influence water and electrolyte balance of the body.
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(c) Thymosins: Thymosins play a major role in the development of the immune system by
controlling the differentiation of T- lymphocytes that play a role in cell mediated immunity and also
promoting the production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity.
(d) Androgens: Androgens regulate the development, maturation and functions of male accessory
sex organs like epididymis, vasdefrens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland and urethra. These
hormones stimulate, muscular growth, growth of facial and axillary hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of
voice etc.
They also play a stimulatory role in the process of spermatogenesis (formation of spermatozoa) and
act on the central nervous system and influence male sexual behaviour. Androgens also produce
anabolic effects on protein and carbohydrate metabolism.
(e) Estrogens:
1. Stimulation of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs.
2. Development of growing ovarian follicles.
3. Appearance of female secondary follicles.
4. Regulation of female sexual behaviour.
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(f) Insulin and Glucagon: Insulin plays a major role in regulation of glucose homeostasis. It acts
on hepatocytes and adipocytes and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. As a result there
is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to hepatocytes and adipocytes resulting in decreased
blood glucose levels. Insulin also stimulates glycogenesis i.e. the conversion of glucose to glycogen
in target cells.
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Glucagon plays an important role in maintaining the normal blood glucose levels. It acts mainly on
the liver cells (Hepatocytes) and stimulates glycogenolysis (break down of glycogen) resulting in
increased blood sugar. In addition, this hormone stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis. It
reduces cellular glucose uptake and utilisation.
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6. Give examples(s) of :(a) Hyperglycemic hormone and hypoglycemic hormone.
(b) Hypercalcemic hormone.
(c) Gonadotrophic hormone.
(d) Progestational hormone.
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(e) Blood pressure lowering hormone.
(f) Androgens and estrogens.
Solution:
(a) Glucagon and Insulin
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(b) Parathyroid hormone
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(c) LH and FSH
(d) Progesterone
(e) Aldosterone
(f) androgens: And estrogens -estrogens and progesterons.
7. Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for the following?
(a) Diabetes mellitus.
(b) Goitre.
(c) Cretinism
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Solution:
(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroid hormone
(c) Thyroid hormone.
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